《計(jì)算機(jī)英語(第4版)》課后練習(xí)參考答案

1、Unit Four/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.Information engineering emphasizes a modeling tool called entity relationship diagrams.2.One of the disadvantages of model-driven development is the long duration of projects.3.Unlike structured analysis and design and

2、information engineering, object-oriented analysis and design attempt to emerge the data and process concerns into singular constructs called objects.4.Unlike logical models, physical models show not only what a system is or does , but also how the system is physically and technically implemented.II.

3、Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.check box 復(fù)選框，選擇框，校驗(yàn)框2.structured design 結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)3.building block 積木塊，構(gòu)建模塊，構(gòu)件4.database schema 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式5.radio button 單選（按）鈕6.系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù) system modeling technique7.模型驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā) model-driven development8.數(shù)據(jù)流程圖 data flow diagram9.下拉式菜

4、單 drop-down (或pull-down) menu10.滾動(dòng)條 scroll barUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. New software may be developed from scratch or through the use of existing systems and off-the-shelf software or system components.2. The three ge

5、neric process models discussed in the text are often complementary rather than mutually exclusive, especially for large system development.3. The waterfall model is so named because of the cascade from one phase to another in the software development process.4. The fundamental development activities

6、 of the waterfall model are requirements analysis and definition, system and software design, implementation and unit testing, integration and system testing, and operation and maintenance.5. The two fundamental types of evolutionary development are exploratory development and throwaway prototyping.

7、6. The evolutionary approach is often more effective than the waterfall approach in producing systems that meet the immediate needs of customers, but it is difficult to establish a(n) stable system architecture using this approach.7. CBSE is a(n) reuse-oriented approach to software development, whic

8、h relies on a large base of reusable software components and an integrating framework for these components.8. While CBSE can reduce the amount of software to be developed and the associated cost and risks, it cannot avoid requirements compromises which may lead to a system that does not meet the rea

9、l needs of users.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.system specification 系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明2.unit testing 單位（或單元、部件）測(cè)試3.software life cycle 軟件生命周期（或生存周期）4.system validation testing 系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試5.evolutionary development process 演化開發(fā)過程6.linear model 線性模型7.program uni

10、t 程序單元8.throwaway prototype 拋棄式原型9.text formatting 正文格式編排，文本格式化10.system evolution 系統(tǒng)演變11.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例 system design paradigm12.需求分析與定義 requirements analysis and definition13.探索式編程方法 exploratory programming approach14.系統(tǒng)文件編制 system documentation15.瀑布模型 waterfall model16.系統(tǒng)集成 system integration17.商用現(xiàn)成軟件 co

11、mmercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18.基于組件的軟件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19.軟件維護(hù)工具 software maintenance tool20.軟件復(fù)用 software reuseIV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:Software processes are complex and, like all intellectual and creative processes, rely

12、on people making decisions and judgments. Because of the need for judgment and creativity, attempts to automate software processes have met with limited success. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support some process activities. However, there is no possibility, at least in the ne

13、xt few years, of more extensive automation where software takes over creative design from the engineers involved in the software process.One reason the effectiveness of CASE tools is limited is because of the immense diversity of software processes. There is no ideal process, and many organization h

14、ave developed their own approach to software development. Processes have evolved to exploit the capabilities of the people in an organization and the specific characteristics of the systems that are being developed. For some systems, a very structured development process is required while for others

15、 a flexible, agile process is likely to be more effective.軟件過程比較復(fù)雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過程自動(dòng)化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過程的某些活動(dòng)。然而，至少是在未來幾年內(nèi)，不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過程自動(dòng)化，使軟件能夠接替參與軟件過程的工程師來從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。不存在理想的過程，而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。軟件過程不斷演變，以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的

16、系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于一些系統(tǒng)來說，需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過程，而對(duì)于另外一些系統(tǒng)來說，一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過程很可能更為有效。Unit Six: DatabaseUnit Six/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Data storage traditionally used individual, unrelated files, sometimes called flat files.2. According to the text, a DBMS is a combination

17、 of five components: hardware, software, data, users, and procedures. 3. As far as a DBMS is concerned, users can refer to both end users and application programs, and end users can refer to both database administrators and normal user.4. The three-level architecture for a DBMS discussed in the text

