漢譯英--句子的聯(lián)結(jié)(1)

1、漢譯英漢譯英漢語分句，散句漢語分句，散句的英譯的英譯朱云漢2014-3漢英句子的基本原理YU啟示n1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異 重組、聯(lián)結(jié)n2. 語篇意識-散點觀局，焦點著手n3. 信息焦點：找準主語n4. 句子平衡：分清主次，疊床架屋 1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異n漢語隱形，體現(xiàn)為意合(parataxis);英語顯性，體現(xiàn)為形合(hypotaxis)n英語多長句，漢語多短句只要結(jié)構(gòu)上沒有出現(xiàn)錯誤，許多意思往往可以放在一個長句中表達；漢語則正好相反，語義通過字詞直接表達，不同的意思往往通過不同的短句表達出來。n英語多從句，漢語多分句 英語句子不僅可以在簡單句中使用很長的修飾語使句子變長，同時也可以用從句使句子變復雜，而這

2、些從句往往通過從句引導詞與主句或其它從句連接，整個句子盡管表面上看錯綜復雜卻是一個整體。漢語本來就喜歡用短句，加上表達結(jié)構(gòu)相對松散，英語句子中的從句翻成漢語時往往成了一些分句。n父母對孩子的態(tài)度表明了文化的價值觀。n美國人向來推崇獨立、自主。n美國的孩子從小就受到鼓勵，要自己拿主意。n父母還使孩子確信只有他自己才知道他需要什么，應(yīng)該做什么。 nParents attitude towards their children indicates cultural values. nAmericans have traditionally held in dependence in high est

3、eem. nFrom early age, the American children are encouraged to make up his own mind;n he is made to believe that he himself is the best judge of what he wants and what he should do. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異帶來的啟示n1. 正確判斷句子之間的關(guān)系，補充連接手段，正確判斷句子之間的關(guān)系，補充連接手段，實現(xiàn)顯性連接。實現(xiàn)顯性連接。ne.g. 在這一年半中，她抄寫、背寫英語單詞的紙，累起來可達桌子高。n思路：SVO=紙+達到+桌子高。n問

4、題：累起來怎么處理？結(jié)構(gòu)差異帶來的啟示ne.g. 在這一年半中，她抄寫、背寫英語單詞的紙，累起來可達桌子高。nIn that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor. n2. 2. 掌握內(nèi)在聯(lián)系正確斷句掌握內(nèi)在聯(lián)系正確斷句n我們的班主任姓王，五十開外，方臉，一臉的胡子。nMr. Wang, the head teacher respon

5、sible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard. n3. 正確安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。正確安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。n大家都記得1979年秋天，當這個總共只念過八年書、連英文字母也認不全，而且已有三個孩子的女工，竟然報名上電大英語班時，招來了多少驚訝的目光。nThey remember how many astonished looks were cast at her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman wo

6、rker with only 8 years schooling, little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after, actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university. 2. 語篇意識-散點觀局，焦點著手n語篇意識是指把整個語篇視為一個整體，注重其內(nèi)在連貫性(coherence)，也就是注重文章思路和邏輯，注意上下文聯(lián)系。連貫性是通過Cohesion來實現(xiàn)的，就是把上下文聯(lián)系起來的那些詞匯

7、和語法手段，如連詞、代詞、指示詞以及起連接作用的短語和句式等。n如果缺乏整體觀，翻譯中只會盯住一個個孤立的句子，譯出來的句子語法正確，但上下文無法串聯(lián)或明顯累贅，頭緒混亂，看不出來龍去脈。n啟示：散點觀局，焦點著手n離開道路數(shù)十丈處有座大屋，屋檐下站著一個中年文士，一個十一二歲的小孩。那文士見到這等情景，不禁長嘆一聲，眼眶也紅了，說道：“可憐，可憐！”nUnder the eaves of a large house, some hundred yards from the road, a middle-aged scholar was standing with a ten- or elev

