專四語法第1節(jié)-語法基本概念

1、第一節(jié)語法基本概念單詞句子都是由單詞組成的。英語單詞可根據(jù)詞類或詞性(PartsofSpeech)分類如下:名詞Noun代詞Pronoun動(dòng)詞Verb形容詞Adjective數(shù)詞Numeral副詞Adverb實(shí)詞NotionalWord冠詞Article介詞Preposition連詞Conjunction感嘆詞Interjection虛詞FormWord二短語具有一定意義但不構(gòu)成從句或句子的一組詞，叫做短語(Phrase)。短語的種類很多，除了名詞短語、動(dòng)詞短語、形容詞短語、副詞短語外，還有不定式短語(GerundialPhrase)、分詞短語(ParticipialPhrase)、介詞短語(

2、PrepositionalPhrase)、獨(dú)立短語(AbsolutePhrase)等。三句子謂語動(dòng)詞是句子的必要成分之一。由于動(dòng)詞有5種不同的種類，故構(gòu)成5種不同的基本劇情(BasicPatternsofSentences)。1 .主語+謂語動(dòng)詞(不及物動(dòng)詞)Everyminutecounts.分秒必爭。2 .主語+謂語動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語Youshouldlookoutforpickpockets.你應(yīng)當(dāng)提防扒手。3 .主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語Truthisthedaughteroftime.時(shí)間見真理。4 .主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語Pleasepassmethedictionary.

3、請把字典遞給我。5 .主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只用功不玩耍，聰明的孩子也變傻。四句子成分必須的成分：主語、謂語可能有的成分：賓語、補(bǔ)語、修飾語(定語、狀語、同位語)1 .主語(1) 主語(Subject)一般在句子開頭，是句子的“陳述對象”，通常由名詞、代詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、相當(dāng)于名詞的詞組或從句、引用充當(dāng)。如：ThestudentsalllovetheirEnglishteacher.這些學(xué)生都喜歡他們的英語老師。Theygotoschoolbybus.他們乘公共汽車上學(xué)。WatchingTVtoomuchisbadf

4、oryoureyes.看太多電視對你的眼睛是有害的。Whatweneedisagoodrest.我們需要的是好好休息一下。11loveyou"isoftenheardonValentine'sDay.情人節(jié)時(shí)，經(jīng)常聽到有人說"我愛你”<(2) 形式主語與真實(shí)主語(FormalSubjectandRealSubject)主語是不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或分句時(shí)，常會(huì)放在句尾，用it代替它原來的位置，這個(gè)it稱為形式主語，放在句尾的原主語為真實(shí)主語。如：Itisveryhardtogettosleep.入睡很難。(不定式短語為真實(shí)主語，it為形式主語)It's

5、apitythatyoucan'tcome.你不能來真是件遺憾的事。（句子為真實(shí)主語,it為形式主語）2 .賓語賓語（Object）是行為動(dòng)作的對象，一般可分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語，充當(dāng)賓語的可以使名詞、代詞、名詞化的形容詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語或句子。如：IboughtaticketforMilan.我買了一張去米蘭的車票。Ienjoyedtalkingtoyou.我和你談話很高興。Theydecidedtoclosetheborder.他們決定封閉邊境。Arabbitranoutfromunderthetable.桌底下跑出來一只兔子。Wehopedthatallwouldc

6、omewell.我們希望一切都會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)?！緦Ｋ恼骖}】In"Howmuchdoyouthinkheearns?”howmuchisofthesentence.A.thesubjectB.theadverbialC.theobjectD.thecomplement譯文：在"Howmuchdoyouthinkheearns?"一句中，howmuch在句子中充當(dāng)什么成分？分析：在這個(gè)句子中，doyouthink為插入語，在Howmuchheearns中，he是主語，earns是謂語動(dòng)詞，引導(dǎo)詞Howmuch作earns的賓語。因此選Q（1） 直接賓語與間接賓語（Direct

7、ObjectandIndirectObject）英語中的授予動(dòng)詞（DativeVerb,有“給予”、“告知”、“拒絕”等類似意義的動(dòng)詞）要求接雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語指所給予或告知的“事物”；間接賓語指接受或被告知事物的“人”。間接賓語可置于直接賓語之后，但前面需加介詞to或for。Pleaseshowmeyourpassport.請把護(hù)照給我看下。（me為間接賓語，yourpassport為直接賓語。）Thearrangementsavedlotsoftimeforus.這個(gè)安排省了我們很多時(shí)間。（lotsoftime為直接賓語，us為間接賓語。）Onthebus,heofte