18、 consists of the internal, conceptual, and external levels.5. In the relational database models, data is organized in two-dimensional tables called relations.6. A distributed database can be classified either as a fragmented distributed database or as a replicated distributed database.7. While tryin

19、g to keep the advantages of the relational model, an object-oriented database allows applications to access structured data.8. An important step in the design of a database involves the building of a(n) entity-relationship model that defines the entities for which some information must be maintained

20、, the attributes of these entities, and the relationship between these entities.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.end user 最終用戶，終端用戶2.atomic operation 原子操作3.database administrator 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理員4.relational database model 關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模型5.local data 本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)6.object-

21、oriented database 面向?qū)ο髷?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)7.database management system (DBMS) 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)8.entity-relationship model (ERM) 實(shí)體關(guān)系模型9.distributed database 分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)10.flat file 平面文件11.二維表 two-dimensional table12.數(shù)據(jù)屬性 data attribute13.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)象 database object14.存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備 storage device15.數(shù)據(jù)類型 data type16.數(shù)據(jù)插入與刪除 data insertion and del

22、etion17.層次數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模型 hierarchical database model18.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)體系結(jié)構(gòu) database architecture19.關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng) relational database management system (RDBMS)20.全局控制總線 global control busIV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:In a relational database, the rows of a table represent records (collections o

23、f information about separate items) and the columns represent fields (particular attributes of a record). In conducting searches, a relational database matches information from a field in one table with information in a corresponding field of another table to produce a third table that combines requ

24、ested data from both tables. For example, if one table contains the fields EMPLOYEE-ID, LAST-NAME, FIRST-NAME, and HIRE-DATE, and another table contains the fields DEPT, EMPLOYEE-ID, and SALARY, a relational database can match the EMPLOYEE-ID fields in the two tables to find such information as the

25、names of all employees earning a certain salary or the departments of all employees hired after a certain date. In other words, a relational database uses matching values in two tables to relate information in one to information in the other. Microcomputer database products typically are relational

26、databases.在關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，表的行表示記錄（關(guān)于不同項(xiàng)的信息集），列表示字段（一個(gè)記錄的特定屬性）。在進(jìn)行搜索時(shí)，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)將一個(gè)表中的一個(gè)字段的信息與另一個(gè)表的一個(gè)相應(yīng)字段的信息進(jìn)行匹配，以生成將來自這兩個(gè)表的所要求數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合起來的另一個(gè)表。例如，如果一個(gè)表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一個(gè)表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)可匹配這兩個(gè)表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有掙到一定薪水的雇員的姓名或所有在某個(gè)日期之后受雇的雇員所屬的部門。換言之，關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)使用兩個(gè)表中

27、的匹配值，將一個(gè)表中的信息與另一個(gè)表中的信息聯(lián)系起來。微型計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)產(chǎn)品一般是關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。Unit Six/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. The commit point is the point at which all the steps in a transaction have been recorded in the log of the DBMS.2. A large DBMS often contain a scheduler to coordinate time-

28、sharing among transactions in much the same way that a time-sharing operating system coordinates interweaving of processes.3. The items within a database that are currently being used by some transaction are marked with locks. There are two common types of locks: shared locks and exclusive locks.4.

29、With the wound-wait protocol, if an older transaction requires access to an item that is locked by a younger transaction is forced to release all of its data items, and its activities are rolled back.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.nonvolatile s

30、torage system 非易失性存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)2.equipment malfunction 設(shè)備故障3.wound-wait protocol 受傷等待協(xié)議4.exclusive lock 排它鎖，互斥（型）鎖5.database integrity 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)完整性6.共享鎖 shared lock7.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)現(xiàn) database implementation8.級(jí)聯(lián)回滾 cascading rollback9.數(shù)據(jù)項(xiàng) data item10.分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng) time-sharing operating systemUnit Seven: Computer NetworksUnit Seven/S

31、ection AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. According to the geographical area covered, a computer network is often classified as either a LAN, a (n) MAN, or a WAN.2. A network can also be classified as either a (n) open network or a (n) closed network according to whether

32、 its internal operation is based on designs in the public domain or on innovations owned and controlled by a particular entity.3. A network can also be classified according to its topology. Among the most popular topologies are the bus topology, ring topology, and star topology.4. A popular protocol

33、 in networks based on the ring topology is the token ring protocol developed by IBM in the 1970s.5. In a (n) Ethernet system, the right to transmit messages is controlled by the protocol known as CSMA/CD.6. The client/server model for interprocess communication defines the basic roles played by the

