孫遠(yuǎn)的GMAT作文講義2

1、精品資源，臨風(fēng)文檔。GMAT2ArgumentPartTwoCaseStudy1Peopleoftencomplainthatproductsarenotmadetolast.Theyfeetthatmakingproductsthatwearoutfairlyquicklywastesbothnaturalandhumanresources.Whattheyfailtosee,however,isthatsuchmanufacturingpracticeskeepcostsdownfortheconsumerandstimulatedemand.Whichdoyoufindmorecompe

2、llingthecomplaintaboutproductsthatdonotlistortheresponsetoit?Explainyourpositionusingrelevantreasonsand/orexamplesdrawnfromyourownexperience,observations,orreading.2Ifindtheresponsebetterthanthecomplaintofpeople.Theresponseseemstooriginatewithoutmuchthoughtinvolved.Itismoreofanemotionalcomplaintthan

3、oneanchoredinlogicorthought.Yes,itisawasteofhumanresourcesbutthatiswithoutconsiderationtothebenefits:lowercostsandstimulateddemand.Thus,theresponsefailstorecognizethebenefits.Thestrengthoftheresponseisthatitforcesthereadertoreconsiderthecomplaint.Itaddsanewdimensiontotheargument.It,however,failstoad

4、dresstheissueofwastinghumanresources.Doesthismeantheresponderagreeswiththenotionofwastingresources.Inallactualityboththeresponseandcomplaintisineffective.Thecomplaintdoesntrecognizeoraddressthebenefits,liketheresponsedoesntaddresstheissueofwastingresources.Theresponse,however,doesbringinanewdimensio

5、nandthusweakenstheargumentofthecomplaint.4Ifindtheresponsetothecomplaintmorecompelling.Althoughthecomplaintisvalid,itismostoftenthecasethebuildingaproducttolastforeverwillindeedcostmorethantheaverageconsumeriswillingtopay.Creatingsuchaproductwouldrequiremorematerialsand/ormoreheavy-dutywearresistant

6、materialswhichinherentlyaremoreexpensive.Anotherfactorthatwoulddrivecostsupisthefactthatdemandforproductswoulddecrease.Thedemandwoulddecreasesincepeopledonothavetoreplaceoldproductswithnewproductsasoften.Withtheincreasedvariablecostsformaterialscombinedwithareductionintheproductionvolumeassociatedwi

7、thlowerdemand,manufacturersmustraisepricestobreakevenormaintainthecurrentlevelofprofits.Althoughafewproducersmaymakeproductstolast,itisunderstandablehowthesecompaniescanbedrivenoutofexistence.Ifanewcompetitorentersthemarketwithasimilarproductthathasashorterlifebutasubstantiallylowerprice,thentheywil

8、lprobablystealmajorportionsoftheothercompanysmarketshare.Theeffectsdependheavilyupontheconsumersperceptionofqualityandwhatthecustomersrequirementsfromtheproductactuallyare.Forexample,consumersmaydecidebetweentwotypesofautomobiles.Onecarmaybebuilttolastalongtimebutmaynothavetheperformanceorbeascomfor

9、tableasanothercarthatischeaper.Somostconsumerswouldpurchasethecheapercareventhoughitmaynotlast-aslongastheheavy-dutycar.Consumersmaynotrealizethatthemoreexpensivecarisofhigherqualityinthesensethatitwilllastlongerandwillnotbewillingtopaytheextracost.Consumerdecisionsalsodependonwhatconsumersareactual

10、lylookingforinaproduct.Consumerstypicallygettiredofdrivingthesamecarformanyyearsandwanttobuynewcarsfairlyoften.Thistendencyforcesproducerstokeepcostslowenoughtoallowlowenoughpricesforpeopletobuycarsoften.Peopledontwantcarstolastforever.Inconclusion,producersareinthesituationthattheyreinduetoexternal

11、forcesfromtheconsumers.Producersmustcompeteandtheyhavefoundthebestwaysatisfythemajorityoftheconsumers.6Manypeoplefeelthatproductsarenotmadetolast,andcorrespondingly,manynaturalandhumanresourcesarewasted.Ontheotherhand,itcanbenotedthatsuchmanufacturingpracticeskeepcostsdownandhencestimulatedemand.Int