8、ngiveshisseattoanoldperson.在公共汽車上，他經(jīng)常把座位讓給老人。（hisseat為直接賓語，anoldperson為間接賓語。）（3）形式賓語與真實(shí)賓語（FormalObjectandRealObject）作賓語用的短語或從句之后接有賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，必須將用作賓語的短語或從句放在補(bǔ)語之后，用it代替它的原位置；這個(gè)it稱謂形式賓語，放在補(bǔ)語之后的賓語為真實(shí)賓語。如：Ithinkitwrongtowastetime.我認(rèn)為浪費(fèi)時(shí)間是不對的。（不定式短語是真實(shí)賓語，it是形式賓語，wrong是賓語補(bǔ)語。）3 .表語位置上，表語（Predicative）總位于系動(dòng)詞之后，與系動(dòng)

9、詞一起構(gòu)成系動(dòng)詞的謂語；意義上，表語通常說明主語的身份、特征或狀態(tài)。名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語或句子可充當(dāng)表語。如：他們是兄妹。我想說的就是這個(gè)。這是我想說的。她父親65歲。Theyarebrotherandsister.WhatIwanttosayisthis.布丁好不好，吃了才知道。ThisiswhatIwanttosay.Herfatherissixty-five.TheproofofthePuddingisintheeating.4 .補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)語（Complement）是起補(bǔ)充說明作用的成分，用以彌補(bǔ)主語或賓語意義的不足。補(bǔ)語可分為主語補(bǔ)語（SubjectC

10、omplement）和賓語補(bǔ)語（ObjectComplement）,一般由名動(dòng)名詞、形容詞、介副詞、不定式、分詞充當(dāng)。如：Theyconsideredthatadownrightlie.他們認(rèn)為那是徹頭徹尾的謊言。（賓語that的補(bǔ)語）Ifoundeverythingingoodcondition.我看到一切都并然有序。（賓語everything的補(bǔ)語）Thatmanhasneverbeenseentosmile,從沒見那個(gè)人笑過。(主語thatman的補(bǔ)語)ForeignersarecalledLaoWai.外國人被稱為"老外"。(主語Foreigners的補(bǔ)語)*注意：

11、后跟名詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞有call,name,think,make,choose等，后跟形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)語的謂語詞有keep,find,get,think,make等。動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞(如feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listento,lookat等)、使役動(dòng)詞(如let,have,make等)，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。5 .定語定語(Attribute)起修飾限定名詞或代詞的作用，單詞用作定語時(shí)，一般置于所修飾的名詞之前；短語和從句用作定語時(shí)，一般置于所修飾的名詞之后?？煞譃榍爸枚ㄕZ和后置定語。可用作定語的有名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)

12、詞、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、不定式、介詞短語、從句等。Hisfatherisadoctor.他父親是一名醫(yī)生。Mr.Greenhastwosons.格林先生有兩個(gè)兒子。ThegirlunderthetreeisKate.在樹底下的那個(gè)女孩是凱特。Themandownstairscouldn'tsleepwell.樓下的那個(gè)人不能睡好覺。That'sthewaytodoit.那正是做此事的方法。6 .狀語狀語(Adverbial)是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、程度和伴隨狀語等。如：Ioftengetupat5

13、:30inthemorning.我常常在早上5:30起床。PandasonlyliveinChina.熊貓僅生活在中國。Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas,你應(yīng)該把這本書放回原來的地方。We'llgotothebeachforapicnicthisSunday.這個(gè)星期天我們將去沙灘野炊。Itrainedheavily,causingsevereflooding.大雨滂沱，造成洪水泛濫。7 .同位語當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置，其中一個(gè)句子成分用來說明和解釋另一個(gè)句子成分時(shí)，前者就叫做后者的同位語(Appositive)。同位語一般緊跟在其所說明的名詞

14、之后?？梢杂米魍徽Z的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和句子等。HisbrotherJohnisafamousmusician.他的哥哥約翰是一個(gè)有名的音樂家。Areyouthreeallright?你們?nèi)齻€(gè)好了嗎？Theirplan,goingabroad,didnotcometrue.他們出國的計(jì)戈U沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.我們聽到消息說我們隊(duì)贏了。Yourlastquestion,“Whydidn'thespeaktous?”canbestbeansweredbyyou.你的最后一個(gè)問題-他為什么不和我們說話？-最好由你

