土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課后習(xí)題翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上LESSON 4 2、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Sustained load 長(zhǎng)期荷載 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝膠體 （3）Water-cement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定（5）The expansion joint 伸縮縫 （6）Moisture content 含水量（7）Cement paste 水泥漿 （8）The coefficient of thermal expansion of co

2、ncrete 混凝土熱膨脹系（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性應(yīng)變 （10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲勞強(qiáng)度3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in tempe

3、rature, and applied loads.混凝土的體積變化的原因可以歸結(jié)為水分含量,水泥和水的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，溫度以及施加荷載的變化。(2)High-early-strength and low-heat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.高早強(qiáng)和低熱水泥顯示超過普通硅酸鹽水泥收縮。(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.骨料含量越大，收縮越小。(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in con

4、crete when a high percentage of steel is used.因此，當(dāng)使用高比例的鋼鐵時(shí)將可能產(chǎn)生混凝土裂縫。(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.一般來說，在硬化過程中初期率很高，但在稍后階段混凝土收縮率逐漸減小。（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to de

5、velop over a period that may last for years.持續(xù)負(fù)荷下，塑性變形繼續(xù)發(fā)展一段時(shí)間，可能持續(xù)數(shù)年。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.與標(biāo)本中增加的壓力增大制成的蠕變相同強(qiáng)度混凝土和時(shí)間相同的負(fù)載與標(biāo)本中的壓力相同強(qiáng)度的混凝土，并與負(fù)荷增加同一時(shí)間作出蠕變?cè)黾?8)Creep is reduced with an incre

6、ase in the humidity of the ambient air蠕變的減少是由于在周圍的空氣濕度增加(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.蠕變是一個(gè)經(jīng)過測(cè)試的試件尺寸增大而減小. (10)High-temperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)將減少蠕變量.5、Transla

7、te the following sentence into English.（1）如果通過蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土就會(huì)收縮，但在水中硬化則會(huì)膨脹。If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸發(fā)),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands.（2）影響混凝土收縮的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的級(jí)配以及環(huán)境條件等。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water cont

8、ent、 gradation(等級(jí)) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收縮量則越大。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （4）混凝土不是熱的良導(dǎo)體，而鋼筋是。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.（5）在荷載作用期間，大約80%的徐變產(chǎn)生在前4個(gè)月內(nèi)，大約2年

9、后完成90%的徐變。 Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months;90%occurs after about 2 years.LESSON 52、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）building code 建筑規(guī)范 （6）隨機(jī)變量 random variation（2）stochastic analyse 隨機(jī)分析 （7）半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式 semiempirical e

10、quation（3）multistory building 多層建筑 （8）風(fēng)洞荷載 wind tunnel testing （4）code-prescribed data 規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值 （9）持續(xù)活荷載 sustained live load（5）transient live load 瞬時(shí)活荷載 （10）名義值 nominal value3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, det

11、ermined on the basis of material properties (e.g. , dead load )or load surveys (e.g. , live load and snow load).該建筑代碼加載歷來給出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)（如，恒載）或負(fù)載調(diào)查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎(chǔ)上確定。(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(嚴(yán)格

12、來講), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(隨機(jī)分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依賴).由于載荷的隨機(jī)變化是時(shí)間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴(yán)格來說，應(yīng)考慮到利用隨機(jī)分析，以反映時(shí)間和空間互相依賴。(3)For example, American live load criteria are based on a reference period of 50 years, while Canadian criteria use a

13、30-year interval例如，美國(guó)活載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)50年的基準(zhǔn)期，而加拿大的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)使用30年的間隔。(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式). 建筑規(guī)范視這些影響為靜態(tài)現(xiàn)象，并通過半經(jīng)驗(yàn)方程與實(shí)際情況相聯(lián)系。(5)The response of a building, however, will be different for different mater

14、ials, depending on the type of load. 但是，建筑物的反應(yīng)，將針對(duì)不同的材料不同，這取決于負(fù)載類型。(6)There are many types of loads that may act on a building structure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般說明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.有許多類型的負(fù)載，可能對(duì)建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)法在同一時(shí)間或其他，本節(jié)提供了一種通用的

15、描述的最重要的特點(diǎn)。(7)The dead load includes not only the self-weight of the structure, but also the weight of permanent construction materials, partitions, floor and ceiling materials, machinery and other equipment, and so on. 靜載重不僅包括自身的結(jié)構(gòu)重量，而且還有永久性建筑的材料，隔板，地板，吊頂材料，機(jī)械和其他設(shè)備的重量，等等(8)Live load, are more accura

