新課標(biāo)高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專題復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解

1、語(yǔ)法專題（附參考答案）專題一 冠詞I、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析 冠詞是一種虛詞，放在名詞的前面，幫助說(shuō)明名詞的含義 歷年高考試題對(duì)冠詞的考查涉及到冠詞的位置、不定冠詞、定冠詞、零冠詞及固定搭配中的冠詞等各個(gè)方面。下面我們以表格的形式對(duì)前四個(gè)方面進(jìn)行總結(jié)，1. 冠詞的位置 考點(diǎn) 示例1suchwhatmanyratherquite + a (n)+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞quite a small house2howhoweversotooasthatthis十形容詞+a(u)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so nice a girl3 bothallhalftwicedouble + the +名詞twice the siz

2、e of the room4 half a (n）或a half + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞Half an houra half hour2.不定冠詞 考點(diǎn) 示例 1 表示泛指，與any同義 A square has four sides 2 表示數(shù)量“一”，與one同義，但其數(shù)的概念不如one強(qiáng)烈 He will be back in a week 3 表示“相同的”，與the same同義 Birds of a feather flock together 4 表示“每一個(gè)”，與every，each，per同義 I visit my father once a month 5 表示“某一”，與a c

3、ertain同義 A Mr Smith is waiting to see you 6 表示“像似的”，與one like同義 He is a Lei Feng in our class 7 用在某些物質(zhì)名詞前表示“一種、一陣、 一份、一場(chǎng)”等 We had a heavy rain last night8 用在某些抽象名詞前，使其具體化 You are a great help to your mother3. 定冠詞考點(diǎn)示例 1特指上文提到過(guò)的、談話雙方都清楚的、受定語(yǔ)修飾的人或物 There l met a foreigner and the foreigner helped me a

4、lot. / Do you know the man standing by the window?2用于單數(shù)名詞前，指一類事物The lion is a wild animal.3用于樂(lè)器名稱前the violin / the piano 4用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前the sun/?the earth/?the world 5與某些形容詞連用表示一類人the rich / the young / the aged 6在字?jǐn)?shù)詞和最高級(jí)前the first one to come to schoolthe best student in our class7在江河湖海、山脈群島、海峽海岸的地名

5、中The Changjiang River / the West Lake / the English Channel8在表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前、逢整十?dāng)?shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)前play (the) pianothe Brownsin the 1920s/9在表示國(guó)家的形容詞前，泛指該國(guó)的人民.the Chinese / the English 10用在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中in the morning / the day after tomorrow / the day before yesterday / the next year 4. 零冠詞 考點(diǎn) 示例1專用名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前China, America,

6、Grade One, Class Two2名詞前已有this, that, my, your, some, any 等Go down this street.3當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時(shí)We are students./ I like reading stories.4成對(duì)名詞連用時(shí) day after dayface to face5在球類、棋類、學(xué)科、語(yǔ)言、三餐名詞前play basketballplay chesslike physics. speak Englishat lunch6在季節(jié)、月份、某些含Day的節(jié)假日、星期等名詞前Autumn is the best season

7、 in Beijing.in MayNew Years DayOn Sunday7在某些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中的名詞前At noonby busby telephone/ in bed, in time / go to bed / go to college5. 英語(yǔ)中含有冠詞的詞組辯析英語(yǔ)中有不少詞組，從形式看好象只有冠詞之差，而實(shí)際上卻是意義完全不同的新詞組。1. in front of 在（外）的前面 ; in the front of 在（內(nèi)）的前面 Theres a garden in front of the classroom. Theres a blackboard in the fron

8、t of the classroom. 2. in charge of 掌管；負(fù)責(zé); in the charge of 在負(fù)責(zé)之下 An experienced worker is in charge of the project. The project is in the charge of an experienced worker. 3. at table 在用飯；吃飯時(shí); at the table 在桌旁 He seldom talks at table. They sat at the table, talking and laughing. 4. by day 白天；日間 ; b

9、y the day 按日計(jì) He works in an office by day. Cleaning women in big cities get paid by the day. 5. take place 發(fā)生；舉行 ; take the place 代替；接替 When did this conversation take place? Electric train has now taken the place of steam trains in EnglandII、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練（一）用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空，不需要的劃“”. -Sorry, wrong number. There isn

