章振邦《新編英語語法》Lecture 21教學課件

1、Lecture 21-ing ParticipleCollocation of ing participle with verbsVerbs followed either by infinitive or by ing participleForm of ing participleGrammatical Functions of ing participle -ing分詞的一般式分詞的一般式表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進表示和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時進行的動作行的動作; 完成式完成式表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的動作。如：生的動作。如： Being

2、a student, he was interested in books.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. -ing分詞的被動式分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是表示它的邏輯主語是-ing分詞動作的承分詞動作的承受者。根據(jù)受者。根據(jù)-ing分詞動作發(fā)生的時間，分詞動作發(fā)生的時間，-ing分詞的被動式分詞的被動式有有一般被動式一般被動式(being done)和和完成被動式完成被動式(having been done)。如：。如： The question being discussed is

3、 very important. Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. Verb + -ing formVerb + object + preposition + -ing formCollocation of Collocation of inging participle with verbs participle with verbsP241P242P246-248 There are verbs that can be followed There are verbs that can be followe

4、d eithereither by an by an inging participle participle oror by an by an infinitive. With some of these verbs, the infinitive. With some of these verbs, the choice between the two makes choice between the two makes no no difference in meaningdifference in meaning; with others, ; with others, however

5、, different choices result in however, different choices result in different interpretationsdifferent interpretations. .1) Either infinitive or 1) Either infinitive or inging participle without participle without change of meaningchange of meaninga) After process verbs such as begin, cease, continue

6、, start and emotive verbs such as cant bear, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, the infinitive is commonly used to refer to a specific act while the ing participle is used to refer to a general act, e.g.: Phil prefers Phil prefers doing doing

7、 it his way.it his way. He prefers He prefers to goto go by train this evening. by train this evening.b) After need, want, require, deserve, an active ing participle can be used to denote a passive meaning which can also be expressed by a passive infinitive, e.g.: This letter needs This letter needs

8、 signing signing by the manager.by the manager.= This letter needs = This letter needs to be signedto be signed by the manager. by the manager. Your car urgently required Your car urgently required seeingseeing to. to.= Your car urgently required = Your car urgently required to be seento be seen to.

9、 to.c) After begin, start, either infinitive or ing participle is possible, but when the infinitive is a stative verb, it normally goes with begin, e.g.: We began We began to seeto see what he meant. what he meant. She began She began to believeto believe his story. his story.When begin / start is i

10、n the progressive, it is also an infinitive, not an ing form that is normally used, e.g.: Its beginning Its beginning to rainto rain. . Im starting Im starting to workto work on my essay next week. on my essay next week.d) After attempt, intend and plan, the infinitive is more commonly used than the

11、 ing participle, but when the above-mentioned verbs are in the progressive, only the infinitive is possible, e.g.: I planned I planned to go/ goingto go/ going myself. myself. We are planning We are planning to visitto visit France this summer. France this summer.2) Either infinitive or 2) Either in

12、finitive or inging participle with participle with different meaningsdifferent meanings The verbs that admit of either an infinitive or an ing form with different meanings fall into 5 sub-classes:a)After remember and forget, the infinitive refers to a second act that follows the first, and the ing p

13、articiple to a previous event, e.g.:Cant you remember Cant you remember tellingtelling me the story last night? me the story last night?= You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it?= You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it?You must remember You must remember to tellto tell

14、 him all that. him all that.= You must tell him all that. Dont forget it.= You must tell him all that. Dont forget it.b) After stop, leave off, go on, the ing participle functions as object, while the infinitive as adverbial of purpose. Compare: They stopped They stopped watching watching TV at 9:30

15、.TV at 9:30.= At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more.= At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more. They stopped They stopped to watchto watch TV at 9:30. TV at 9:30.= They paused at 9:30 in order to watch TV.= They paused at 9:30 in order to watch TV.c) After try, mean, cant help, the choice between an