15、來回答?！緦Ｋ恼骖}】AllthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPTA. Onlyoneproblemstillremains-thefood.B. Sheboughtherselfapairofnewshoes.C. Myfriendsallunderstandandsupportme.D. Shelikedhercurrentjob,teachingEnglish.譯文:下面哪個(gè)句子沒有同位語成分？分析：A項(xiàng)破折號后面的thefood補(bǔ)充說明主語onlyoneproblem,是非限制性同位語；C項(xiàng)中的代詞all是myfriends的同位語；D項(xiàng)逗

16、號后的動(dòng)名詞teachingEnglish補(bǔ)充說明hercurrentjob,是它的同位語。B項(xiàng)含有buysb.sth.的雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu),herself是bought的間接賓語,apairofshoes是直接賓語，句中沒有同位語。五.句子類型1 .從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，句子可分為：(1)簡單句(SimpleSentence):只有一個(gè)主語部分和一個(gè)謂語部分。如Confidenceinyourselfisthefirststepontheroadtosuccess.自信是邁向成功的第步。(主語Confidenceinyourself,系動(dòng)詞is,表語thefirststep.)(2)并列句(Compoun

17、dSentence):包括兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句，中間常由連詞連接，如:Fieldshaveeyes,andwoodshaveears.隔墻有耳。(and連接兩個(gè)簡單句)(3) 復(fù)合句(ComplexSentence):由主旬(Main/PrincipalClause)和從句(SubordinateCause)構(gòu)成，內(nèi)含一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句。其中，主句是能夠獨(dú)立存在并能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的分句；而從句則是依附主句，在主句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分的分句，一般由連詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞所引導(dǎo)。從句在句中可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、同位語等句子成分，主要的從句有：主語從句(SubjectClause

18、),如:Whatheneedsisthatbook.他需要的是那本書。表語從何(PredicativeClause),如：Fameandpersonalgainiswhatthey'reafter.他們追求的是名利。賓語從句(ObjectClause),如:Haveyoudecidedwhomyouaretonominateasyourcandidate?你們已經(jīng)決定了提名誰當(dāng)候選人嗎？定語從句(AttributiveClause),如:ThisisthethingIwanttosay.這就是我要說的。狀語從旬(AdverbialClaus),如:Strikewhiletheironi

19、shot.趁熱打鐵。同位語從句(AppositiveClause),如:Wordcamethathehadbeenabroad.據(jù)說他已經(jīng)出國了。(4) 并列復(fù)合句(CompoundComplexSentence):由一個(gè)復(fù)合句和另一個(gè)簡單句或復(fù)合句由并列連詞(可用分號代替and)連接而成的句子。如：Thepolicemanlookedatmesuspiciously,andheaskedmewhatIwanted.警察狐疑地打量著我，問我要干什么。(“簡單旬+and+復(fù)合句"；復(fù)合句中的從句whatIwanted為asked的直接賓語,me為間接賓語)2 .從說話人說話的目的來看，

20、句子可分為：(1)陳述句(DeclarativeSentence)用來敘述事實(shí)或表達(dá)意見，句尾永遠(yuǎn)是句號。如：Isawhimjustnow.我剛才看見他了。(肯定)Historywillnotrepeatitself.歷史不會(huì)重演。(否定)(2)疑問句(InterrogativeSentence)用來提出疑間，句尾永遠(yuǎn)是問號。如:Didyouseehimjustnow?你剛才見到他了嗎？(3)祈使句(ImperativeSentence)用無to不定式作動(dòng)詞，表示請求，命令、允許等，句尾通常是句號，但有時(shí)也用感嘆號表示指令不可違抗。祈使句中的主語是you時(shí)，經(jīng)常省略，也可將是you或其他說話對

21、象說出來表區(qū)分，但謂語動(dòng)詞不可添加s。如：Pleasecomein.請進(jìn)來。(表允許)Don'ttouchit.不要?jiǎng)铀?表命令)Everybodystandup.每一個(gè)人請起立。(stand不可用stands)Nobodymove!不許動(dòng)。(move不可用moves)(4)感嘆句(ExclamatorySentence)表示強(qiáng)烈感情或情緒的句子稱為感嘆句，句尾常用感嘆號！常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：what(a/an)+a.+n.(+主語+謂語+其他成分);how+a./ad.(+主語+謂語)。也可以用howdare/dared(+主語+謂語)表示說話人的憤怒。除此，口語中還可以用陳述句、祈使旬

22、、疑問句表達(dá)感嘆。如：Whatabeautifulvoiceshehas!=Howbeautifulavoiceshehas!她嗓子多好啊!Howsmartsheis!她多么聰明啊！Howdareyouopenmyletters!你竟敢拆我的信配套練習(xí):1. In“whatdoyouthinkwillbediscussedinthemeetingnextweek?”,theitalicizedwordisOfthesentence.A.thesubjectB.thecomplementC.anobjectD.anattribute2. Whichofthefollowingitalicized