34、processes as either a client or a server.7. The peer-to-peer model involves two processes communicating as equals and usually executing on a (n) temporary basis.8. Although it is often used, the term peer-to-peer network is not very appropriate.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from Englis

35、h into Chinese and vice versa:1.file server 文件服務(wù)器2.carrier sense 載波檢測(cè)，載波監(jiān)聽3.protocol suite 協(xié)議組，協(xié)議集4.peer-to-peer model 對(duì)等模型5.bus topology network 總線拓?fù)渚W(wǎng)絡(luò)6.inter-machine cooperation 機(jī)器間合作，計(jì)算機(jī)間合作7.Ethernet protocol collection 以太網(wǎng)協(xié)議集8.proprietary network 專有網(wǎng)絡(luò)9.utility package 實(shí)用軟件包，公用程序包10.star network

36、星形網(wǎng)絡(luò)11.局域網(wǎng) local area network (LAN)12.令牌環(huán) token ring13.無線網(wǎng)絡(luò) wireless network14.封閉式網(wǎng)絡(luò) closed network15.環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) ring topology16.客戶機(jī)服務(wù)器模型 client/server model17.網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用程序 network application18.進(jìn)程間通信 interprocess communication19.打印服務(wù)器 print server20.廣域網(wǎng) wide area network (WAN)IV.Translate the following passa

37、ge from English into Chinese:A network, in computer science, is a group of computers and associated devices that are connected by communications facilities. A network can involve permanent connections, such as cables, or temporary connections made through telephone or other communications links. A n

38、etwork can be as small as a local area network consisting of a new computers, printers, and other devices, or it can consist of many small and large computers distributed over a vast geographic area. Small or large, a computer network exists to provide computer users with the means of communicating

39、and transferring information electronically. Some types of communication are simple user-to-user messages; others, of the type known as distributed processes, can involve several computers and the sharing of workloads or cooperative (合作的) efforts in performing a task.在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)中，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是指由通信設(shè)備連接在一起的一組計(jì)算機(jī)及其相關(guān)

40、設(shè)備。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可采用電纜等永久性連接，或者采用通過電話或其他通信鏈路而實(shí)現(xiàn)的臨時(shí)性連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以小到由少數(shù)計(jì)算機(jī)、打印機(jī)以及其他設(shè)備構(gòu)成的局域網(wǎng)，也可以由分布在廣大地理區(qū)域的許多小型與大型計(jì)算機(jī)組成。計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)無論大小，其存在的目的均在于為計(jì)算機(jī)用戶提供以電子方式進(jìn)行信息通信與傳送的方法。有些類型的通信是簡(jiǎn)單的用戶到用戶消息；有些稱為分布式過程，可能涉及數(shù)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，以及在執(zhí)行任務(wù)中分擔(dān)工作量或進(jìn)行協(xié)作。Unit Seven/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. In the bus topol

41、ogy, a terminator should be installed at each end of the bus or main cable.2. As compared with the star topology, the extended star topology adds sub-central devices instead of connecting all devices to a central unit.3. The hierarchical topology, also referred to as the tree topology, is much like

42、the star topology, except that it doesnt use a (n) central node.4. A truly redundant network can be created with the mesh topology.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.routing path 路由選擇通路2.dual-ring topology 雙環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)3.extended star topology 擴(kuò)展星形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)4.

43、backbone network 基干網(wǎng)，骨干網(wǎng)5.mesh topology 網(wǎng)格拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)6.同軸電纜 coaxial cable7.邏輯拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) logical topology8.無沖突連網(wǎng)環(huán)境 collision-free networking environment9.樹形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) tree topology10.目的地節(jié)點(diǎn) destination nodeUnit Eight: The InternetUnit Eight/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. The Inte

44、rnet originated from research projects going back to the early 1960s.2. The establishment of domains on the Internet is overseen by a nonprofit corporation calledICANN或the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.3. A registered domain can be attached to the existing Internet by means of

45、a (n) router which is often referred to as the gateway of the domain.4. A user typically connects to the Internet in one of two ways: temporary/dial-up connections and permanent/dedicated connections.5. A (n) ISP或Internet service provider is a company that provides Internet access and other services