12、hisdiscussion,Ishallpresentargumentsfavoringtheformerstatementandrefutingthelatterstatement.Productsthatarenotmadetolastwasteagreatdealofnaturalandhumanresources.Theexactamountofwastednaturalresourcesdependsonthespecificproduct.Forexampleintheautomobileindustry,theYugoistheclassicexampleofanunderpri

13、cedvehiclethatwasnotmadetolast.ConsideringthattheaverageYugohad(nothassincetheyarenolongerproduced!)alifeexpectancyoftwoyearsand25,000miles,itwasaterriblewaste.Automobileindustrystandardstodaycreatevehiclesthatarewarrantedforaboutfiveyearsand50,000miles.ByproducingcheapYugosthatlastlessthanhalfaslon

14、gasmostcarsarewarranted,theYugoproduceriswastingvaluablenaturalresources.ThesesameresourcescouldbeusedbyFordorToyotatoproduceanEscortorTercelthatwilllasttwiceaslong,therebyreducingtheusageofnaturalresourcesbyafactoroftwo.Humanresourcesinthisexamplearealsowasteful.Ontheproductionside,manufacturersofa

15、poorqualityautomobile,liketheYugo,getnopersonalorprofessionsatisfactionfromthefactthattheirproductistheworstautomobileintheUnitedStates.ThisknowledgeadverselyaffectstheproductivityoftheYugoworkers.Conversely,theworkersattheSaturnplantsconstantlyreceivepositivefeedbackontheirsuccessfulproducts.Saturn

16、pridesitselfwithitsreputationforqualityandinnovationasisseeninitsrecentmassiverecalltofixadefect.ThisrecallwashandledsowellthatSaturnsimagewasactuallybolstered.HadarecalloccurredataYugoplant,thebadsituationwouldhavebecomeevenworse.Anotherfactorinthehumanresourcesareaisthereactionbytheconsumer.Agreat

17、dealofhumanresourceshavebeenwastedbyYugoownerswaitingforthedreadedtowtrucktoshowuptohaulawaytheYugocarcass.Anyvehicleownerwhoisuncertainofhis/hervehiclesperformanceat7AMashe/sheisabouttodrivetowork,sensesagreatdealofdespair.Thisisagreatwasteofhumanresourcesfortheconsumer.Whiletheconsumersensesthewas

18、teofnaturalandhumanresourcesinapoorqualityproduct,sodoesthemanufacturer.PeoplewhoarguethatlowqualitymanufacturingprocesseskeepcostslowfortheconsumerandhencestimulatedemandshouldlookattheYugoexample.Inthemid-1998stheYugowasbyfarthecheapestcarintheUnitedStatesat$3995.By1991,theYugowasnolongersoldherea

19、ndwassynonymouswiththewordlemon.CaseStudy2Thebestwaytogiveadvicetootherpeopleistofindoutwhattheywantandthenadvisethemhowtoattainit.Discusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeopinionexpressedabove.Supportyourpointofviewwithreasonsand/orexamplesfromyourownexperiences,observations,orreading.Studen

20、tEssayWhenIwasinSeniorMiddleSchool,Iwasanexcellentstudent.AndallmyteachersbelievedthatIwouldenterintoafirst-classuniversityandwouldhaveasplendidfuture.Unfortunately,justbeforetheEntranceExamination,lmetanaccidentandlaiddowninbedforseveralmonths.Atlast,Iwasonlyadmittedbyasecond-classuniversity.Withgr

21、eatdisappointment,Ifeltthatmyfuturewasnothingbutdarkness.AndalsoIwasafraidofbeingblamedbymypatents.Mothersawthroughmythoughts.Sheborrowedseveralinstructivebooksformeandseldommentionedtheexams.Forthefirsttime,myparentsaskedforseveraldaysoffandtookmetoQingdao-themostfamousscenicspotofChina-forvacation

22、.Alongtheseaside,Mothertalkedwithmeformanytimes.Icanstillclearlyrememberwhatshesaid:Thewaystosuccessaredifferent.Ifyoukeeppositiveandmakeeffortscontinuously,Ibelievethatyouwillbenolessexcellentthanthosefromfirst-classuniversities.Atlast,eternity?Askyourselfwhatareyougoingtobeinthefuture.Tryyourbest,

