啟航考研英語長難句精析

1、啟航考研英語長難句精析考研英語難,難在何處?難在句子太長,結構太復雜。其實,萬變不離其宗,總有章法可循,且看我們如何演繹。也許能給你啟發(fā)呢?為了使分析更有針對性,我們不但剖析了英語長難句的基本句型,而且對近年來考研英語試題中出現(xiàn)的典型長難句進行了分析。第一部分長難句基本句型近幾年,考研英語出現(xiàn)了很多難句。并且這些難句主要是長難句。長難句的形成主要通過以下四種方式:復合從句、成分省略、使用插入語和改變句序。這四種方式往往可以相互結合,從而形成更長的難句。雖然形成長難句之方法有四,但是目的卻只有一個,就是打斷和打亂考生正常的閱讀習慣和思維習慣,從而達到考察考生閱讀能力和翻譯能力的目標。下面分別對這

2、四種方式一一解析。一、復合從句在考研中,復合從句中的從句最常見的是定語從句。復合從句可分為簡單復合從句和復雜復合從句。本文將分詞作狀語和定語也歸入從句范疇,當作一種更為靈活的從句形式。這種語法處理,并不是從語言學研究角度進行的,而是從教學角度出發(fā)做出的從簡處理。(一簡單復合從句簡單復合從句可以分為套用從句和并列從句兩種。套用從句,其實是最簡單的長難句。這類句子就像一根鎖鏈,只要抓住句子的各個連接點,理出句子層次,就完全可以把握住。在翻譯定語從句時,“這(些/個”常用來作為拆分句子的必用手段。閱讀時,定語從句一般可以跳過,實在不放心可以略讀。一般情況下,考研基本上不會在這種從句中有出題點。并列從

3、句大致有四種情況:并列從句修飾主語、謂語和賓語。也就是說并列從句一般作定語或狀語。其實,并列從句和并列短語在語法功能上完全相同,只不過并列從句一般較長,會使考生在閱讀中漸忘句子結構。并列從句修飾主語,就是說并列從句作狀語。這種句子很簡單。翻譯時,可以直譯,把從句作定語,直接放在主語前面。如果從句很長,可以使用復指代詞。另外,翻譯從句先行詞時,要注意詞性的轉換,比如hope/ suggest之類的詞有名動兩種譯法?？忌屑删杏谠~性。并列從句修飾謂語就是說這些從句作狀語。一般情況下,這些從句都不完整,多為現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語。事實上,現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語作狀語或者定語,都可以看作是從

4、句的一種更加靈活的表達方式。并列從句修飾賓語。賓語有兩種,一種是單純賓語,另一種是介賓結構中的準賓語。單純賓語指在句中作賓語成分;準賓語指在介詞后面的賓語。并列從句修飾單純賓語的句子結構很清晰,閱讀難度不大,但翻譯有些難度。并列從句修飾準賓語的就比較難了。因為后面有很長的介詞短語會使考生在閱讀中忘記句子前面的意思。(二復雜復合從句復雜復合從句,就是說這些句子不是單純的復合從句。復雜復合從句主要是因為句子中出現(xiàn)省略,插入和倒裝等形式,從而加大了句子的難度。這也是考研英語為了加大難度常用的方式。在復雜復合從句中出現(xiàn)的省略一般主要是語法省略,語用省略一般很少。出現(xiàn)插入語,其實是指這些詞或短語的插入,

5、使句子語法成分的聯(lián)系打斷,句子的整體性受到沖擊,從而影響了句子的理解。復雜復合從句中出現(xiàn)的插入語一般都是分詞形式或者介賓結構。翻譯時,一般多可以翻為狀語,有時也可以翻為定語。出現(xiàn)倒裝時,越短的句子越難。因為可以參考的信息很少。這種句子可以先把從句和先行詞用一個代詞替換,然后進行語序恢復。背誦例句:1.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will e

6、xperience greater intellectual development.譯文:許多專家認為:如果一個兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里長大,而這些刺激物能夠開發(fā)其相應的反映能力,那么這個兒童將會有得到更好的智力發(fā)展。2.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.

