同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)申碩寫作指南

1、同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)寫作指南根據(jù)在職人員以研究生畢業(yè)同等學(xué)力申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位外國(guó)語(yǔ)課程水平統(tǒng)一考試大綱（第五版）的規(guī)定，要求考生具備一定的寫作能力，在30分鐘內(nèi)按要求寫出一篇不少于150詞的短文，形式可以是按所給的提綱寫短文，或描述圖表，寫內(nèi)容提要、概述、讀后感等。本題15分。一、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要圍繞四個(gè)方面評(píng)判：1.內(nèi)容要切題；2.能正確表達(dá)思想；3.意義連貫；4.無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。批改作文時(shí)，主要從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，和語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙有密切的關(guān)系。下面就評(píng)分標(biāo)

2、準(zhǔn)的四個(gè)方面分別加以說(shuō)明。(一)內(nèi)容切題在目前常見的作文題目中，內(nèi)容切題一般包括兩個(gè)方面。一是寫作內(nèi)容要圍繞題目規(guī)定的話題展開。比如"A Five day Week"(五天工作制)，文章的內(nèi)容應(yīng)圍繞五天工作制進(jìn)行論述，與其無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容，當(dāng)以跑題論處，但此種現(xiàn)象并不多見。其二，在有些作文題中還包括提綱如：Fire Accidents in Big Cities Outline：1.Present Situation 2.Causes 3.Measures 這種帶提綱的作文題目不僅要求考生根據(jù)標(biāo)題寫作，而且要根據(jù)提綱規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和范圍展開各個(gè)段落，不能按自己的思路發(fā)揮?？忌谶@方面

3、出的問(wèn)題比較多。如1994年考研作文題是：On Making Friends(論交友)，其三段的提綱分別是：1.The need for friends 2.True Friendship 3.My principle in making friends。第三段的提綱要求考生圍繞我交友的原則進(jìn)行議論，然而有個(gè)別考生在段中這樣寫道：The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some way. Furthermore, what I want to say is that one good friend is

4、enough. 該考生把應(yīng)放在第三段中論述的內(nèi)容寫在第二段中，第三段就沒(méi)內(nèi)容可寫了。這類命題作文要求考生按規(guī)定和要求寫作，不能按自己的想法隨意更改，寫上段作文的考生不僅第三段沒(méi)有扣題，第二段也沒(méi)有做到內(nèi)容切題。一篇內(nèi)容切題的作文應(yīng)能既圍繞題目，又能在各段扣準(zhǔn)提綱，才真正符合內(nèi)容切題的要求。下面這一段是另一學(xué)生的作文，都是第三段，內(nèi)容切題，恰當(dāng)?shù)乜圩∥医挥训脑瓌t"的寫作要求：When I choose friends, I do not care what work they do or what social background they are from, but I do no

5、tice those little things which reveal one's characters. I would make sure that we really care for each other, so that no matter how much time goes by without seeing each other, I know my friends will always be there, ready to help if I need them, And I know we are true friends indeed. (二)能正確地表達(dá)思

6、想一篇好短文能使讀者一目了然。文章的思路應(yīng)清楚，邏輯性強(qiáng)，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)作者的思想。請(qǐng)對(duì)比下面兩段：Have you a bike? Taking a bike is a good way, most people think. But in university it seems not as good as other places. Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then. Having a bike isn't always good enough for us to buy one. 上段作者的思路紊亂不清，字里行間不僅有許多語(yǔ)病

7、，而且也沒(méi)能把思想表達(dá)清楚。讀后仍不知作者在表達(dá)什么思想、觀點(diǎn)，因而這樣的段落只能得0分。請(qǐng)看下段：It is very convenient to use bikes in China. Bikes don't need fuel, nor a garage or a large parking lot. Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low. So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today. 上段的作者以其簡(jiǎn)單的詞匯、簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言、清楚的思路