16、tely the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations(永久設(shè)施)活載，更準(zhǔn)確的重力活荷載，即通常是結(jié)構(gòu)上的負(fù)荷，不屬于永久性設(shè)施的一部分荷載的使用名稱。(9)The live load on the structure at any given time is also called the arbitrary point in-time live load.在任意給

17、定時(shí)間作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載也被稱作任一點(diǎn)時(shí)活荷載。(10)The live load on the structure at any time is normally well below the code value; the maximum lifetime(50-year) live load may be a certain amount larger. 在任意時(shí)刻結(jié)構(gòu)上的活荷載一般是低于規(guī)范值的，（根據(jù)）最高壽命（50年）（確定的）活荷載可能有一定數(shù)量的擴(kuò)大。5、Translate the following sentence into English.(1)對(duì)某些荷載來說，結(jié)構(gòu)的地

18、理位置起重要作用。The geographical location(地理位置) of the structure plays an important role for certain loads.(2)風(fēng)荷載既不是靜荷載也不是均勻變化的荷載，并且除了受周圍結(jié)構(gòu)和地形影響外還受結(jié)構(gòu)幾何形狀的嚴(yán)重影響。At the same time wind loads are neither static nor uniformly varying, and are heavily influenced by the geometry of the structure as well as the sur

19、rounding structures and the landscape(景觀).(3)風(fēng)荷載和雪荷載可根據(jù)模型試驗(yàn)來確定。Wind loads and snow loads are determined on the basis of model tests.(4)特殊荷載及荷載效應(yīng)包括溫度變化、結(jié)構(gòu)地基沉降、沖擊和爆炸的影響。Special loads and load effects include the influence of temperature variations(溫度變化), structural foundation settlements, impact(撞擊),

20、and blast(爆炸).(5)至少在理論上，結(jié)構(gòu)上的恒載被認(rèn)為是保持不變的。In theory, at least, the dead load on a structure is supposed to remain constant.LESSON82、Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）chemical composition 化學(xué)成分 （6）應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線 stress-strain curve（2）cold working 冷加工 （7）拉伸斷裂 tensile fracture（3）normal di

21、stribution curve 正態(tài)分布曲線 （8）熱處理 heat treatment （4）local damage 局部破壞 （9）反復(fù)荷載 repeated loads（5）brittle fracture 脆性破壞 （10）變幅應(yīng)力循環(huán) variable amplitude stress cycle3、Translate the following sentence into Chinese.（1）The important mechanical properties of most structural steels under static load are indicated

22、 in the idealized tensile stress-strain diagram shown in Fig.8.1.在靜態(tài)荷載下的大部分結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的重要力學(xué)性能是用圖8.1的理想的拉伸應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線表示 。(2)The values of E vary in the range -Mpa, and the approximate value of Mpa is often assumed. E的值在-Mpa之間波動(dòng)，一般假定逼近值為Mpa。(3)Beyond this limit the steel flows plastically without any increase in

23、stress until the strain-hardening strain st is reached.超過這個(gè)極限，剛的塑性流變不增加任何應(yīng)力,直到達(dá)到應(yīng)變硬化的st值。(4)The rate of straining affects the yield stress, and high rates of strain increase the upper or first yield stress, as well as the lower yield stress Fy.應(yīng)變速率會(huì)影響屈服應(yīng)力，高的應(yīng)變速率會(huì)增加高的屈服應(yīng)力或產(chǎn)生第一個(gè)屈服應(yīng)力值，同樣可以增大低的屈服應(yīng)力Fy。(5

24、)For design purposes, a “minimum yield stress is identified for each different steel classification.從設(shè)計(jì)角度看，對(duì)于不同的鋼材類別可以由相應(yīng)的最小屈服應(yīng)力值來識(shí)別。(6)Consequently, it is likely that an isolated test result will be significantly higher than the quoted yield stress.因此，獨(dú)立的測(cè)試結(jié)果很可能顯著地高于引用的屈服應(yīng)力。(7)Perhaps the most gene

25、rally accepted theory of two-dimensional yielding under biaxial stresses is the maximum distortion energy theory.或許大多數(shù)普遍接受的在雙軸應(yīng)力下的二維屈服理論是最大的變形能量理論。（8）Joints should generally be arranged so as to minimize stress concentrations and to produce as smooth a stress flow through the joint as is practicable