7、譯文:這些預測在多大程度上會被后來的表現(xiàn)所證實,這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能。3.Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.譯文:部隊突然開了火,打死四人,還有一人受傷。后來此人也因傷勢過重死去。4.The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is com

8、pelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.譯文:那個權力無上、財富無竭的國王,只有通過修筑長城來減輕自己對權力的厭倦和對歡樂的麻木。5.Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our abil

9、ity to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.譯文:我們希望富有創(chuàng)造性地生活在我們繼承的這個世界中,這種希望存在于我們重新建立道德標準的能力之中。6.To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by beingtrustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.譯文:在我們看來,成功者不管作為個人還是社會的一份子,他的真實表現(xiàn)都是可靠、靈敏、和真誠。二、成分省略語言

10、有個節(jié)省性原則。成分省略,主要是為了避免重復。一般的成分省略多為主語省略和謂語省略。這種省略屬于語法省略。但考研中一般是語用省略,也就是說是為了某中具體的表達目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和從句相結合,一正一反,使句子變得富有變化和難于把握。但省略句也有一些出現(xiàn)頻率很高,因此需要熟記。背誦例句:It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as o

11、n the telephone.譯文:即使我們適應了打電話這種看不見對方的交談方式,這種看不見也觸摸不到對方的對話還是讓人感到很不自在。To American, being on oness own means that one is a fulling dependent functioningpart of the whole capable and willing to make choices.譯文:對美國人來說,個人的自立就是指這個人在集體中完全獨立并且又能發(fā)揮作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的選擇。In their hearts, women think it is mens bu

12、siness to earn money and theirs to spend itif possible during their hunsbands live, but, at any rate, after his death. 譯文:女人們從心底認為:掙錢是男人的事情,女人只管話花錢可能的話丈夫在世時就花;不行的話,那就在丈夫去世后再花。4.I cant accept this fact because I know that if I wasnt able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could ha

13、ve either.譯文:我可以接受這個事實,因為我明白如果我都不能避免出錯,那么其他的外科大夫出錯也就難免了。5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.and have.譯文:憑借堅強的意志,人類能夠移山填海。而事實上人類已經做到。6.The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.譯文:戰(zhàn)爭終于結束,但卻是在千萬人在戰(zhàn)爭中喪生之后才結束。13 12?13 評論三、使用插入語插入語,是因為分裂了

14、句子的結構而得名的,所以,這個術語主要是從語法功能角度出發(fā)提出的,對語法形式沒有多大考慮。插入語一般是主謂結構或者介賓結構。使用插入語主要是為了調整語氣和增加補充信息,并且更主要目的是為了平衡句子結構,避免頭重腳輕。插入語是主謂結構,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”這種格式,閱讀問題不大,翻譯時要提到句首。插入語是介賓結構也是如此處理。定語從句和分詞做定語時,如果是插在主謂結構之間也可以看作是插入語?？佳蟹g中出現(xiàn)最多的插入語是用破折號插入的新話題或者補充信息。這種插入標志很明顯,只是翻譯處理會有些棘手。另外,因為一些句子成分(一般是定語過長而出現(xiàn)后置,也可看作是插入現(xiàn)象

15、。只不過這種插入只是句子原有成分間的位子變化,沒有新增成分。背誦例句:1.Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 譯文:他們說,科學的進步與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見,不如說源于諸如改進的技術和工具等更為普通的東西。Those,unaware of what is happening in society today

16、 may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.譯文:那些人不了解當今社會發(fā)生的事情,所以發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的哲學家很少研究死亡和幸福之類的東西時會感到奇怪。3.Most experts see in this a paradox - an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.譯文:大多數(shù)專家都從中看到一種矛盾,即從眾的欲望和試圖與眾不同的欲望之間的綿延

17、不斷的沖突。.4.Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficientlythis, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done -is not being civilized.譯文:即使善于驅使別人去為自己打仗,并且告訴他們怎樣打才最有效這畢竟是征服者和將軍們干過的事也不能稱其為文明行為。5.Demonstrations are being staged in the town. w

18、here opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.譯文:這個城市不斷發(fā)生示威游行,而且這種反對在河邊建造核廢料儲存廠的呼聲日高漲。四、改變語序改變語序,一般指倒裝。倒裝分為語法倒裝和修辭倒裝?？佳须y點一般在修辭倒裝。修辭倒裝主要是為了強調,一種是強調句子的表達重心,一種是強調一種表達語氣,比如命令語氣,假設語氣(虛擬語氣的倒裝屬于此類疑問語氣和否定語氣。這些倒裝常和一些連詞或者副詞(如nor/so/only/never/until等密切相關。下文所舉例子

19、基本是從這個角度出發(fā)選擇出來的。背誦例句:1.So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.譯文:那男孩對這本書如此著迷,以至于他的母親不得不總強迫他停下。2.Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.譯文:除非研究提供證據(jù)表明這個節(jié)目有