8、正確地表達(dá)了思想，使讀者觀后能即刻領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的思想。要能正確地表達(dá)思想，考生還應(yīng)掌握一些寫作技巧，如寫好段落主題句，展開段落的方法，寫好段尾句等。此外還應(yīng)掌握一定的詞匯量和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。(三)意義連貫文章的層次要分明，條理要清楚，上下文之間、詞與詞、句與句之間要上下連貫，前后呼應(yīng)，才能使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，思路清晰、有條理。下面這個(gè)段落是一篇文章的第三段。文章的標(biāo)題是：Good Health；提綱是1.Importance of good health；2.Ways to keep fit；3.My own practice。根據(jù)第三段的提綱"我的做法"，一個(gè)考生這樣寫：I don&

9、#39;t eat meat much. Every morning I take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyball. In this way I keep good health and lead a happy life. 上段基本切題，包括提綱要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)也基本清楚，但是表達(dá)不夠連貫。第一句話讓人讀起來(lái)感覺(jué)有些突然，分析第一句，作者沒(méi)有把意思表達(dá)清楚，作者我吃肉不多"一定含有這樣的意思：我飲食素淡，吃蔬菜水果多，吃肉少。如果能把這層意思寫出來(lái)，文章的連貫性也就體現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。作

10、者的第二句是從體育鍛煉方面來(lái)表明自己是如何保持健康的，這應(yīng)是本段中的又一層意思，在這里如能加一個(gè)過(guò)渡詞，會(huì)使文章過(guò)渡自然流暢。請(qǐng)看下面經(jīng)過(guò)修改的段落：As for me(1),I enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables, fruit and less meat. Moreover, I do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running, playing tennis or volleyball. As a result

11、(2),I have been a top student all through the four years in the university. So good health is important to everyone(3). (1)發(fā)揮了承上啟下的作用，沒(méi)有這樣一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)，從第二段過(guò)渡到第三段就會(huì)顯得生硬一些。(2)也起到了連貫作用，在上述兩方面保持健康的方法介紹完后，應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步寫出所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，這結(jié)果就是對(duì)全段的總結(jié)概括。(3)對(duì)文章的標(biāo)題及開頭起了首尾呼應(yīng)的作用。(四)無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤一般指時(shí)態(tài)不一致、主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)形式不一致、用詞不當(dāng)?shù)?，這些問(wèn)題的存在說(shuō)明考生在

12、平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中很少練習(xí)寫作，有人甚至從沒(méi)寫過(guò)作文，因而出現(xiàn)各種各樣語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤是可以理解的。考生應(yīng)在考前多進(jìn)行這方面的訓(xùn)練，一些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤在實(shí)踐中是可以糾正過(guò)來(lái)的。下面舉幾例常見錯(cuò)誤。病句及其分析：1.So college provide the best condition for students. 此句的主謂語(yǔ)不一致。因?yàn)榫渥拥囊馑际欠褐复髮W(xué)為學(xué)生提供了最好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，這里的主語(yǔ)college應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。這類錯(cuò)誤極為常見。2.Going to college does not followed that We'll have a splendid future. 此句的主語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞

13、短語(yǔ)，全句的意思是：上大學(xué)并不表示我們的未來(lái)就一定會(huì)光輝燦爛。does not后應(yīng)跟動(dòng)詞原型follow。3.Second, have a part time job for poor student is a good way to help reduce his family burden. 此句中有兩處錯(cuò)誤。have a part time job不能直接作主語(yǔ)，可以改為不定式作主語(yǔ)to have a part time job,或者動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)having a part time job。第二處錯(cuò)誤是poor student。普通名詞前應(yīng)有冠詞a或the,如前面沒(méi)有冠詞，名詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)形

14、式。在這里可選用不定冠詞，a poor student,或者poor students。在此句中為了與后半句中的his呼應(yīng)將其改為a poor student為好。4.In recent years, fake goods have been discovered more and more in the market. 第四句是中文式的英文，這是考生作文中的常見錯(cuò)誤。按照英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣可改為More and more fake goods have been discovered in the market in recent years. 5.The first hand I think is