23、andyouwillreachyourgoal.Forsomanyyears,Motherswordsseemstohaveinscribedinmyheartandleadmetogainsuccessesoneafteranother.Fromthispersonalexperience,Ifullyunderstandandagreethatthebestwaytogiveadvicetootherpeopleistofindoutwhattheywantandthenadvisethemhowtoattainit.-RevisedEssayWhatisthebestwaytogivea

24、dvicetootherpeople?Thearguerclaimsthatthebestwayistofindoutwhatotherpeoplewantandthenadvisethemhowtoattainit.WhileIadmitthatmanypeopledogiveadvicebycateringtootherpeoplesdesires,Imaintainthatthismethodoversimplifiestheissueandoftenprovesbothharmfulandineffective.Inthefirstplace,peopleveryoftenhaveno

25、clearideaofwhattheySeniorMiddleSchool,Iwasanexcellentstudent.Moreover,allmyteachersbelievedthatIwouldenterafirst-classuniversityandwouldhaveasplendidfuture.Unfortunately,justbeforetheEntranceExamination,Ihadanaccidentandhadtolieinbedforseveralmonths.Asaresult,Iwasadmittedonlybyasecond-classuniversit

26、y,whichpushedmetothebrinkofdespair.Atthisdecisivemomentofmylife,mymothercametomyrescue.Byrecommendingtomeinstructivebooksonlife,bytalkingwithmehearttoheart,bytakingmeonatriptothebeach,motherconvincedmethatthegoalofmylifewastoliveasuccessfulandhappyliferatherthantogotoafamousuniversity,andthattheways

27、tosuccessarevarious.InthiswaymymothersavedmeoutofthecrisisofmylifenotsimplybyfindingoutwhatIwantedandthenadvisingmehowtoattainit,butbypatientlyenlighteningmeontheessentialmeaningandpurposeoflife,makingmerealizethatwhatItookforgrantedasmyaimoflifewasnotwhatIreallyneeded.Inthesecondplace,moreoftenthan

28、notwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.AnaivechildmaywanttoquitschoolapatientsufferingfromTBmaywanttosmokeajoblessyoungmanmaywanttocommitsuicide-thislistcangoonandon.Inallthesesituations,shouldwesimplyfindoutwhattheywantandadvisethemhowtoattainit?Obviouslynot.Admittedly,itwouldbeunwisetoignorethesi

29、mplefactthatpeoplearedifferent.Asweknow,excessiveinterferencewithotherpeopleslifetendstothreatentheirfreedomandindependence,causinghostilityandconfrontation.Therefore,whenofferingadvicetootherpeople,weshouldbeverysensitivetotheiruniquefeelingsanddesires,knowingthatindividualhumanbeingshavetheinalien

30、ablerighttomakechoicesintheirlifeandthattheythemselveswillberesponsiblefortheresultsoftheirdecision-making.Inconclusion,Idonotagreethatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindoutwhattheydesireandhelpthemachieveit.Inmyestimation,thepitfallsofsuchatechniqueoutweighitspotentialadvantages.Tobearesponsible

31、advisor,weshouldtakeintoaccountfarmoreintricatefactorsrelevanttothepersontobeadvised.IssueTakingaPosition:1.Agreeingwithconcession2.Disagreeingwithconcession3.Refusingtotakesides4.Agreeing5.DisagreeingCaseStudy3Theriseofmultinationalcorporationsisleadingtoglobalhomogeneity.Peopleeverywherearcbeginni

32、ngtowantthesameproductsandservices,andregionaldifferencearerapidlydisappearing.homogeneity:sameness,similarity.basedonyourownexperience,yourobservations,oryourreading.StudentsEssayDuringthepastfewdecades,multinationalcorporationshavesuccessfullyimplementedstrategiesexpandingthemselvesintoalmostevery

33、comeroftheworld.Theproductsandservicestheyprovidearealmostthesame,leadingtoglobalhomogeneity,indeed.ThemostprominentcorporationamongallhastobeMcDonaldInc.ThereisreallynodoubtthatMcDonaldisapioneeringlobalizingitsmostproducedandyetvery-American-tastehamburgers.Some6yearsagoinChina,Peopleusuallydidnot

34、careforforeignfood.Veryfewpeopleeverknewthetasteofcheese,asymbolofdifferenceinorientalandWesternfood.However,McDonaldprovedtobehugesuccessinChina.ThefirstbranchitopenedinBeijingisthelargestamongitsthousandsfranchises.Hamburgers,Frenchfries,BigMacarebecominghouseholdwordsinChina.Especiallyamongtheyou