20、不良影響,否則電視節(jié)目的播放政策不會改變。3.Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.譯文:離婚后,他每月只能看兒子一次。這使他感到孤獨。4.Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.譯文:科學家們迄今未能確定這種病毒破

21、壞免疫系統(tǒng)的機理,他們也不明白旨在破壞這種病毒的天然抗體為什么無效。5.And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.譯文:過去人們從來沒有這么堅信各國互利的國際合作機構是全球不可或缺的要素。6.The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time ha

22、ve been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.譯文:假若當時立即恢復了和平,戰(zhàn)爭在物質方面的破壞無論怎樣大,到一也能夠得到修復了。7.He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them.譯文:他寫小說時剛剛構思出劇情輪廓就趕緊邀請一群朋友到野外,然后把劇情梗概大聲地念給他們聽。dais

23、haozi 2007-11-7 18:20第二部分歷年考研英語長難句分析英語考研試卷中,閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分,占到了全卷分數(shù)的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說,把這兩部分做好,在英語考試中取得理想的成績便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢?關鍵要通過大量的練習,增強閱讀英文句子,尤其是其中長難句的能力。長難句一般是指結構復雜難以理解的句子,也有一些其實結構并不復雜,但因為句子很長也很容易讓人困惑。長難句出現(xiàn)不多,但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度,成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”。下面就近八年來(2003年除外考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長難句都列出來,分析它們的結構,指出其中的考查難點,并

24、對如何恰當翻譯它們給出建議,希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。2003年試卷中的長難句,這里就不分析了,留給大家?？紩r候自己分析,同時檢驗自己學習分析長難句的成果。1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the la

25、nd and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 句子主干Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased shareholders as a class, (which was an element語法難點本句是典型的非限定性定語從句,難點在其主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結構限定,并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組

26、成的。分句an elementlandowners 又帶有兩個定語從句,一個是(which wasrepresenting,另一個是(which wasdetached?？梢?定語從句的難點在于經常省略“引導詞+be”的結構,從而在理解上容易和分詞結構相混淆。句子翻譯對資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數(shù)量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分,代表了非個人責任的財富與土地及土地所有者應盡義務的分離,而且也幾乎與責任管理相分離。翻譯技巧實際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習慣。所以翻譯時遇上定語從句,一定不要機械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長的情況,把主句和分

27、句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個階層”開始另起一句。2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. comfonable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate thei

28、r orders to the management.句子主干 Townssprang upclasses who, and who語法難點1有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個典型的定語從句結構,分句由who,and who兩個并列結構組成。注意like并不是謂語而是介詞短語作定語,真正的主句謂語是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名詞”。2that of drawing dividends 結構中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指紅利,that of sth結構是名詞性的,that of sth相當于which is結構,目的都是修飾前面

29、的名詞。注意后面還有attending是省略了which were的定語從句,把of sth結構和定語從句交替使用是英語中長難句的慣用手法,目的是避免行文的單調,考生朋友們要注意分辨。句子翻譯像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了,大批隱退的享樂階層人士靠自己的收入,在這里過著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒有聯(lián)系,只是分取紅利,偶爾參加股東會議,對管理人員發(fā)號施令。翻譯技巧同樣是為了避開定語從句,將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個短語的理解。retire on依靠退休/haverelationto與有關系/up to 達到的規(guī)模3.Robert Fulton once w

30、rote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. 句子主干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down, like a , con

31、sidering them as, in which a”語法難點有省略。1like分句是省略了who 的主語從句中的分句,considering分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導的狀語從句。這個狀語從句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般來說較長的狀語從句置于句尾,較短的置于句首,為的是使句子看上去顯得簡潔一些。2like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略,補全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters。英語中的從句之所以是難點就是因為大量地省略引導詞。句子翻譯羅博特?富爾頓曾經寫道,機械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍,像詩人對待字母表中的每個字母一樣,把它們作為自己的思路

32、展示,每一個新組合都傳送一個新概念。翻譯技巧如果嚴格地翻譯,like分句應該譯為“像對待字母表中字母的詩人一樣”,原因是這個從句修飾的是機械工,應該用詩人來對應,但這樣一來,就不符合漢語的表達習慣了。4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.句子主干Some of these