23、partsisusedasanobjectcomplement?A. Haveyougoteverythingreadyforyourjourney?B. Dontmarriedyoung.C. Thisfruitcanbeeatenraw.D. Aloneandbroke,Hamasstrugglestorule.3. Inthesentence“Shewalksoutofthehouse,followedbyalittleboy”,thepastparticipleisusedasA.anattributeB.anadverbialC.acomplement.D.apredicative4

24、. Inthesentence“Hisambitiontobecomeanastronautdeserveoursupport”,theitalicizedpartisusedasB.anattributeB.anappositiveC.acomplementD.anadverbial5. ThefollowingsentenceshaveanindirectobjectEXCEPTA.Ourteachertellsussomestories.B. Mr.Smithgaveawatchtome.C. Mygrandmatoldhimthetruthlastnight.D. Weconsider

25、himtobeagoodteacher.6. AllofthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPTA. Mywifeherselfhasbegunherownbusiness.B. Thisword,dyeing,isoftenmisspelled.C. HerbookColorandDesignwaspublishedlastweek.D. Health,andnotmoney,iswhatIwant.7. Whichofthefollowinginfinitives（不定式）functionsasanadverbial?A.Herchiefdes

26、ireistoeducateherchildwell.8. Hewokeuptofindeverybodygone.9. Ihavenothingtosayonthisquestion.10. HeaskedmetotalkaboutEnglishstudy.8. InthesentenceitalicizedpartisC.anattributeappositive9. In“IsawathiefA.Apredicativeadverbial“HehasawishtotravelroundthewholecountryB.anadverbialC.acomplementstealingsom

27、ething”,theitalicizedpartisB.anattribute.C.acomplement,theD.anD.an10.InthesentenceThebasketfullofsomefruitsbelongstotheoldwomantheitalicizedpartisA.anappositiveB.anattributeC.anadverbialD.anobject11. Whichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialofcause?A. Hefailedtolifttherockinspiteofallhisexertions.B. To

28、drawthemapproperly,youneedaspecialpen.C. Forallherwealth,sheneverwastesmoneyonluxurygoods.D. Withallthisworktodo,Idon'tknowwhetherIcangoout.12. WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“theteachercame?A.OftenB.Nearly13. Inthesentence“HedideverythingwordisusedtomodifyA.ThesubjectB.Thepredica

29、tephrase14. In“Howmuchdoyouthinkshedrinks?A.thesubjectB.theobjectC.EventuallyD.Almostpossibletohelpus”,theitalicizedC.TheobjectD.Theinfinitive"howmuchisofthesentence.C.thecomplementD.theadverbial15. WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?A. Whatdelightfulweatherwearehaving!B. Howemptyandpedant

30、icathinkerheis!C. Whatshametodeceivethegirl!D. Howsunnytheweatheris!16. In“Hewillcometolearndrivingfromyou”,theinfinitiveindicatesA.causeB.purposeC.resultD.direction17. In“Welistenedeagerly,forhebroughtnewsofourfamilies”,“for”isusedtoindicateA.purposeB.causeC.directionD.result18. Whichofthefollowing

31、sentenceshasaformalsubject?A. Itwas5o'clockwhenhecomehere.B. Itisnousetryingitagain.C. ItwasyesterdaythatImether.D. Ifinditeasytogetonwithher.19. In“Shefeltsickfromtiredness”,theitalicizedwordisusedtoindicateA.comparisonB.purposeC.causeD.direction20. Whichofthefollowingsentenceshasanobjectcomple

32、ment?A.Iwillbuyyouapresent.B.Mumgavemeanecklace.C.I'mgoingtopaintitpink.D.TomisteachingchildrenJapanese.21. WhichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsexplainsPURPOSE?A. Heissuchanhonestmanthatweallbelieveinhim.B. Pleaseopenthewindowsothatwecanbreathefreshair.C. Ireturnedhomeinahurry,onlytofindmyhousebro

33、keninto.D. Hehadsolittleeducationthathewasunfitforthisjob.22. Inthesentence"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk”,theitalicizedphraseis?A.anadverbialB.acomplementC.theobjectD.thesubject23.WhichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsexplainsCAUSE?A. Thetemperaturevariesfrom30degreestominus20.B. Iworkhardsoast