26、.節(jié)點(diǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)布置得使應(yīng)力集中減少到最小，以使通過節(jié)點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力流盡可能平滑。(9)Brittle fracture is initiated by the existence or formation of a small crack in a region of high local stress.脆性破壞的產(chǎn)生是由于在局部應(yīng)力高度集中的區(qū)域存在或形成小裂縫。(10)High local stresses facilitate crack initiation, and so stress concentrations due to poor geometry and loading arrang

27、ements (including impact loading) are dangerous.高度局部應(yīng)力促使裂縫的產(chǎn)生，因此由于差的幾何形狀和荷載布置(包括沖擊載荷)而產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力集中是危險(xiǎn)的。5、Translate the following sentence into English.(1)通常認(rèn)為單向拉伸確定的屈服應(yīng)力Fy單向壓縮也正確。The yield stress Fy determined for uniaxial tension is usually accepted as being valid for uniaxial compression.（2）顯著影響疲勞強(qiáng)度的因素

28、有荷載循環(huán)次數(shù)、荷載循環(huán)中的應(yīng)力幅以及局部應(yīng)力集中的大小。Factors which significantly influence the resistance to fatigue failure include the number of load cycles, the range of stress during a load cycle, and the magnitudes of local stress concentrations.（3）疲勞設(shè)計(jì)出考慮容許應(yīng)力外還應(yīng)考慮節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置。Designing against fatigue involves a considerati

29、on of joint arrangement as well as of permissible stress.（4）結(jié)構(gòu)鋼不總是表現(xiàn)出延性特性，在有些情況下，即使名義拉應(yīng)力很低，突然的、災(zāi)難性的斷裂也會(huì)發(fā)生。Structural steel does not always exhibit a ductile behavior, and under some circumstances sudden and catastrophic fracture may occur, even though the nominal tensile stresses are low.（5）結(jié)構(gòu)剛的延性取決

30、于鋼材的組成、熱處理方法和鋼材的厚度，并且隨溫度和應(yīng)變率的變化而變化。The ductility of a structural steel depends on its composition, heat treatment, and thickness, and varies with temperature and strain rate.LESSON141 2 Although most  of these  earlier designs  were  based 

31、 on sound  principles  and assumptions, the girder stiffened by inclined cables suffered various misfortunes that regrettably resulted in abandonment of the system 盡管這些大多數(shù)的早期設(shè)

32、計(jì)基于正確的原理和假設(shè)，用斜纜去增強(qiáng)主梁遇到了各種厄運(yùn)，遺憾地導(dǎo)致這種體系被拋棄。  3 On the one hand, the equilibrium of these highly indeterminate systems had not been clearly appreciated and controlled, and on the other,

33、60;the tension members were made of timber, round bars or chains 一方面，這些高次超靜定體系的平衡還沒有清楚地理解和控制，另一方面，承受拉力的構(gòu)件是由木材、圓形鋼筋或索鏈構(gòu)成的。4The important characteristics of such a three-dimensional structure are the

34、60;full participation of the transverse construction in the work of the main longitudinal structure.  這種三維結(jié)構(gòu)的重要特點(diǎn)是橫向建筑深入?yún)⑴c了縱向主結(jié)構(gòu)的工作 5The importance of cable-stayed bridges increased rapidly&

35、#160;and within only one decade they have become so successful that they have taken their rightful place among classical bridge systems.  斜拉橋的重要性迅速提升，僅在十年當(dāng)中，斜拉橋就成為一種成功的橋型并且在經(jīng)典/正統(tǒng)的橋梁體系中占有一席之位

36、。 6 In old types of conventional superstructures the slab, stringers, floor beams and main girders were considered as acting independently. Such superstructures were not suitable&#

37、160;for cable-stayed bridges.  在傳統(tǒng)形式的上部結(jié)構(gòu)中，板、縱梁、橫梁以及主梁被視為獨(dú)立工作。這種上部結(jié)構(gòu)不適于斜拉橋。7 The main structural characteristic of this system is the integral action of the stiffening girders and prestressed

38、0;or post-tensioned inclined cableswhich run from the tower tops down to the anchor points at the stiffening girders  這種體系的主要的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是加勁梁和先張或后張拉的斜纜之間的整體作用，斜纜索自索塔頂部延伸至加勁梁的錨固點(diǎn)。 8   Modern