10、't_ Mr. Smith here.2. I know you don't like _ music very much. But what do you think of _ music in the film we saw yesterday?3. - I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over _ keyboard. - You shouldn't put drinks near _ computer.4. Of all _ reasons for my decision to become a univer

11、sity professor, my father's advice was _ most important one.5. According to _World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent _ spread of AIDS. 6. For him _ stage is just _ means of making a living. 7. I think it really _ honor for me to speak here. 8. This la

12、b used to be in _ charge of Mr. Wang.9 I know there is _ Mr. Smith next door, who has gone on _ business.10 He devotes most of his time to _ football. And I am sure he promises _ excellent footballer. 11 Dont lose heart. Please have _ second try.12 Those who are rich should help _ poor.13 When steal

13、ing the thief was caught by _ arm by a policeman.14 In some factories workers get paid by _ piece.15 It is a bad habit to go to work without _ breakfast.16 John is _ university student from _ European country.17 Teachers play _ active and important part in building up students character.18 _ Zhangs

14、live on the second floor.19 Cotton is grown in _ north of China.20 It is known to us all that _ light travels faster than _ sound.21 A tower is seen in _ distance.22In case of fire please press _ red button.23 Shenzhen has _ population of more than 10 million.24_ days I spent with Catherine in Beiji

15、ng were so wonderful.25A bullet hit the solider and he was wounded in _ leg.26He loved writing and his first novel was _ great success when it came out.27 My brother was born in _ spring of 1990.28 Mr. Smith is _ most learned scholar and you can turn to him for help.29 How sweetly she sings! I have

16、never heard _ better voice.30 Beijing is _ second largest city in China.31 My trip to Tibet was really _ unforgettable experience.32 This watch is _ 18th century watch, which has been passed down from my great grandpa.（二） 語(yǔ)法填空在括號(hào)中填入適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~There once was a king who offered 1 prize to 2 artist who would

17、 paint 3 best picture of peace. Many artist tried. The king looked at all 4 pictures. But there were only two he really liked, and he had to choose between them.One picture was of a calm lake. The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it. Overhead was a blue sky with fluff

18、y white clouds. All who saw this picture thought it was 5 perfect picture of peace.The other picture had mountains, too. But these were rugged and bare. Above was 6 angry sky, from which rain fell and in which lightning played. Down 7 side of the mountain tumbled(翻騰) a foaming(水泡) waterfall. This di

19、d not look peaceful at all.But when the king looked closely, he saw behind 8 waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack in the rock. In the bush 9 mother bird had built her nest. There, in the midst of the rush of angry water, sat the mother bird on her nest-in perfect peace.The king chose 10 second p

20、icture. 答案：I 1 a 2 /; the 3 the; a 4. the; the 5 the; the 6 the; a 7 an 8 the 9 a; / 10 /; an 11 a 12 the 13 the 14 the 15 the 16 a; a 17 an 18 The 19 the 20 /; / 21 the 22the 23 a 24 The 25 the 26a 27the 28a 29a 30 the 31 an 32 anII 1 a 2 the 3 the 4. the 5 a 6 an 7 the 8 the 9 a 10. the專題二 名詞I、重點(diǎn)難

21、點(diǎn)解析名詞的高考命題導(dǎo)向名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能s。有些抽象名詞卻有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但意義與原來(lái)的不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)有兩個(gè)意思，一個(gè)與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個(gè)和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語(yǔ)的固定搭配及名詞作定語(yǔ)也是高考命題的注意點(diǎn)。一 名詞的分類及常見(jiàn)用法可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞teacher, student, piano功能集體名詞family, committee, people名詞在句中可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞wood, water, steel抽象名詞friend

22、ship, progress專有名詞John, Smith, Beijing名詞所有格一般由名詞右上方+s；以s結(jié)尾的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)只加“”表有生命的東西或時(shí)間,空間,距離,價(jià)格,重量等名詞的所有格如：Womens Day, an hours walk,students reading-room, todays paper 介詞of名詞無(wú)生命的東西的名詞所有格如：a map of China, the top of the mountain可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化1.一般詞后+sdays, boys, Americansbuses,dishes;(stomachs除外)3.輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i