34、ogetpromoted.C. Forallhisefforts,hedidn'tpasstheexam.D. Iwasfrightenedattheterriblesight.24. ThesentencethatexpressesCOMPLAINTisA. Howdidyoufindthenewproduct?B. Don'tyoulikeplayingbadminton?C. Whenwillyougothisweekend?D. Couldn'tyoubealittlebitquiet?25. In“Canyoushowmeyourphoto?”,theital

35、icizedpartistheofthesentence.A.objectcomplementB.directobjectC.subjectcomplementD.indirectobject26. Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasesisusedasattributive?A. Justmakeyourselfathome.B. Hearrivedafterme.C. Handmethebookonthedesk.D. Mybusiesttimeisfromninetoten.27. Allthefollowingsentenceshaveapass

36、ivemeaningEXCEPTA. Wemustbepreparedfortheworst.B. Howdidthewindowgetbroken.C. Anotewaspasseduptothespeaker.D. Iwon'thavemyhouseturnedintoahotel.28. Inthesentence“Thisbeautifulvillageremainsunknowntotherestoftheworld”,theitalicizedwordisA.anobjectB.anattributeC.apredicativeD.acomplement29.Whichof

37、thefollowingreflectivepronounsfunctionsasanappositive?A. Shepridedherselfonhercooking.B. Ihaven'tbeenmyselfforweeks.C. HetravelledtoLondonbyhimself.D. ShewantedtoseeTomhimself.30. AllofthefollowingitalicizedpartsareusedasasubjectEXCEPTA. Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.B. Itisnogo

38、odreadingwithoutfullunderstanding.C. Weconsideritourdutytoobeytheregulations.D. Itisimportantthatweshouldguaranteethequalityoftheproducts.31. Theobjectinthesentence“ShewishestolearnEnglishfromyou”isA. sheB.EnglishC.fromyouD.tolearnEnglishfromyou32.Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasasubject?12-57A.

39、Weneverdoubtthatherbrotherishonest.B. TheproblemisnotwhowillgobutwhowillstayC. Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongsto.D. Itisclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately33. Inthesentence"It'snousewaitingforher",theitalicizedphraseis10-61A.theobjectB.anadverbialC.acomplementD.thesubject34. Which

40、ofinthefollowingphrasesindicatesasubject-predicaterelationship?A.ThearrivalofthetouristsB.ThelawofNewtonC.TheoccupationoftheislandD.TheplaysofOscarWilde35. Whichofthefollowingreflexivepronounsusedasanobject?14-60A.Ispoketothepresidenthimself.B.Youmustpullyourselftogether.C.Lindaherselfwillplaythevio

41、linD.Frankisnotquitehimselftoday.36. In"Howmuchdoyouthinkheearns?","howmuch'isofthesentence.09-64A.thesubjectB.theadverbialC.theobjectD.thecomplement37. Inthesentence"ThemanagerinterviewedJimhimselfinthemorning",theitalicizedwordisusedtomodify.11-62A.theobjectB.theverbC.

42、thesubjectD.theprepositionalphrase38.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesapredicate-objectrelationship?A. HewasreadingMary'sLetterintheroom.B. Youcanbuymensshoesinthisshop.C. Mrs.Blake'spassportwaslost.D. Theenemy'sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.39. Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsi

43、susedasanobjectcomplement?14-53A.Thefrontdoorremainedlocked.B.Theboylookeddisappointed.C.Nancyappearedworried.D.Heseemedtohavenomoneyleft.40. Whichofthefollowingreflexivepronouns（反身代詞）isusedasanappositive（同位語）.A.HepromisedhimselfrapidprogressB.ThemanagerherselfwillinterviewMary.C.Ihavenothingtosayfo

44、rmyself.D.Theyquarreledthemselvesredinface.41. Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisasubjectclause（主語從句）？11-60A. Wearequitecertainthatwewillgetthereintime.B. Hehastofacethefactthattherewillbenopayrisethisyear.C. Shesaidthatshehadseenthemanearlierthatmorning.D. Itissheerluckthattheminersarestillalivea

45、ftertendays.ofthefollowingitalicizedpartsmodifiesanadverb?1462A.Doitrightnow.B.Thatwasaveryfunnyfilm.C.Iratherlikemyteacher.D.Wewalkedabout6miles.43.Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasescanfunctionasanadverbial?12-62A. AreyousureofSimon'sdisappearance?B. Themanwithabeardistalkingtothemanager.C. EveryprecautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplanofthefollowingcontainsanD. Despitetherain,everyoneenjoyedthetripadverbialclauseofcause?12-61AIgotajobassoonasIleftuniversityBAstherewasnoanswer,IwroteagainCYoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyouDWealthyasheisofthefollowingA.Nons