可吸入顆粒物及人體健康

1、“中國正面臨十分嚴峻的環(huán)境問題與挑戰(zhàn)”環(huán)境污染將成為制約我國社會與經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要瓶頸l Ozonel Particulate Matter (顆粒物)l Carbon Monoxide l Nitrogen Oxides l Sulfur Dioxide l Lead Six criteria air pollutants PM0.1 (Ultrafine particle)PM2.5 (Fine particle)PM10 (Coarse particle) 全球氣候 Global climate 城市可見度 Urban visibility 人體健康 Human healthCarbon(

2、EC+OC)24SO3NO4NH顆粒物對氣候的影響顆粒物對城市可見度的影響Distributions of visibilities and annual numbers of haze-fog days from 2004 to 2008 in different major cities in China City (visibility, annual haze day)(6.24km, 165)(8.33km, 48)(21.89km, 0)(7.54km, 63)(5.43km, 148)(7.11km, 94)Shijiazhuang (3.87km, 253)(4.21km, 2

3、58)(6.38km, 254)(4.11km, 206)(9.32km, 38)(15.46km, 12)(7.99km, 52)(8.78km, 21)(7.03km, 270)(8.67km, 174)(8.38km, 34)(7.68km, 79)(4.11km, 239)(5.3km, 193)(3.17km, 227)(14.59km, 36)(3.82km, 297)(4.64km, 297)(4.35km, 225)(30.4km, 0)(7.34km, 93)(6.08km, 216)(11.42km, 26)(4.52km, 233)(9.92km, 15)(4.44km,

4、 284)(20.12km, 4)(23.43km, 0)(5.76km, 136) Air pollution baffled the scientist馬爾代夫或舉國搬遷 Q SchiermeierClear skies raise global-warming estimatesNature 435 (30 June 2005) 1142-1143經(jīng)歷了漫長而波折的過程短期效應(yīng)（Short-term effects）長期效應(yīng)（Long-term effects）Mortality% increase per 10ug/m3 increase in PM2.5Mortality% incr

5、ease per 10ug/m3 increase in PM2.5All causes0.6 (0.2 - 1.0)All causes13 (4.2 - 23)Cardiovascular causes0.6 (0.0 1.1)Cardiopulmonary causes18 (6.0 32)Respiratory causes2.2 (0.6 3.9)Lung cancer causes18 (-11 57)Ostro, et al., Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114;29-33Dockery, et al., New England

6、 Journal of Medicine 1993;329;1753-63收集證據(jù)控訴細顆粒物污染J KaiserScience 307 (2005) 1858-60尺寸決定：什么部位致?。炕瘜W(xué)組分決定：為什么致病？Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)Oxidative stressCell Damage（Lipid、Protein、DNA）Chemical compoundsIllness / CancerPMThe oxidants (ROS) are normally balanced by the antioxidants in the cells 氧化劑與抗氧化

7、劑平衡Excessive ROS production could lead to oxidative stress 過多活性氧將導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激ROS cause damage to various cellular structures including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA)（細胞膜）（細胞膜）（細胞質(zhì)）（細胞質(zhì)）（細胞核）（細胞核）Free radical is the most common type of ROSTime course of increase of CL from the lung (A) and heart

8、 (B) of rats exposed to CAPs(average mass concentration, 300 60 g/m3) or filtered airPM induced dose-dependent AEC DNA-SB formation and DNA fragmentation.DNA雙鏈(doule strand)DNA碎片顆粒物越細，進入人體呼吸系統(tǒng)部位越深BrainNervesBloodHead, nerves, blood 0.1 m105 (2002) 411-414Smaller is better?targeting drug delivery, no

9、n-invasive, faster actionSneezingCoughingswallowingMucociliary clearanceAlveolar clearancedissolveddissolvedpenetrateddissolvedKleinstreuer et al., Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 10 (2008) 195-220AL Coates, 358 () 304-305慣性沖擊重力沉降擴散JR Wright, 5 () 58-68pkkjikijSax1i = 1,2, m speciesj = 1,2, n samplesk = 1,2, p sourcesB