15、 that law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced. 第五句中的The first hand是錯(cuò)的，應(yīng)改為On the one hand；I think是插入成分，在寫作中應(yīng)盡量不使用這樣的插入成分；law前應(yīng)有冠詞，此句經(jīng)修改后是：On the one hand,a law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced. 二、寫作技巧一篇好的短文應(yīng)該觀點(diǎn)明確，思路清晰，論述有力、準(zhǔn)確，語(yǔ)言正確，文字簡(jiǎn)潔、流暢、連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。短文是由段落組成，

16、因此寫好段落是寫好短文的關(guān)鍵。段落的組成分為三部分，主題句(Topic Sentence),推展句(Development Sentences)和結(jié)論句(Concluding Sentence)。下面分別就這三方面進(jìn)行詳解。(一)主題句1.主題句的作用主題句是全段的核心句，讀者通過(guò)主題句能了解段落的中心思想。一個(gè)好的主題句還能限制話題所談?wù)摰姆秶?，表明段落展開的方向及方法。在英語(yǔ)文章中，圍繞主題句展開的段落很多。下面兩段摘自1995年的閱讀試題。A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of in

17、formation prior to the interview. First, the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objective. It is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company. Second, the applicant should seek as much infor

18、mation as possible concerning the company. Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices, the financial status of the company, plans for expansion, and company philosophy. Information about most major corporations is available i

19、n reference books and periodicals. 上段第一句是段落的主題句，句子的大意是：申請(qǐng)工作的人在接受面試前有責(zé)任了解某些方面的信息。主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞是ascertaining certain types of information。緊接著，文章圍繞主題句從兩方面展開，論述了申請(qǐng)人應(yīng)了解兩類信息。If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa, they know better now. After four years of below normal rainfal

20、l (in some cases only 10 percent of the annual average), vast areas of France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Britain and Ireland are dry and barren .Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekends. Oyster growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop

21、in production because of the loss of fresh water in local rivers necessary for oyster breeding. In southeastern England, the rolling green hills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from wales. In Portugal, farmers in the southern Alentejo region have

22、 held prayer meetings for rain-so far, in vain. 上段中第二句是主題句，它點(diǎn)明了全段的中心思想，即：四年來(lái)，法國(guó)、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利時(shí)，英國(guó)及愛(ài)爾蘭的降雨量低于常年，這些國(guó)家的廣大地區(qū)都嚴(yán)重缺水。下面的各句都是圍繞這一主題展開的。從上面兩段中我們可以看到英語(yǔ)的段落只能有一個(gè)中心思想，如要再論述其他與該段中心思想無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)另起一段。2.主題句的位置主題句的位置可以在段首：London's weather is very strange .It can rain several times a day; each time the rain

23、 may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightly. The air is damp(潮濕的)and chill(冷的)right through July. On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times, there was one hail(冰雹)storm, and the sun shone brilliantly-all this within two hours' time. It is not unusual to see

24、 men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their arms. No one knows what the next few moments will bring. 主題句的位置可以在段落中間：Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knoc

25、ks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him, Babysitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack(快餐)in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall as

26、leep. 主題句的位置可以在段尾：Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyond 100 years, but a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled. There are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years old, and their numbers are increasing each year. Dr James Langley of Ch

27、icago claims that, theoretically and under ideal(理想的)conditions, animals, including man, can live six times longer than their normal period of growth. A person's period of growth lasts about 25 years. If Dr. Langley's theory is accurate(準(zhǔn)確的), future generations can expect a life span(壽命)of 1

28、50 years . 主題句的位置可在段首段尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)：Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country .Americans eat with knives and forks(叉)；Japanese eat with chopsticks(筷子).Americans say "Hi" when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men ope