35、ngergenerations,goingtoMcDonaldonceinawhilebecomesaroutineactivityinlife,justaskidsinotherpartsoftheworlddo.ThereisreallynobetterplacethanChinathatcandemonstratehowhomogeneousourworldhasbecome.AnothergreatexampleisCocaCola.EveryonehatedthetastewhentheydrankCocaColainthefirsttime.InChina,thetasteisso

36、differentfromthetraditionalsoftdrinkssoldinChina,whichmainlyfeaturesweettasteandfruitflavor.ThecoloroftheCokeisalsonotlikedbecauseofitssimilaritytomostherbalmedicinefluids.ButitseemsthatpeoplesimplywantCocaColabecausetheyseepeopledrinkitandloveitinothercountries.Peoplestastescanchange,andtheydidgrad

37、ually.NowCocaColaisthebestsoldsoftdrinkinChina,andinmanyothercountrieswhereCokewasoriginallydisliked.Theseallhavetobeattributedtothefinancialpowerofmultinationalcorporations.Withsuperiorfinancialstrengthandsuccessfulproductsandservices,thesegiantsareshapingtheworldandthepeoplelivinginitintotheirownf

38、avor,makingpeoplewantthesameproductsandservices,andregionaldifferenceshavebeendisappearing.Whyarepeopleeverywherebeginningtowantthesameproductsandservices?Whyareregionaldifferencesrapidlydisappearing?Thearguerassertsthatitistheriseofmultinationalcorporationsthatisleadingtothisglobalhomogeneity.Wedon

39、thavetolookveryfartoseetheva lidityofthisargument.implementedstrategiesexpandingthemselvesintoalmosteverycorneroftheworld,bringingthesameproductsandstandardservicestocustomersofdifferentcountriesandregions.ThemoststrikingexampleamongallisperhapsMcDonaldInc,whichhasmiraculouslyglobalizeditsmass-produ

40、cedAmerican-flavoredhamburgerallovertheworld.TakeChinaforanexample.Some6yearsago,Chinesepeopledidnotcareforforeignfoodveryfewpeopleknewthetasteofcheese-asymbolofdifferencebetweenOrientalandWesternfood.However,withitsoverwhelmingadvertisingcampaigns,withitsefficientmanagement,withitsstandardizedfoods

41、andservices,McDonaldshasprovedtobeagreatsuccess,turningHamburger,Frenchfries,BigMacintohouseholdwordsinChina.InadditiontoMcDonalds,Coca-Colaisanotherstrikingexampleoftheglobalizingtrendinworldculture.Todayalmostineverycountryoftheworld,peopleinstinctivelythinkofCoca-Colawhentheywanttodrinksomething.

42、Obviously,withtherapidemergenceofnumerousmultinationalcorporationslikeMcDonaldandCoca-Cola,peopleofdifferentracesandculturesaremoreandmorelikelytoeat,drink,wearanduseuniformcommodities.Admittedly,theriseofmultinationalcorporationsisnottheonlyfactorthathascontributedtotheglobalhomogeneity.First,themo

43、reandmoreprosperousinternationaltravelhasprovidedpeopleofeverynationwithmoreandmoreopportunitiestovisitandlearnfromforeigncultures.Second,televisionhasmadeitpossibleforpeopleofdifferentplacestounderstandandimitateeachotherswayoflife.Lastbutnotleast,theInternetisconnectingeveryofficeandfamily,turning

44、thewholeworldintoaglobalvillage.Inconclusion,whilenumerousotherfactorshavecontributedtoandarestilladdingtotheglobalizingtrend,theriseofmultinationalcorporationsiscertainlyonemajorforceinshapingahomogeneousworld.-CaseStudy4Everybusinessdecisionisbasedontheprofitmotive.Evencharityhasasitsultimategoalg

45、eneratinggoodwillforthepersonorgroupdoingthecharity.Assumingthatthetermbusinessdecisionisbroadenoughtoincludethedecisionsofanydecision-makingauthority-anindividual,afamily,asmallbusinessoralargecorporation-explainwhetheryouthinkthatthispointisvalid.Inyourdiscussion,usereasonsand/orexamplesdrawnfromy