23、+esbabies, factories4.以f或fe結(jié)尾，變f/fe為v+esleaves,wives;(roofs,proofs,gulfs,beliefs,chiefs,staffs,safes除外)5.以o結(jié)尾，有生命+es，無(wú)生命+sheroes,potatoes;pianos,radios(hippos, bamboos)除外6.數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)+s或 “s”in the 1930s/1930s不規(guī)則變化1改變?cè)~中元音字母woman-women, goose-geeseman-men,foot-feet,tooth-teeth2形式復(fù)數(shù)，意義單數(shù)news,maths,politics,

24、economics等3單復(fù)同形means,deer,sheep,fish,works(工廠),species, Chinese等4其它c(diǎn)hild-children, bacterium-bacteria,crisis-crises,ox-oxen,phenomenon-phenomena等二 名詞其他需要注意的幾點(diǎn)：1 名詞的數(shù)1） 復(fù)合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則 有主體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（lookers-on，passers-by等）和無(wú)主體名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（grown-ups，go-betweens等）。2） 集體名詞的數(shù) 有些集體名詞只能用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：cattle，police，people等。 注意

25、：people意為“民族；種族”時(shí)有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 有些集體名詞只能用作單數(shù)。如：machinery，furniture，jewellery，mankind等。 有些集體名詞作為整體看待時(shí)，用作單數(shù)；指其中各個(gè)成員時(shí)，用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：classfamily，couple，audience，government，public等。 The whole family are watching TV now全家人現(xiàn)在都在看電視。 His family is a big one他家是個(gè)大家族。3） 只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞 由兩部分構(gòu)成的名詞：glasses，trousers, shorts，scissors

26、，gloves，scales，compasses等。 4） the +姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)，表全家人: the Blacks, the Wangs5） 具有雙重特性的名詞 (1)意義不同的可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞 a room房間一room空間 a chicken雞一chicken雞肉 an experience經(jīng)歷一experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)an agreement協(xié)議一agreement同意 (2)單、復(fù)數(shù)意思不同的名詞 arm手臂一arms武器 brain腦一brains智力custom風(fēng)俗一customs海關(guān) force力量一forces軍隊(duì) regard注意,關(guān)心一regards問(wèn)候 time時(shí)間一ti

27、mes時(shí)代 work工作一works作品,工廠manner態(tài)度一manners禮貌spirit精神一spirits心情,情緒 content內(nèi)容一contents目錄loss損失一losses損失物condition狀況一conditions條件 expression表達(dá)一expressions短語(yǔ)feeling感覺(jué)一feelings感情wood木頭一woods樹(shù)林2 名詞的所有格1） 表示兩者或兩者以上共同所有，在最后一個(gè)詞的后面加s；表示各自擁有時(shí)，每個(gè)名詞后都要+s”。如Li and Mas room李和馬共有的房間; Lis and Mas rooms李和馬各自的房間2） 表某人家或店

28、鋪，診所。如：Lis李家，the doctors診所；the barbers理發(fā)店3） 所有格除了用于有生命的物體外，也可以用于表示國(guó)家、城市等的名詞。如：China's prosperity中國(guó)的繁榮 the country's plan國(guó)家計(jì)劃4） of所有格也可用于有生命的物體，用于名詞較長(zhǎng)或名詞的定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)。如：a story of a famous doctor一個(gè)名醫(yī)的故事the son of the man you iust talked to剛剛和你說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男人的兒子5） 雙重所有格 “of +名詞的s所有格或名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格。of后的賓語(yǔ)必須是

29、人，而且是特指。如： an old friend of my uncle's我叔叔的一個(gè)老朋友 a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亞的一部戲劇 some houses of my grandfather's我爺爺?shù)囊恍┓孔? 名詞作定語(yǔ)1） 一般用單數(shù)形式。如：country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè) shoe shops鞋店 traffic lights交通燈 注意：sports，customs，arms，clothes，sales, goods作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： sports meeting運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) customs officiers海關(guān)官員 a