29、n doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person's behavior toward another person. In all countries it i

30、s good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. (以上4段摘自大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀課本) 主題句出現(xiàn)在段落首或尾完全由寫作需要而定。一般地說(shuō)來(lái)，寫這樣100多詞的小短文把主題句放在段首更有利于考生扣準(zhǔn)中心思想展開論述。3.怎樣寫好主題句主題句在段落中有著舉足輕重的作用。因此寫好主題句是寫好段落的關(guān)鍵。在構(gòu)思主題句時(shí)要注意以下三個(gè)方面：(1)主題

31、句首先應(yīng)是一個(gè)完整的句子，任何詞組或修飾成分都不能作主題句。如：More burdens,就不是一個(gè)完整的句子。Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text，則是一個(gè)比較好的主題句。(2)主題句不應(yīng)太籠統(tǒng)概括。如：William Shakespeare is great這句話很籠統(tǒng)，對(duì)段落如何展開沒(méi)有指導(dǎo)和限定作用，因而不能作主題句。如改為：William Shakespeare wrote several historic plays,則下文就能圍繞莎氏的歷史劇展開論述了。(3)

32、主題句不能太具體。如：The dictionary is small，句子如果太瑣碎具體就失去進(jìn)一步展開的意義了。(4)各段的主題句應(yīng)相互照應(yīng)。在以No Smoking為題的作文中，各段的主題句分別是：Smoking is harmful. Smoking does not only harm the smokers but also people around them. Therefore, smoking is a bad habit. 第二段的主題句用not only，but also連接詞語(yǔ)溝通了上下兩段的內(nèi)容。第三段的Therefore又起了承上啟下的作用，使全篇融為一體。(二)段

33、落的展開展開段落的方法有很多種，在這里我們僅介紹幾種常用方法。1.依據(jù)歸納法或演繹法進(jìn)行論述依據(jù)歸納法展開段落是指在段落中先引用具體事實(shí)或因由進(jìn)行闡述或論說(shuō)，進(jìn)而得出結(jié)論。演繹法則是由一般推出特殊情況的結(jié)論。下面這一段落是用歸納法展開的段落。最后一句是結(jié)論，也是主題句。And that is exactly what reading a book should be：a conversation between you and the author. Presumably, he knows more about the subject than you do; naturally, you

34、will have the proper humility as you approach him. But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end. Understanding is a two way operation; learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle. The learner has to question himself and the teacher. He

35、even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying. And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author. 2.依據(jù)重要性展開段落依據(jù)思想或事實(shí)或理由的重要性的先后次序進(jìn)行論述，可以從次要至重要，也可以從重要至次重要。下面段落是以次重要至重要的方法進(jìn)行論述的。作者首先指出(醫(yī)生)對(duì)病人撒謊不僅對(duì)醫(yī)生本人不好，也會(huì)傷害同

36、事，進(jìn)而會(huì)有損于整個(gè)醫(yī)療事業(yè)。Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spira

37、l of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine", and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession. 3.依據(jù)比較和對(duì)比法進(jìn)行論述一般地說(shuō)，比較是指對(duì)事物的相同方面進(jìn)行比較；對(duì)比是指對(duì)比事物的差異或不同方面。下面兩段就采用了對(duì)比方法。這兩段將口頭英語(yǔ)與書面英語(yǔ)的不同方面作了比較，兩段的觀點(diǎn)都一一對(duì)應(yīng)，比如：Oral English is informal while written English is comparatively formal就是一對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比。另外，

38、兩段之間用unlike oral English承接，既讓段落過(guò)渡自然，又使對(duì)比強(qiáng)烈。First of all, oral English is usually considered informal. So no matter how poor one's language is and how strange and foreign one's pronunciation is, it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood. Secondly, as to the audience,

39、 they are only interested in grasping the meaning, not actually mind, or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes. Furthermore, oral English is also regarded adaptable. When we cannot express something precisely, we may give the explanation of it instead, or correct the mis