46、ourownexperience,observation,orreading.StudentsEssayManypeoplebelievethatprofitmotiveisthebaseofeverybusinessdecision.Evenultimategoalofpeopleorgroupsistomakeprofitwhentheyaredoingcharity.Ithinkthatsometimespeoplemakedecisionbasedonprofit,butitisnotalwaystrue.Theclaimsmayberealandunderstandableunder

47、certaincircumstances.Inordertoremaininexistence,peopleororganizationsmustgetprofit.Forexample,afood-processingcompanymaydonoritsproductstoAfricachildren,soitcansolveitsexcessivestore,getagoodreputationandpublicityitsproducts.Atlast,itcangainultimateitsaim-makingmoremoney.Althoughthisthingmaybehappen

48、inginourlives,Ithinkitisnotconsistentwithgeneralfacts.Ibelievemanypeoplesdecisionrestsonlovesympathy,humanityandotherthings.Thefamousnurse-Nightingaleisagoodexample:Shewasborninarichfamilyandshecouldliveinacozy,fortunatelife.Butshechosetobeanurseanddevotedherlifetothewoundandthepoor.Nobodycansaywhat

49、allshedidistomakeprofit.Inconclusion,Iholdthatbusinessdecisionsometimesisbasedontheprofitmotive,butinmostcases,itisbasedonpeoplesemotionorcharacter.Manypeoplebelievethatprofitmotiveisthebasisofeverybusinessdecision.Furthermore,theyclaimthattheultimategoalofeverypeopleorgroupincludingcharityorganizat

50、ionsistomakeprofit.Inmyopinion,itistruethatpeopleoftenmakedecisionsbycalculatingprofit,butitisunfoundedtoassertthatanydecision-makingismotivatedbyprofit.Thearguersclaimmaybetrueandunderstandableundercertaincircumstances.Foronething,inordertosurviveintheeconomicworld,peopleororganizationshavetomakepr

51、ofit.Asweknow,thefirstthingthatpeoplemustdoonearthistosurvive.Withoutadequateprofitoutofinvestment,nosinglehumanbeingororganizationcanmakealiving.Foranother,individualsororganizationsareinstinctivelydissatisfiedwithwhattheyhavealreadyachieved.Theystriveforfurtherdevelopment,forgreatersuccessandhence

52、forhigherprofit.Forexample,afood-processingcompanymaydonateitsproductstoAfricanchildrensothatitcannotonlyreduceitsoverstockingproducts,butalsowinagoodreputationandpublicizeitsproducts.Asitturnsout,theultimateresultisalwaysexpectedlyrewarding-bigbucks.Althoughpeopleallovertheworldsparenopainstoseekfo

53、rtunethroughvariousmeans,itisunwiseforustoconcludethatanydecision-makingisnecessarilyprofit-oriented.First,someexamplesofaltruismaredifficulttoexplainintermsofself-interestalone.ThefamousnurseNightingaleisagoodexample.Borninarichfamily,shecouldnaturallyliveacozy,fortunatelife.Butshechosetobeanursean

54、ddevotedallherlifetothewoundedandthepoor.Nobodycansayforsurethatallshedidistomakeprofit.Second,thisargumentisnotconsistentwiththefactthathumanmotivationisfartoocomplex.Manyofourdailydecisionsrestonlove,sympathy,humanityandotherthings.Finally,itisridiculoustolumptogetherprofitandgoodwill.Obviously,th

55、esetwotermsarenotinterchangeable.Inconclusion,theargueroversimplifieshumannature.Althoughbusinessdecisionsandmanyofourdailydecisionsarebasedontheprofitmotive,itwouldbetoocynicaltoassumethatprofitistheonlythingthatmotivatespeopleintheworld.Iwonderifthespeakerhasanyhiddenprofitmotiveinmakingthisargume

56、nt,whichiscertainlynotaprofitableidea.PartThree:SummaryLanguageSkills1.SentenceVarietyExample1:Change:Beijingsstreetsarecrowdedwithtaxis,companycarsandprivatevehiclesownedbythenewlyaffluent.ThenumberhasbeenrisingrapidlyinvehiclesinBeijingalone.To:Taxis,companycarsandprivatevehiclesownedbythenewlyaffluenthavecrammedBeijingsstreetsinrisingnumbersinthelastfewyears-1.2millionvehiclesatlastcount.Example2:Change:Thousandsofbuildingsmetthesamefa