39、60;cable-stayed  bridges  present  a  three-dimensional  system  consisting of stiffening girders,  transverse  and  longitudinal  bracings,  orthotropic-type  deck&

40、#160;and supporting parts such as towers in compression and inclined cables in tension 現(xiàn)代斜拉橋是一個(gè)由加勁梁、縱橫向支撐、正交各向異性板以及譬如受壓索塔和受拉斜拉索等支撐構(gòu)件構(gòu)成的三維體系。9 In fact, in orthotropic systems, all elements of the&

41、#160;roadway and secondary parts of the superstructure participate in the work of the main bridge system. This results in reduction of the depth of the girders and e

42、conomy in the steel.     事實(shí)上，在正交各向異性體系中，所有的橋面板單元以及上部結(jié)構(gòu)的輔助部分共同參與主橋體系的工作，這就導(dǎo)致主梁的高度以及鋼材用量的減小。 10 Stays made in this manner could not be fully tensioned and in a slack condition allowed

43、0;large deformations of the deck before they (stays) could participate in taking the tensile loads for which they were intended .這種拉索不能充分拉緊，而處于松弛狀態(tài)的拉索在參與承擔(dān)所期望的受拉荷載之前允許橋面板產(chǎn)生很大變形 .漢譯英1 The dev

44、elopment and application of electronic computers opened up new and practically unlimited possibilities for the exact solution of these highly statically indeterminate systems and f

45、or precise statical analysis of their three dimensional performance.     電子計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用使斜拉橋這樣的高次超靜定體系的精確分析成為可能，并且可以對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的三維性能進(jìn)行精確的靜力學(xué)分析。 2隨著高強(qiáng)鋼材、正交各向異性板橋面的出現(xiàn)，焊接技術(shù)以及結(jié)構(gòu)分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展，近年來斜拉橋才得到了廣泛和成功的應(yīng)用。 Wide and successful a

46、pplication of cable-stayed systems was realized only recently, with the introduction of high-strength steels, orthotropic type decks, development of welding techniques and progress in&#

47、160;structural analysis 3 Existing cable-stayed bridges provide useful data regarding design, fabrication, erection and maintenance of the new system./  已有的斜拉橋?yàn)檫@一新體系的設(shè)計(jì)、建造、安裝與維護(hù)提供了有用的數(shù)據(jù)。 4With th

48、e construction of these bridges many basic problems encountered in their engineering are shown to have been successfully solved 在這些斜拉橋的建造過程中，工程中遇到的許多基礎(chǔ)問題得到了圓滿地解決。 5斜拉橋的特點(diǎn)是這種結(jié)構(gòu)可將斜拉索的原理和正交各向異性板橋面結(jié)合起來，故其

49、具有跨徑大，結(jié)構(gòu)厚度小和用料省的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。   LESSON 15英譯漢1 Where fresh concrete is placed on hardened concrete,  a good bond must  be developed. 當(dāng)新混凝土澆筑在老混凝土上時(shí)，必須建立良好的結(jié)合面。2 Before concrete is placed, the 

50、;formwork must be free of ice and debris and properly coated with bond-breaker oil.  澆筑前，必須為業(yè)主檢查混凝土。在混凝土澆筑前，支架模板必須不含冰、碎屑，并且外面涂上合適地防粘結(jié)油。 3Construction personnel should be available,  usually&

51、#160;carpenters,  bar placers and other trades,  if piping or electrical conduit is to be embedded, to act as form watchers and to reset any rebars, conduit, or

52、 piping displaced. 當(dāng)鋪設(shè)水管或者電線管道時(shí)，施工人員必須到位，通常有木工、鋼筋工以及其他工種，對(duì)模板進(jìn)行檢查，對(duì)移動(dòng)了的鋼筋、電線或管子重新放置。 4In addition,  the inspector should ensure that any emergency construction joints made necessary by stoppage of 

53、;concrete supply,  rain, or other delays are properly located and made in accordance with procedures specified or approved by the engineer 此外，檢驗(yàn)員還得確保由于混凝土供應(yīng)停止、下雨以及其他延誤導(dǎo)致的緊急施工縫合理定位，并且程序要符合規(guī)范規(guī)

54、定或者工程人員認(rèn)可。5 In vertical formwork, water rise causes weak planes between each layer deposited. In addition to the deleteriousstructural effect,  such planes,  when hardened,  c

