非謂語動(dòng)詞(8)

1、考試和重要考試中占較大分值的比重。非謂語動(dòng)詞是指分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）、不定式、動(dòng)名詞等三種形式,即：doing,done,todo,doing。當(dāng)然它們有各自不同的變化形式，如：現(xiàn)在分詞doing有beingdone（被動(dòng)式）;havingdone（元成式）;havingbeendone（元成被動(dòng)式）不定式todo:有tobedone（被動(dòng)式）;tohavedone（元成式）;tobedoing（進(jìn)行式）動(dòng)名詞doing:有havingdone（元成式）;beingdone（被動(dòng)式）;havingbeendone（完成被動(dòng)式）非謂語動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：三種非謂語動(dòng)詞都具有動(dòng)詞的特征，雖然它們

2、沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是它們都能帶自己的狀語或有時(shí)跟賓語。具體來講：分詞在句子中可以做定語、表語、狀語或補(bǔ)足語等；動(dòng)名詞在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語等；不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語、補(bǔ)足語或狀語。下面分別對(duì)三種非謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行講解：、動(dòng)詞不定式先看幾個(gè)例句，判斷不定式在句中的成分。1.TolearnaforeignIanguageisdifficult.作主語2. Hiswishistobeadriver.作表語3. Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.作賓語4. Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises.作賓語補(bǔ)足語5. I

3、havenothingtosay.作定語6. Theywenttoseetheiraunt.目的狀語7. It'seasytoseetheiraunt.作真正主語，it做形式主語8. Idon'tknowwhattodonext.帶有連接代詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語9. Iheardthemmakeanoise.不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語掌握動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題：1. “to”是不定式符號(hào)還是介詞，下列短語中的to都是介詞。agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,equalto,familiarto,pointto,tha

4、nkto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto2. 帶to還是不帶toIhavenochoicebuttogiveinIcannotdoanythingbutgiveinIsawhimentertheclassroom.但是：Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)中必須還原to）3. 動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語是由for作為標(biāo)記的。但是有時(shí)用of.It'snecessaryforyoutostudyhard。表物的特征It'sfoolishofhimtodoit.表人的特點(diǎn)4后接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有

5、：want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.需要賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不能用動(dòng)詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語，而要用it做形式賓語。例如:通常不說Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而說Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.5不定式的省略。下列短語中，如果意義

6、明確常常省略到to。wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,oughtto,needto,usedto,beableto6.不定式作定語，應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系：1）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.HeislookingforaroomtoliveHeislookingforaroomtolivein.Hehasnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).I thinkthebestwaytotravel(by

7、)isonfoot.Thereisnotimetothink(about).2) 主謂關(guān)系：Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.-I'mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(邏輯主語是I)-Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(邏輯主語不是I)7不定式作狀語，可以有以下幾種意義：1) 原因Heisluckytogethereontime.這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eage

8、r,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,diappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy2) 目的Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.3) 結(jié)果Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.8.不定式作補(bǔ)足語Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.能跟不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有：五看：see,lookat,watch,observe,notice兩聽：hear,listen

9、to三使：let,havemake,一感覺：feelIsawhimentertheclassroom.注：當(dāng)這些詞為被動(dòng)式時(shí)，不定式必須要帶to,Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.二動(dòng)名詞LearningEnglishisverydifficult.作主語學(xué)英語非常困難。Hisjobisdrivingabus.作表語他的工作是開車。Ienjoydancing.作動(dòng)詞賓語我喜歡跳舞。Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.作介詞賓語我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了住農(nóng)村。注意以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：1.There'snotellingwhatwillhappen.2.

10、1 t'snousetalkingwithhim.3.1 t'snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.4. There'ssomedifficulty(in)doing在此句型中difficulty可以由以下單詞替換：trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime注意以下幾個(gè)問題：1下列動(dòng)詞后跟不定式與跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語意義有區(qū)別,forgettodo忘記要做某事forgetdoing忘記做了某事remembertodo記住要做某事rememberdoing記著做了某事meantodo有意要做某事mean

11、doing意味著做了某事regrettodo對(duì)要做的事表示后悔regretdoing對(duì)做過去的事后悔can'thelptodo不能幫助做某事can'thelpdoing情不自禁做某事trytodo盡力去做某事trydoing試著做某事learntodo學(xué)著去做某事learndoing學(xué)會(huì)做某事stoptodo停下來去做（另一件事）stopdoing停止做某事goontodo接著做（另外一件事）goondoing繼續(xù)做某事usedtodo過去做某事beusedtodoing習(xí)慣做某事2 動(dòng)名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語意義有區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞作定語表達(dá)：n+fordoing的含義的含義wat

12、er,現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá)：n+which（who）bedoing女口：asleepingcar=acarforsleepingarunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning前者是動(dòng)名詞，后者是現(xiàn)在分詞又如：drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningsleepingboy3. 動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語：動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。例如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.4動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)5動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)的情況：needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoingThisroomneedspainting.這個(gè)

13、房間需要粉刷。6只能跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can'thelp,can'tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,三.分詞1 Thes

14、toryisinteresting.I'minterestedinit.這個(gè)故事有興趣，我對(duì)這個(gè)故事感興趣。2 .Thisisamovingfilm.這是一部動(dòng)人的電影。3. Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.秘書工作到深夜，為主席準(zhǔn)備一篇長篇演講稿。4. Givenmoretime,I'lldoitwell.如果給我多一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我會(huì)做的更好。Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfrom

15、thebank.當(dāng)他后街時(shí)，看到小偷正從銀行偷錢。應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題：1現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.2分詞作表語Thenewssoundsencouraging.Theygotver

16、yexcited.1 ）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別：Thenewsisinteresting.Heisinterestedinthenews.doing作表語，主語與表語是主謂關(guān)系，即主動(dòng)關(guān)系；done作表語，主語與表語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即被動(dòng)關(guān)系。2 ）表語與被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別：TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）Theblackboardisbroken.You'dbetterhaveitrepaired.（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）3 ）常作表語的過去分詞：amusedinjured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,

17、delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done4）注意的四種結(jié)構(gòu)：havesomethingtodo有某事要做havesomethingdone使某事被做havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事havesomethingdoing讓某事一直做著5）.需要跟反身代詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：seat,prepare,hide,dress如:Iseatedmyselfonthechair.Iwasseatedonthec

18、hair.6）分詞做狀語與不定式的區(qū)別：分詞做狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、讓步、條件、方式、伴隨等；而不定式表示目的和結(jié)果。Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.（時(shí)間）BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.（原因）Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.（條件）Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.（伴隨）Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.（目的）Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.（結(jié)果）7）分詞、動(dòng)名