33、causes are reasonable results, Others are consequences of advances語法難點主語是some of these causes,實際的主語就是some,不過謂語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)。being to是定語從句的分句結構,意為“屬于”。句子翻譯在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來自社會需求,另一些則是由于科學在一定程度上自我加速而產生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結果。翻譯技巧這個翻譯比較簡單,注意being to的翻譯即可。5.This trend began during the Second World War

34、, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.句子主干This trend began during , when,that語法難點1有套和從句。這個句子實際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長難句時一定要注意找出句子的主干,關鍵是確定句子的主

35、語和謂語,只有這樣才不會被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。2When引導的是時間狀語從句。第一個that引導的是修飾conclusion的定語從句,第二個that引導的是修飾demands的定語從句,wants前省略了which,是引導的修飾a government的主語從句。句子翻譯這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當時一些國家的政府下了結論,認為:政府向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預見的。翻譯技巧此句中短語較多。come to the conclusion形成某種結論/make of提出/in detail詳細地6.This seems mostly effectively done by s

36、upporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.句子主干This seems done by supporting a certain amount of research notbut語法難點注意notbut句型,意為“不是而是”句子翻譯給某些與當前目標無關但將來可能產生影響的科研提供支持,看來通常能有效地解決這一問題。翻譯技巧嚴格說來,notbut結構應譯為“不是而是”,但這樣就顯得羅嗦,所以譯為“與無關”,但(另一

37、些有關。a amount of指“數(shù)量達到”。be related to指“與有關”。7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.句子主干However, the world is so made thatsystems are unable to deal with some of the aspects語法難點so made指“如此構成”,

38、so和后面的that構成sothat結構,意為“如此以至于”。be(unable to指“可以(或不可以”。句子翻譯然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的體系無法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。翻譯技巧be so made that意為“如構成”,不符合漢語表達習慣,所以譯為“就是如此”。in principle 總的說來/deal with應付8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to n

39、ew standards of elegance.句子主干New formsas well as new subjectsmust ariseas they have in the past, giving rise to語法難點有并列從句。1主語較為復雜,為并列結構,分別是new forms和new subjects,中間用as well as 連接。2as在這里引導了一個介詞結構(as they have in the past,have的賓語省略了,其內容與本句主語一致。3giving rise to分句為非限定性定語從句的從句,省略了which are。句子翻譯同過去一樣,將來必然會出

40、現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對象,給完美以新的標準。翻譯技巧as well as 和,以及/give rise to給以機會9.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.句

41、子主干For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rightsmeans he can get on with living without語法難點插入成分很多。此句實際上是個簡單句,其核心結構為Rights means,只不過添加了諸多限制結構使句子看起來很復雜?！盕or Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語成分,“a 54-years oldcancer”為Lolyd Nicks的同位語。句子翻譯對于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來說,這個法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去,而無須終日擔心將要來臨的折磨:因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。翻譯技巧同位語從句在漢語中很少出現(xiàn),對同位語從句的

42、處理就把它當作定語從句即可。如此句中就將同位語成分作為前置狀語成分的主語的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”,表示非常恐懼。10.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.句子主干Someone, if, often had nowhere to turn except語法難點有省略現(xiàn)象。traveling不是現(xiàn)在分詞,而是引導修飾someone的定語從句。if引導的從

43、句中均省略了“主語+be動詞”的結構,這樣顯得句子簡潔。句子翻譯獨自旅行時,如果沒有了食物,受傷了或者生病了,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。翻譯技巧直譯的話,應該說人們“沒有其他地方,只有”可得到幫助,但這樣寫的話顯得冗長而且費解,這里根據(jù)句意,譯為“只能向求助”就比較準確了?！皌urn”的用法比較靈活,意思很多,這里依據(jù)上下文,譯為“向求助”。11.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache

44、, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.句子主干We live in a society in whichsubstances is pervasive語法難點實際是簡單句。此句句子雖長,但是結構并不復雜,可以從冒號開始分為兩個部分。理解的時候要有意識地把兩部分分開,個個擊破。in which引導了一個定語從句。該從句的分句謂語動詞是is而不是are,是因為在這個從句中主語是use,而不是substances,這一點要注意分辨。句子翻譯在我們生活的社會里

45、,物質(藥品被廣泛地運用于社交和醫(yī)療:服用阿司匹林來緩解頭疼,喝酒來應酬,早晨和咖啡來提神,吸煙鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。翻譯技巧該句冒號以后的內容寫得很輕巧,很有文學性,我們翻譯的時候也不要強求字字照應,而應該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思,而是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。12.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unple

