系統(tǒng)功能語法Functional Approach

1、FUNCTIONAL APPROACHXXX 2022-5-1Outline Introduction about functional approach Representative-Halliday Key points about Systemic Functional Grammar2022-5-1Introduction A functional model of language emphasizes meaning and how language is involved in the construction of meaning. A functional model of

2、language describes how language operates at the text level, not at the level of individual words and sentences in isolation. M.A.K. Halliday (1925- ) has developed the ideas stemming from Firths theories in the London School.2022-5-12022-5-1 His Systemic- Functional (SF) Grammar is a sociologically

3、oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, having great effect on various disciplines related to language, such as language teaching, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, stylistics, and machine translation.2022-5-1 Systemic - Fu

4、nctional Grammar has two components: Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar.2022-5-1 Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential. And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices. 2022-5-1 Functional gra

5、mmar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they are serve.2022-5-1 Halliday defines a functional grammar as “essentially a natural grammar, in t

6、he sense that everything in it can be explained. Halliday interprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates a functional theory of language. 2022-5-1Childrens model of language (1) the instrumental function; (2) the regulatory function; (3) the interactional function; (4

7、) the personal function; (5) the heuristic function; (6) the imaginative function; (7) the informative function.Metafunctions123Ideational functionInterpersonal functionTextual functionIdeational function(概念功能）概念功能） The function in which we conceptualize the world for our own benifit and that of oth

8、ers is called ideational function. We use language to talk about our experience of the world, including the world in our minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them. 概念功能就是向聽話人傳遞新信息Ideational functionIdeational functionTransitivity(及物及物性系統(tǒng)）性系統(tǒng)）Voice（語態(tài)）（語態(tài)） The transitivit

9、y function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realisations.Ideational functionJohn built a new houseActor(動作者）：動作者）：JohnProcess (過程）：過程）：Material (物質(zhì)過程）：物質(zhì)過程）：Creation（創(chuàng)造）：（創(chuàng)造）：builtGoal (目標）：目標）：Affected（受影響者）：（受影響者）：a new houseTra

10、nsitivity（及物性系統(tǒng)）（及物性系統(tǒng)）BDFACEmaterial Process(John kicked the ball.)mental process(John likes Mary.)relational process(John is on the sofa.)behavioural process(John laughed.)verbal process(John said it is cold outside.)existential process( There is a cat on the mat.)Ideational function1 Material pro

11、cess are those in which something is done. Action verb(動態(tài)動詞）;Actor（動作者）;Goal of the action（動作的目標）2Mental process: perception;reaction;cognition Senser(感覺者）& Phenomenon（被感覺者）3Relational process： Attributive:It express what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to. Identifying: It e

12、xpresses the identical properties of two entities.These two relations can be further classfied into Intensive(內(nèi)包），Circumstance（環(huán)境）, Possessive(所有）。Ideational functionVerbal process are those of exchanging information. Commonly used verbs aresay, tell, talk, praise ,boast, describe,etc.In these proce

13、ss the main participants are Sayer（講話者）,Receiver（受話者）,and Verbiage（講話內(nèi)容）.5 Behavioural process refer to physiological and psychological behaviour such as breathing, coughing, smiling, laughing, crying, staring and dreaming,etc. Generally only one participant, Behaver（行為者）,often a human, is involved

14、in this kind of process, much like the Mental Process.6 Existential Process represent that something exists or happens. In every Existential Process, there is an Existent(存在物）Interpersonal Function(人際功能）人際功能）The Interpersonal Function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal rela

15、tions. This includes the varies ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.人際功能包括了表達社會和個人關(guān)系的所有語言使用。包括講話者進入話語情景并做出言語行為的所有方式。Interpersonal FunctionInterpersonal function is realised by Mood and Modality.MoodSubject:noun;noun phrase;clauseFinite:auxiliary verbs;modal verbsthat

16、 teapotthe dukehasgivento my aunt last yearAdjunct 補足語Subject 主語Finite 限定成分Predicator謂語Adiunct 附加語Residue剩余成分Mood語氣Residue剩余成分Interpersonal Function According to Halliday, of the various speech roles, two are the most basic :giving (給予）給予）and taking（求取）（求?。? In interpersonal communications, the comm

17、odities exchanged can also fall into two kinds: good s - & - s e r v i c e s （ 物 品 及 服 務 ）（ 物 品 及 服 務 ） a n d information（信息）（信息）. Thus, speech roles and commodities exchanged make up four principal speech roles: offer（提供）（提供）, command（命令）（命令）, statement（陳述）（陳述）, and question（提問）（提問）.Interpersonal F

18、unction交際角色交際角色 物品及服務物品及服務信息信息給予提供Would you like this teapot?陳述Hes giving her the teapot.求取命令Give me the teapot! 提問What is he giving her?交換物交換物 When the two variables are taken together, they define the four primary speech functions of offer, command, statement and question. These, in turn ,are matc

19、hed by a set of desired responses: accepting an offer, carrying out a command, acknowledging a statement and answering a question, as are in the following table of “Speech Functions and Responses”（言語功能及反映）initiation起始起始expected response期待的反映期待的反映discretionary alternative 自自由選擇由選擇give goods-&-service

20、s給予物品和服務offer提供acceptance 接受rejection退回demand goods-&-services求取物品和服務command命令undertaking執(zhí)行refusal拒絕give information給予信息statement 陳述acknowledge-ment認可contradiction駁回demand information求取信息 question 提問answer回答disclaimer拒答Interpersonal FunctionTextual Function(語篇功能）語篇功能）The Textual function refers to t

21、he fact that language has mechainisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a randon list of sentences.語篇功能是指語言中有一種機制，可以將任何一段口頭或書面的話語組織成連貫統(tǒng)一的篇章，使一個活的言語信息片段區(qū)別與一堆隨機排列的句子。 Textual Function1The textual function provid

22、es the remaining strands of meaning potential to be woven into fabric of linguistic structure.語篇功能將意義潛勢融入語言結(jié)構(gòu)的組織之中。語篇功能將意義潛勢融入語言結(jié)構(gòu)的組織之中。2 The textual function can highlight certain parts of the text.語篇功能還可以突出強調(diào)語篇的某些部分。語篇功能還可以突出強調(diào)語篇的某些部分。Mary had a very bad cold last week. Mary went to the doctor. Th

23、e docto said there was nothing serious.The doctor gave Mary some medicine. The doctor told Mary to take a rest for a few days. Mary took some medicine. Mary took the doctors advice. Mary got better on the third day. Mary atarted to work on the third day.Mary had a very bad cold last week and went to the doctor. The doctor said there was nothing serious, gave her some medicine, and told her to take a rest for a few days. She took the medicine and his advice, got better on the third day, and started to work right away.Authority I respe