30、rms production武器生產(chǎn) 2） man和woman作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，與中心詞一起變。如：men doctors男醫(yī)生 women teachers女老師II、實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一、用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或所給詞的正確形式填空：1. There are fifty-six _ (people) in China.2. We need much _ (room) for all the furniture.3. This kind of dress was popular in the _ (1980)4. _ (girl) students and _ (woman) teachers are in the ma

31、jority in our school.5. There used to be a lot of milu _ (deer) in China.6. These are art _ (work) of the Tang Dynasty.7. _ (child) shoes are on the second floor of this store department.8. We can see many _ (editor-in-chief) present at the conference.9. I had my hair cut short at the _ (barber) nea

32、rby yesterday.10. On the whole, he was a _ (fail) in his life.11. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _ of exercise .12. Now more and more people prefer to have a _ at home-a little dog, a cat or some other animals.13. My parents always let me have my own _ of living.1

33、4. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake.15. We all know that _ speak louder than words.答案： 1. peoples2. room3. 1980s/1980二 語(yǔ)法填空Charles Pink was a young 1 (Canada) who had a good house and he knew how to enjoy himself. Every Saturday, he went to the theatre and 2 (party). H

34、is car was one of the best in his city. He had lots of money and one day bought 3 plane. He learned to fly and flying became one of his main 4 (enjoy).One day about thirty 5 (yearly) ago, he set off in his small plane on a trip across 6 (Mexican). At first everything went well, but when he was over

35、the part of the country 7 engine of the little machine failed.Fortunately, Pink was flying at a good 8 (high) when the bad thing happened, and he had time to find a place to land. Below him he could see a number of 9 (field) which looked nice enough to land on, and he managed to bring his machine do

36、wn on one of 10 .答案：1. Canadian 2. parties 3. a 4. enjoyments 5. years 6. Mexico 7. the 8. height 9. fields 10. them三、完形填空閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后從21-30各題所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Do some FL (Foreign Language) reading every day and try to finish one FL book at least every week. You are no doubt 21 with

37、 little spare time, and this may sound unrealistic. But if you read in the 22 described, it is perfectly possible. The key is to be honest with yourself about 23 you really enjoy: thrillers, women's magazines, newspapers-it really doesn't matter what you read as 24 as it genuinely interests

38、you, because that is the only certain way to make yourself read. It is 25 to reach good speeds by practising on material that is difficult or dull. If you pursue this program for only few months, you should achieve a very marked increase in your reading 26 . What you do with your FL reading skill wh

39、en you have developed it is to study for a further qualification. The 27 is that in order to develop the 28 , a great deal of practice on easy interesting materials is essential. If you can 29 this to yourself by developing your own reading skill by this method, your teaching will carry the certaint

40、y that comes only from 30 .21. A. bored B. helpless C. free D. busy22. A. key B. problem C. way D. job23. A. which B. when C. whoD. what24. A. much B. good C. longD. well25. A. impossible B. possible C. necessaryD. easy26. A. efficiency B. effects C. methodD. capacity27. A. question B. point C. idea

41、D. problem28. A. habit B. idea C. skill D. task29. A. realize B. tell C. improveD. prove30. A. work B. experience C. theoryD. doing21-30 DCDCA ABCDB專題三 代詞I、重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析 代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語(yǔ)中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。代詞類別例 詞功 能人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we,

42、you, they只做主語(yǔ)賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them做及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their只做定語(yǔ)名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves做賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)指示代詞this, that, these, those做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)

43、、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)相互代詞each other, one another做賓語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, what, which, whose, etc.引出疑問(wèn)句關(guān)系代詞that, who, whom, whose, etc.連接定語(yǔ)從句不定代詞some, any, no, either, neither, all, none, each, somebody, no one, everybody, etc.視情況而定，一般的可做定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等下面舉例說(shuō)明，其中疑問(wèn)代詞見(jiàn)“句子種類”，關(guān)系代詞見(jiàn)“定語(yǔ)從句”。一 人稱代詞的用法1 作主語(yǔ)，用主格。作賓語(yǔ)用賓格。She teaches us En

44、glish.2 在句中作表語(yǔ)，常用賓格。Who is it? Its me. 但有時(shí)用主格。 If I were she, I wouldt go there. It was I who told him about it.二 物主代詞的用法1形容詞性物主代詞只作定語(yǔ)： This is our classroom. His father is an engineer.2名詞性物主代詞所作成分例句1作主語(yǔ)This is her coat. Mine is over there.2賓語(yǔ)Something has gone wrong with my bike. May I use yours ?3