40、takes on the spot. So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding. Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal. It requires good spelling and perfect grammar. Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty. They would be confused ab

41、out what writers are getting at. In addition, once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned, writers can no longer make any changes. To avoid this, one has to pay much attention to spelling, practise grammar and write clearly-constructed paragraphs. As a result i

42、t will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English. 4.依據(jù)時(shí)間的先后進(jìn)行論述依據(jù)時(shí)間的先后次序展開段落，就是完全按照事物實(shí)際發(fā)展的時(shí)間先后進(jìn)行論述。如：下面兩段就是以時(shí)間為序介紹鹿的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程。隨著夏季一天天過(guò)去，又隨著秋去冬來(lái)，鹿的新陳代謝也隨著季節(jié)的推移而變化。As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother'

43、;s milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in groups to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is

44、expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow. As fall turns into winter, othe

45、r changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when winter becomes cold. 5.依據(jù)空間順序展開段落依據(jù)空間的次序進(jìn)行論述應(yīng)是有序地由遠(yuǎn)至近或由近至遠(yuǎn)，由上至下或由下至上對(duì)事物

46、進(jìn)行描寫。下面的例子描寫了一幅美麗寧?kù)o的夜景。作者先描寫空中的月亮，再隨灑向大地的月光寫到湖四周隨風(fēng)搖曳的樹枝，又由青蛙的叫聲把讀者引到了湖的中央，最后結(jié)尾講：這是一個(gè)多么迷人的夜晚。這個(gè)段落文字簡(jiǎn)潔流暢，有序地按空間順序由上寫到下，由外寫到里。讀者可在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中注意模仿。It is a beautiful and quiet night. The moon is like a disc hanging on the dark sky, which casts its light on everything. Around the lake are some trees, their sle

47、nder leaves billowing in the gentle wind. There must be some frogs in the middle of the lake, whose endless singing can be heard clearly. What an attractive night! (三)寫好結(jié)尾句段落結(jié)尾或文章的結(jié)尾的方法很多，比如在文章的結(jié)論段提出問(wèn)題，讓讀者自己去解答；引用諺語(yǔ)或名人名言進(jìn)一步印證作者的觀點(diǎn)；或?qū)⑶懊嫠v的內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)摘述等。在這里僅介紹幾種適合寫短文結(jié)尾的常用方法。1.回答段落主題句中暗示的問(wèn)題如下面段落的第一句作為主題句闡明了做

48、摘要的全過(guò)程顯示(一個(gè)人)的決策能力。在文章的結(jié)尾作者以答復(fù)的口氣作結(jié)論說(shuō)：根據(jù)你在做筆記時(shí)所投入的時(shí)間和精力，你做摘要的效率會(huì)得到相應(yīng)的提高。The whole process of summarizing implies an ability to make decisions. You have to decide what the author's plan is, how the material has been organized, what the key ideas are, and what material is used merely as example. Y

49、ou will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because it requires so many decisions. But your efficiency in making summaries, as well as your general reading efficiency, will increase in proportion to the time and effort you spend on perfecting your note-taking technique. 2.呼應(yīng)主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞，

50、使用關(guān)鍵詞的同義詞重申段落的中心思想下面段落的第一句為主題句，其關(guān)鍵詞是famous。在結(jié)尾句中可使用它的同義詞well known作結(jié)論。Our university is one of the most famous universities in China. It is an old university whose origins can be traced back to 1938, when it was first built up in Yanan. Now, it is located in the northwest of Beijing. As a university

51、 of liberal arts, it has 25 departments, more than 50 majors, about 7 000 students and 4 000 teachers. It also plays a leading role in social science. In short, our university is well known both at home and abroad. 3.將段落中所論述的內(nèi)容以摘要的方式進(jìn)行總結(jié)下面段落闡述了三方面的內(nèi)容：environment, goods和service,可以用連接詞not onlybut also