55、ontain voids through which water may pass 在垂直模板體系中，水的增加可導(dǎo)致層間的薄弱面。除了有害的結(jié)構(gòu)影響之外，這種薄弱面硬化之后，可形成水流通的空隙。6 7 In horizontal elements, such as floor slabs, excess water rises and causes a weak laitance

56、0;layer at the top.  在諸如樓板之類的水平構(gòu)件中，過剩水分增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致頂部的薄弱漿沫層。8 9 The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from the time of mixing through final placement, and protected after p

57、lacement. 從攪拌站到最終的澆筑，必須控制新鮮混凝土的溫度，澆注之后必須保護(hù)其溫度。漢譯英 1鋼筋必須設(shè)備到位，適當(dāng)支撐以承受澆筑混凝土過程中受到的任何運(yùn)輸作用。The rebars must be in place, properly supported to bear any traffic they will receive during concret-e placing2檢驗(yàn)員還必須確?；?/p>

58、凝土運(yùn)送、澆筑和抹光程序按事先要求進(jìn)行，避免混凝土離析。The inspector should also ascertain that handling, placing, and finishing procedures that have been agreed on in advance are  properly followed,  to avo

59、id  segregated  concrete 3更深的貫入效果會(huì)更好（復(fù)搗） ，但在不同的場(chǎng)地條件下其效果是難以確定的，因此，不作為一般工程實(shí)踐的建 議 Deeper  penetration  can  be  beneficial (revibration), but control  under variable jobsite conditions is&

60、#160;too uncertain for recommendation of this practice for general use.4 只有在混凝土澆筑、抹光、養(yǎng)護(hù)完成，并完全達(dá)到強(qiáng)度時(shí)檢驗(yàn)才結(jié)束Inspection is complete only when concrete is cast, finished,  protected for curing, and

61、 attains full strength. 5在所有柱子以及鋼筋混凝土窄墻澆筑時(shí)，要先用24英寸的水泥漿。否則，游離的石頭就會(huì)聚集在底部，從而形成蜂窩。In all columns and reinforced narrow walls, concrete placing should begin with 2 to 4 in of grout. Otherwise,

62、60;loose stone will collect at the bottom, resulting in the formation of honeycomb LESSON2512 Higher vertical loads will require larger columns, walls, and shafts. 其一，更大的豎向荷載需要更大的柱、墻和電梯井，But, more significantly, the overturning moment

63、and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for. 其二，更嚴(yán)重的是，由側(cè)向力產(chǎn)生的傾覆力矩和剪切位移更大，必須認(rèn)真加以考慮。3 The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story, thus requiring larger column or wall sections to supp

64、ort such loading. 高層建筑的豎向子系統(tǒng)逐層傳遞累積的重力，從而需要更大的柱或墻體以支承此荷載 4 For example, under wind load, the overturning moment at the base of a building varies approximately as the square of the height of the building, and the lateral deflection at the top of a building may vary as the fourth power of building heig

65、ht, other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect. 例如，當(dāng)其它條件不變時(shí)，在風(fēng)荷載作用下，建筑物底部的傾覆力矩大約按建筑物高度的平方增長(zhǎng)，其頂部的側(cè)向位移隨其高度的4次冪。地震甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生更大的效應(yīng)。5 When the structure for a mid-rise building is designed for dead and live load, it is almost an inherent property that the columns, walls, and

66、stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces. 當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)中層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)以抵抗恒載和活荷載時(shí)，其柱、墻和樓梯或電梯就能承受大部分水平荷載幾乎是其固有的特性。6 Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns, girders, walls, and slabs in order to make a high-r

67、ise building sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral loads and deformations. 通常要做出特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)布置，并總是需要額外的材料來制作柱、大梁、墻和樓蓋以便使高層建筑能足以抵抗大許多側(cè)向荷載和變形。7 The vertical components carrying the gravity load, such as walls, columns, and shafts, will need to be strengthened over the full height of the building. 需要在

68、整個(gè)高度范圍內(nèi)提高支承重力荷載的豎向構(gòu)件，如墻、柱和電梯井承載力。8 The graph shown in Figure1 illustrates how the weight of structural steel in pounds per square foot of floor increases as the number of stories increases from 1 up to 100. 圖1 中的曲線說明單位樓層所需結(jié)構(gòu)材料用量隨樓層數(shù)增加9 The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary repres

69、ents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. 其上下界線之間的范圍表示了比一般柱-梁所組成的框架用鋼量的增加部分。10 Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems. 增加抗彎系統(tǒng)的有效寬度：This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase, other t