8、en-year-old boy at his side. He was evidently affected by this little scene, for a groan escaped his lips and he appeared to be very close to tears. Poor creatures! he murmured to himself.分析：n我常常遺憾我家門前的那塊丑石呢:它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣;誰也不知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥收時節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說:這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。n我常常遺憾我家門前的那

9、塊丑石呢:它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣;誰也不知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥收時節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說:這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。nI used to be sorry for the ugly stone in front of our door. It is black and looks like an ox. Nobody knew when it was left there and paid any attention to it. Only when the season for harvesting wheat arrived and t

10、he grains of the wheat were spread over the ground beyond the door, would my grandma always say: “l(fā)ook at this ugly stone! It takes so much space. And someday it will be moved away.”nI used to feel sorry for that ugly black piece of stone lying like an ox in front of our door; none knew when it was

11、left there and none paid any attention to it，except at the time when wheat was harvested and my grandma，seeing the grains of wheat spread all over the ground in the front yard of the house，would grumble: “This ugly stone takes so much space. Move it away someday.”3. 信息焦點:找準主語 英語句子通常是“主語主語 + 謂語謂語”結(jié)構(gòu)，

12、而漢語句子通常是 “主題（即話題）主題（即話題） + 述題（即圍述題（即圍繞話題的信息）繞話題的信息）” 結(jié)構(gòu)。在翻譯時，要進行句式結(jié)構(gòu)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換,給漢語的英譯句子找一個合適的主語。n英語主語的構(gòu)成：名詞；動名詞；不定式；形式主語主語選定n例一：看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌。q1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon.q2. At the sight of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by pan

13、ic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic.q3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic. n看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了撤退的心思。原文思路：n1. 改寫為歐化中文：大家如此驚慌以致于 (sothat & such that)n2. 理清邏輯：整體與部分（大家-有人）譯文一n看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。nThe sight of the miserable scene threw people into such

14、 a panic that some of them even had the idea of making a retreat. nThe sight of the miserable scene made people so panic-stricken that some of them even conceived of/entertained the idea of making a retreat. 譯文二n看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。nThe sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, so

15、me of whom even harbored the intention of making a retreat. 4 句子平衡：分清主次，疊床架屋 n啟示：主謂先行，疊床架屋n除夕之夜吃年夜飯是必不可少的程序。全家人圍坐著一張桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的話興許不止一張桌子。 nFeast dinner on the New Years eve is a must for the whole family that sit at one or more tables.nFeast dinner is a must for the whole family on the New Years ev

16、e when all the family members sit at one or more tables.n王教授精通好幾種外語，他有資格在那種場合擔任譯員。nProfessor Wang, who has a good command of several foreign languages, is qualified to be an interpreter on that occasion.n上周五我去飛機場為一位老朋友送行，他應(yīng)美國某州立大學的邀請，即將飛往該國講學一年。nLast Friday, I went to the airport to see an old frien

17、d off, who was flying to the United States at the invitation of a state university to give lectures there for a year.n上海的字面意思是“位于海之上”。它位于黃浦江岸。黃浦江是長江流入大海之前最后一條支流。nShanghai，which means “above the sea”, is on the Huangpu river， the lower tributary at the mouth of the Yangtze.n上海有一千三百多萬人口，是世界上最大的城市之一。nS

18、hanghai has a population of over thirteen million and is one of the largest cities in the world.nShanghai, a city with a population of over thirteen million, is one of the largest cities in the world.n小李是一位新生。他來自南方的一個省份。小李說一口方言，我們覺得很難聽懂他說話。nLi, a new student from a southern province, speaks a dialect which is difficult for us to understand.n1953年， 美國計劃對中國援朝部隊使用原子彈，并準備用核武器進攻中國。當新中國的領(lǐng)導人得知這個消息時，深感憂慮，立即做出了建立和發(fā)展