45、表語(yǔ)This book isnt mine; its Toms. 說(shuō)明： 英語(yǔ)中必須有形容詞性物主代詞，而漢語(yǔ)中往往省略不譯。如： Jack took off his coat and went to bed. 杰克脫掉外套就上床睡覺(jué)了。 “of + 名詞性物主代詞”可用作定語(yǔ)。如： Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party. 我的一些朋友要出席我的生日晚宴。三 反身代詞所作成分例句1賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)賓Tom taught himself Chinese.介賓She loves me for myself, not for my money.2

46、表語(yǔ)She is not quite herself today. （be oneself: 身心自在）3同位語(yǔ)I myself can repair the bike. The table itself has only three legs.四 指示代詞的用法 I shall say this to you: he is a poor man. He was ill. Thats why he didnt come. The weather of Zhanjiang is better than that of my hometown. TV sets made in Nanjing ar

47、e better than those made here.4. 打電話時(shí)this 表示我,that表示你.五 不定代詞的用法可數(shù)one, each, many, both, another, either, neither, (a) few 不可數(shù)much, (a) little可數(shù)不可數(shù)none, any, other, all, some 復(fù)合不定代詞anyone, anybody, anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing 1none, no one,

48、 nothing 的用法區(qū)別1）none 既可指人，也可指物，且一定是特指概念，常用來(lái)回答how many /much 引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句；no one 只能指人，且只能是泛指概念，常用來(lái)回答who 引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句；nothing “什么也沒(méi)有”，否定一切，常用來(lái)回答what 引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。如： How many people are there in the room now ? None. Who is in the room ? No one / nobody 2) none 后面可加of 引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)，而something / anything / everything / nothing;

49、 someone / anyone / everyone / no one 卻不能。2. each 和every 1) each 強(qiáng)調(diào)“個(gè)體”，起代詞和形容詞作用；every 強(qiáng)調(diào)“全體”，只能作定語(yǔ)。Each 作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，不影響謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)，不可用not each 來(lái)表示部分否定，而not every 表示部分否定。如：The tickets each cost ten dollars.這些票每張十美元。（each 作同位語(yǔ)，不能用costs）2) every 還可表示“每的；每中的”，如下列說(shuō)法中只能用every。every year or two 每一兩年every now and th

50、en 時(shí)常every other day 每隔一天Choose one out of every ten boys. 每十個(gè)男孩中選一個(gè)。one car to every 20 people 每20人乘一輛車(chē)3. another, other, the other, others, the others 的用法一覽表不定代詞意義用法說(shuō)明another任何一個(gè)，另一個(gè)指三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)，用作代詞或形容詞。如：I dont like this coat. Show me another, please.other另外的只作定語(yǔ)，常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用；但如果前面有the, this

51、, that some, any, each, every, no, one 及my, your, his 等時(shí)，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。如：any other plant, every other day。the other兩者中的另一個(gè)常與one 連用，構(gòu)成：one the other 一個(gè)另一個(gè)；作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，表示“全部其余的”others泛指別的人或物是other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式，泛指別的人或物（但不是全部），不能作定語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成someothersthe others特指其余的人或物是the other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式，特指其余的人或物。4 Both, all, either, any, n

52、either, none 的用法都任何都不兩者both eitherneither兩者（以上）all any none如：1) I had to buy all these books because I didnt know which one was the best.2) It is easy to do the repair. All you need is a hammer and some nails.3) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but neither of them came.4) Which of the three ways s

53、hall take to the village ? Any way as you please.5) We had three sets of the garden tools and we seemed to have no use for any. one 用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)名詞，是泛指概念相當(dāng)于a/an +單數(shù)名詞；ones用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，有時(shí)可用that 代替（尤其在有后置定語(yǔ)的情況下）。The ones 用來(lái)代替前面的特指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，有時(shí)可用those代替（尤其在有后置定語(yǔ)的情況下）。that 用來(lái)替代前面出現(xiàn)的特指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或特指的不可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)于the +單數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞。如： Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present, one ( = a present ) that I have