46、 to customers.6. An IP address is a 32-bit address made up of two parts: the network identifier and the host address, identifying the domain in which a computer resides and the particular computer within the domain respectively.7. IP address are traditionally written in dotted decimal notation.8. Fo

47、r ease of memorization, each domain is also assigned a unique mnemonic address known as a domain name.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.cell phone 蜂窩電話，移動(dòng)電話，手機(jī)2.IP address 網(wǎng)際協(xié)議地址，IP地址3.autonomous system 自主系統(tǒng)4.dial-up connection 撥號(hào)連接5.network ident

48、ifier 網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)識(shí)符6.binary notation 二進(jìn)制記數(shù)法7.mnemonic name 助記名，縮寫名8.Internet-wide directory system 因特網(wǎng)范圍的目錄系統(tǒng)9.name server 名稱服務(wù)器10.Internet infrastructure 因特網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)11.助記地址 mnemonic address12.網(wǎng)吧 cyber cafe13.寬帶因特網(wǎng)訪問 broadband Internet access14.頂級(jí)域名 top-level domain (TLD)15.因特網(wǎng)編址 Internet addressing16.點(diǎn)分十進(jìn)制記數(shù)法

49、dotted decimal notation17.因特網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商 Internet service provider (ISP)18.專用因特網(wǎng)連接 dedicated Internet connection19.主機(jī)地址 host address20.硬件與軟件支持 hardware and software support IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:The internet provides only the physical and logical infrastructure that

50、connects millions of computers together. Many believe that the World Wide Web (WWW, or simply the Web) provides the killer application (制勝法寶) for this global network. The Web is considered the content of the Internet, providing all sorts of information by using a rich set of tools that manage and li

51、nk text, graphics, sound, and video. Providing and viewing information on the Web is accomplished server applications and client applications.If youve already explored the Web, youll recognize the client-side application as the Web browser. A Web browser receives, interprets, and displays pages of i

52、nformation from the Web. The user can navigate within pages, jump to other pages by clicking hypertext links, and point to just about any page on the Web.因特網(wǎng)只是提供了將許許多多的計(jì)算機(jī)連接在一起的物理與邏輯基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。不少人認(rèn)為，是萬維網(wǎng)（WWW或簡(jiǎn)稱the Web）為這個(gè)全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供了“制勝法寶”。萬維網(wǎng)被視為因特網(wǎng)的內(nèi)容，它通過使用管理與鏈接文本、圖形、聲音和視頻的一套豐富工具來提供各種信息。在萬維網(wǎng)上提供和查看信息，是使用服務(wù)器應(yīng)用程

53、序和客戶應(yīng)用程序完成的。如果你已經(jīng)探索過萬維網(wǎng)，你就會(huì)看出客戶端應(yīng)用程序就是萬維網(wǎng)瀏覽器。萬維網(wǎng)瀏覽器接收、解釋和顯示來自萬維網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)頁信息。用戶可以在網(wǎng)頁之內(nèi)瀏覽，可以通過點(diǎn)擊超文本鏈接跳到其他網(wǎng)頁，也可以指向萬維網(wǎng)上的幾乎任何網(wǎng)頁。Unit Eight/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. For an outgoing message, the four layers of software involved in Internet communication work in the

54、order of the application layer, the transport layer, the network layer, and the link layer; for an incoming message, it is just the opposite.2. The transport layer converts long messages into packets compatible with the Internet before their transmission and reassembles them at the destination.3. Th

55、e packets related to a common message may follow different paths through the Internet.4. Only the link and network layers are involved at the intermediate stops during a packets journey to its final destination.II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.in

56、coming message 來報(bào)，到來的報(bào)文2.application layer 應(yīng)用層3.utility software 實(shí)用軟件4.sequence number （順）序號(hào)，序列號(hào)5.remote login capabilities 遠(yuǎn)程登錄能力6.端口號(hào) port number7.軟件例程 software routine8.傳輸層 transport layer9.文件傳送協(xié)議 FTP（File Transfer Protocol）10.萬維網(wǎng)瀏覽器 Web browserUnit Nine: Mobile and Cloud ComputingUnit Nine/Secti

57、on AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. The concept of cloud computing has evolved from cluster, grid, and utility computing.2. A public cloud is built over the Internet and can be accessed by any user who has paid for the service.3. A private cloud is built within the domain of a (n)intranet owned by a single organization.4. A (n) hybrid cloud is built with both public and private clouds.5.