46、asant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.句子主干Dependence is marked first by, with, and then by語法難點有并列從句和省略。With引導的是伴隨結構作狀語,修飾的是整個第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and 引導的分句省略了謂語動詞marked ,所以要注意其實該分句并不隸屬于第一分句,而是與之并列的結構。句子翻譯依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強,用量越來越大才能達到預期效果,一旦停用就會產生不舒服的癥狀。翻譯技巧有些同學遇上伴隨結構就不知道如何翻譯了,其實只要按照原來的語序順次翻譯就

47、是。13.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.句子主干But he talked as well about , and he announced

48、 that語法難點該句沒有從句結構,而是由and連接的兩個并列成分構成。用would是因為表達了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。句子翻譯但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會責任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問題。他宣布公司將盡力對可能招致大眾反對的音樂制定各種發(fā)行和標識的標準翻譯技巧雖然沒有從句結構,但是由于句子太長,有眾多的修飾成分,所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。14.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, b

49、efore rising slightly to 2.5% this July. 句子主干Average inflationfell to a mere, close to its, before語法難點有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語從句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對全句的補充說明,是狀語成分。狀語成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并無定規(guī)。之所以用rising,是因為這里需要一個名次性的結構the inflation which was,這樣顯得簡潔得多。句子翻譯七大工業(yè)國家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年來最低水平,今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%,

50、比許多國家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。翻譯技巧the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至”的意思。15.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have

51、 little productive slack.句子主干 Economists have beensurprised byand, since,and especially, have 語法難點主句用現(xiàn)在完成時have been是因為經濟學家長時間以來關注,現(xiàn)在也在關注,是一個從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。Since引導的是表原因的狀語從句。句子翻譯特別讓經濟學家感到詫異的是,英美兩國的通貨膨脹帶來的是良性的結果,因為傳統(tǒng)的分析方法表明,兩國尤其是美國的經濟生產幾乎沒有出現(xiàn)滑坡。翻譯技巧favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜歡的”,與個人取向沒有關系。productive slack

52、 是“生產滑坡”的意思。16.Actually, it isnt, because it assumesthat there is an agreed account of human rights, which is somethingthe world does not have.句子主干Actually it isn t, because it assumes that, which is語法難點有套合從句。本句為主從復合句。主句很簡單,而because引導的原因狀語從句中,又有一個that引導的賓語從句。這個從句中,主語an agreed account of human rights

53、由一個which引導的飛行定性定語從句修飾,而這個非限定性定語從句中又有一個限定性定語從句the world does not have來修飾something。句子翻譯事實并非如此,因為這種問法是以人們對人的權利有共同的認識為基礎的,而這種共同認識并不存在。翻譯技巧agree為“約定的”意思,agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”,意譯為“共同的認識”?？梢姺g中一定要結合漢語的語言習慣靈活轉換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權記錄”。此外,將不定代詞具體化,也更符合漢語習慣。17.Some philosophers argu

54、e that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.句子主干Some philosophers argue that, as part of an exchange of語法難點該句仍為主從復合句That引導的賓語從句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當了補充語的角色。句子翻譯 有些哲學家論證說,權利只存在社會契約中,是責任與利益相交換的一部分。翻譯技巧要正確選擇contrac

55、t的詞義,不要譯成從此“收縮,縮小”Argue不要譯成“爭論”,而要靈活處理成“論證說”。18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.句子主干It leads the discussion: it invites you to think

56、that, or with語法難點有并列從句和省略。冒號把句子分成兩部分,后一部分對前面部分作進一步解釋說明。前面部分是簡單句。后面部分是復合句。that引導的賓語從句中,主語是animals,謂語是should be treated,either or引導兩個介詞短語作狀語,either引導的介詞短語中,humans extend to other humans是一個省略引導詞that的定語從句。句子翻譯這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端,它使人們認為應這樣對待動物:要么像對人類自身一樣關切體諒,要么完全冷漠無情。翻譯技巧it 的所指要明確。leads thediscussion to e

57、xtremes譯成“將討論引向兩個極端”,at the outset譯成“從一開始”。注意把被動句譯為主動句,更合乎漢語習慣。19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.句子主干Arguing from the view that humans are, extremists of this語法難點有套和從句。逗號前面是一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語,作狀語,里面又有一個that從句作the view 的同位語,逗號后面的that從句是一個賓語從句。句子翻譯這類人持極端看法,認為人與動物在各相關方面都不相同,對待動物無須考慮道德問題。翻譯技巧in e