52、將三方面概括為一句作為結(jié)論句。Walking into those luxury shopping centers, people will be fascinated by the beautiful decorations, graceful environment and elegant goods. There are various things for people to select: fashionable clothes, lovely stationery or precious jewelries. Besides people will be warmly greete

53、d by salesmen and women who will offer a satisfactory service. In a word, such shopping centers provide not only pleasant environment, abundant goods but also excellent service. 4.以提問(wèn)的方式結(jié)束段落下面的段落講述吃早飯的重要性，結(jié)尾句作者設(shè)問(wèn)：如果不吃早飯或湊合吃一口會(huì)怎么樣?這樣的結(jié)尾為下一段不吃早飯的危害作了鋪墊。Many health experts consider breakfast to be the

54、most important meal of the day. If we eat a good breakfast, we'll have the energy and nutrients we need to begin our working day vigorously. It is especially true if one's work involves mental activity. However, what happens if people skip breakfast or substitute a simple one for a high qual

55、ified meal? 5.使用過(guò)渡詞給文章或段落作結(jié)論如：In brief, tourism, according to my opinion, should not be encouraged.這里in brief起總結(jié)作用。Certainly, close cooperation will make the world a better place.這里的certainly發(fā)揮了強(qiáng)調(diào)及過(guò)渡作用。以上兩種方法簡(jiǎn)單易學(xué)，注意在實(shí)踐中應(yīng)用。三、圖表作文圖表作文與寫議論文和說(shuō)明文的寫作方法大致相同，唯一的差異就是如何利用濃縮在圖表中的信息闡明圖中各種數(shù)據(jù)和信息所反映的問(wèn)題。因此考生在寫此類作文時(shí)

56、只有在看懂圖表的基礎(chǔ)上才能動(dòng)筆寫。如果不能全部領(lǐng)會(huì)圖中信息，在寫作中就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣或那樣的問(wèn)題。因此考生在閱讀圖表時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：第一，掌握?qǐng)D表上提供的信息及每一欄上面的小標(biāo)題的標(biāo)注，由此弄清設(shè)計(jì)者想通過(guò)圖表反映出的信息、問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象。第二，在掌握全部信息的基礎(chǔ)上，著手分析這些信息和表上的具體數(shù)字。通過(guò)分析與對(duì)比，抓住問(wèn)題，便可以開拓思路，構(gòu)思文章的布局、段落的劃分及上下文的連貫等。段落的劃分可根據(jù)內(nèi)容而定。一般第一段應(yīng)對(duì)圖表做一簡(jiǎn)要的概述，點(diǎn)出所要涉及的問(wèn)題；中間段落應(yīng)對(duì)圖表的重要問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析；結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文做一小結(jié)。請(qǐng)看下面圖表：FOODYEAR1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

57、 Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45% Milk10% 11% 11% 12% 13% Meat17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21% Fruit and Vegetables 24% 22% 20% 20% 21% Total 10% 100% 100% 100% 100% 審題：這張圖表介紹了1986年1990年人們食品結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生的變化。食品包括四大類：糧、奶、肉及水果蔬菜。從圖表上看，糧食消費(fèi)量在逐年下降，奶和肉的消費(fèi)量在上升，可見人民生活水平提高了。蔬菜水果消費(fèi)量下降的原因可否歸結(jié)為物價(jià)上揚(yáng)問(wèn)題。根據(jù)上述分析我們可以將文章分為35段。According to the

58、 above table, we can see that some changes have taken place in people's diet since 1986, which clearly indicates the improvement of people's living standard. One of the big changes is the decrease of grain consumption with 49 percent in 1986 and 45 percent in 1990.On people's dinner tables the traditional dominant food-grain has given some way to milk and meat which were seldom seen on dinner tables before. Since the economic reform in 1978, various kinds of food have become popular in Chinese families. However, there is a steady