16、infinitive and an ing form depends on the meaning of the preceding verb itself. Compare: Your plan would mean Your plan would mean spendingspending hours. hours. I didnt mean I didnt mean to maketo make you angry. you angry. If you want to improve the taste, try If you want to improve the taste, try

17、 addingadding some sugar. some sugar. Philip tried Philip tried to answerto answer each question by himself. each question by himself.d) After agree, decide, there is a choice between the infinitive and “preposition + -ing”. Compare: They agreed They agreed to shareto share the remuneration. the rem

18、uneration. They agreed They agreed on sharingon sharing the remuneration. the remuneration.e) After encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorise, either the -ing participle or the infinitive with an expressed logical subject can be used. Compare: They encouraged They encouraged learning le

19、arning English by radio and television.English by radio and television. They encouraged They encouraged me to learnme to learn English by radio and television. English by radio and television.SupplementSupplement 動詞動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟等可直接跟-ing分詞作賓語，不可以接動詞不定式作賓語，分詞作賓語，不可以接動詞不定式作賓語，但可

20、接不定式作賓語補語。如：但可接不定式作賓語補語。如： Please permit me Please permit me to sayto say a few words. a few words. We dont permit We dont permit smokingsmoking here. here. 注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語：注：下面幾種情況多用不定式作賓語： a.當當start, begin本身用于進行時態(tài)時。本身用于進行時態(tài)時。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his pa

21、rents. b. 當當start, begin后接表示心理活動的動詞時。后接表示心理活動的動詞時。 Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. c. 當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。當句子的主語是無生命的東西時。 We were about to leave when it began to rain. - -inging分詞的語法作用分詞的語法作用 -ing分詞一方面具有動詞的性質，另一方面也相當于一個名分詞一方面具有動詞的性質，另一方面也相當于一個名詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表

22、語、賓語、定詞或形容詞、副詞，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語等。語、狀語和補語等。 1)作主語：作主語： Saying is easier than doing. 說比做容易。說比做容易。 為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實主語放為了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主語，而把真實主語放在句末。如：在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. Its a waste of time arguing about it. 在在There is no結構中，通常用結構中，通常用-ing分詞。如：分詞。如： There is no jokin

23、g about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。這種事開不得玩笑。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 歷史車輪不可阻歷史車輪不可阻擋。擋。 2) 作表語：作表語： His hobby is collecting stamps. 3) 作賓語：作賓語： ing分詞作動詞賓語。如：分詞作動詞賓語。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. -ing分詞作賓語也可用在復合賓語中作真正的賓語，分詞作賓語也可用在復合賓語中作真正的賓語，而用而用it作形式賓語。如：作形式賓語。如： I dont

24、 think it possible living in such a cold place. 我認我認為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。為住在這么寒冷的地方是不可能的。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你覺得再試一你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？次會有好處嗎？ -ing分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如：分詞作介詞賓語，經(jīng)常用在一些短語的后面。如： Im against inviting him to dinner. They dont feel like walking that much. 注意：注意：在有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。如：在

25、有些句子中，介詞?？墒∪?。如： I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. What can prevent us (from) getting married? 4) 作定語：作定語： 單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如：單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如： reading room swimming pool dining car sleeping car singing competition wait

26、ing room-ing分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當于一分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當于一個定語從句。如：個定語從句。如： Who is the comrade standing by the door? They lived in a house facing south. ing分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當于一個非限制性定分詞還可以作非限制性定語，相當于一個非限制性定語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如語從句，常用逗號和句子其它部分分開。如: When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overc

27、oat, ran to her with joy. 5) 做狀語：做狀語： -ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。方式或伴隨情況等。 作時間狀語，相當于一個時間狀語從句，有時可由連詞作時間狀語，相當于一個時間狀語從句，有時可由連詞when, while引出。如：引出。如： While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 作原因狀語，相當于一個原因狀語從句。如：作原因狀語，相當于一個原因狀語從句。如： Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 作結果狀語。如：作結果狀語。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. She was so angry that she threw the toy on th