初中英語(yǔ)所有知識(shí)點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)大全(共46頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第一課時(shí) 名 詞一、概述1、名詞的屬性：表示人或事物的名稱抽象概念的詞叫名詞。2、名詞分普通名詞和專有名詞。普通名詞是表示某一類人或事物，或某種物體或抽象概念的名稱。如：teacher, desks, plates, milk, box等，專有名詞表示某一特定的人、事物、地方團(tuán)體、黨派、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、語(yǔ)言、節(jié)日等專用的名稱。（運(yùn)用）如：China, Chinese, Saturday, June, Green, Beijing, Olympic等。（專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)）二、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞1、可數(shù)名詞是指表示人或事物，可以用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)量的名詞，有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。如：g

2、lass-glasses; book- books2、不可數(shù)名詞是指所表示的事物不能用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)量。如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。3、有些名詞在特定情況下由不可數(shù)變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞。Light travels faster than sound; (light：光線，不可數(shù))The lights are on. (light：燈，可數(shù))4、不可數(shù)名詞的量的表示不可數(shù)名詞一般無(wú)法用數(shù)來(lái)計(jì)算，前面不能用a或an或數(shù)詞來(lái)表示數(shù)量，它的量往往借助于容器來(lái)表示。如：a glass of milk - four glasses of milk a piece of paper-

3、two pieces of paper a bag of rice-three bags of rice三、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式（識(shí)記、運(yùn)用）1、可數(shù)名詞在應(yīng)用時(shí)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。規(guī)則變化情 況變化形式例詞一般情況加-sgirls; books;以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞加-esclasses; boxes; watches;brushes以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞變y為i, 加escity-cities; baby-babies以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變f,fe為v, 加esknife-knives; leaf-leaves以O(shè)結(jié)尾的名詞potatoes; to

4、matoes；photos; kilos; bamboos; radios2、少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的變化形式policeman-policemen; man-men; woman-women; tooth-teeth; foot-feet; sheep-sheep; deer-deer;Japanese- Japanese; Chinese - Chinese; fish - fish四、名詞所有格（運(yùn)用）名詞的所有格是表示所有關(guān)系的形式，它也有構(gòu)成上的變化。1、單數(shù)名詞變所有格，只需在詞尾加 s;2、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾已有s，只需加 即可；3、復(fù)數(shù)名詞的詞尾若沒(méi)有 s ，則應(yīng)加 s ;4、如果表示某

5、人或物為兩人所共有，則在第二個(gè)人后面加 s ; 如：Da Mao and Xiao Maos room 如果不是兩人共有，則在每個(gè)人后面都加 s; 如：Li Leis and Toms mother5、名詞所有格結(jié)構(gòu)通常用于表示有生命的名詞，或表示時(shí)間、距離、地點(diǎn)等，而表示無(wú)生命名詞的所有關(guān)系則用“of”表示。 如: the windows of house the picture of the family of 結(jié)構(gòu)也能用于有生命名詞的所有格。 a friend of my sisters a book of his第二課時(shí) 冠 詞（一）一、概述冠詞是一種虛詞，在句子中不重讀，本身不能獨(dú)立

6、使用。在漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有這個(gè)詞類。在學(xué)習(xí)冠詞時(shí)，要注意這種加在名詞前幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或事物的詞表示數(shù)量“一”時(shí)，與數(shù)詞的區(qū)別；其表示“數(shù)量”的意義沒(méi)有“one”強(qiáng)，這是學(xué)習(xí)中注意區(qū)別的。二、冠詞的定義冠詞是置于名詞之前，說(shuō)明名詞所表示的人或事物的一種虛詞，它不能離開(kāi)名詞而單獨(dú)存在。冠詞有兩種：一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article)；the 一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article). a an三、不定冠詞的用法a用于輔音音素起首的單詞前，an用于元音音素起首的單詞前。1、當(dāng)?shù)谝淮翁岬侥橙嘶蚰澄飼r(shí)，用a或an起介紹作用，如：What is this? It i

7、s a bus.Who is she?She is a doctor.2、表示泛指一類人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一類人或事物的任何一個(gè)。如：She is a teacher;That is an apple.There is an elephant in the zoo.4、可用于某些詞組，是該詞組不可缺少的組成部分。如：a long timea littlea fewat a timehave a trytake a chance5、表示“每一個(gè)”的意思。如：three t

8、imes a dayfour yuan a dozen6、可用于抽象名詞之前，使抽象名詞具體化。如：I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物質(zhì)名詞之前，使物質(zhì)名詞普通化。如：He drew out a tin of pineapple.They made a fire to get warm.注意：1、不定冠詞an用在以元音（不是字母，而是發(fā)音）起首的名詞或其他以元音起首的詞之前，不定冠詞a用在以輔音起首的名詞或其他以輔音起首的詞之前。2、u和h有時(shí)在單詞中發(fā)元音，有時(shí)卻讀作輔音或不發(fā)音。如：I ha

9、ve been waiting for an hour.He is an honest young fellow.A hammer is a useful fool.3、英語(yǔ)中有些字母，如f h l m n s x。由于它前頭第一個(gè)音是元音，所以在單獨(dú)使用或作縮略詞的第一個(gè)字母時(shí)，應(yīng)使用“an”，如：There is an “n” in the word “no”.An MP means a member of parliament.第三課時(shí) 冠 詞（二）一、定冠詞的用法定冠詞the 有this, that, these, those等意思，用于單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。主要用來(lái)特指，使一個(gè)或幾個(gè)事物

10、區(qū)別于所有其他同名的事物。1、指前文已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的人或事物。如：I wrote an article. The article was about physics.2、指說(shuō)話人都知道的人或事物。如：Please close the door before you leave.Lets go to the classroom.3、名詞有定語(yǔ)修飾時(shí)，須用定冠詞the,表示特指意義。如：The book on the desk is his.The teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。如：the sunthe moonth

11、e earththe skythe world5、用在序數(shù)詞前面表示順序。如：I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.6、與其他詞連用，構(gòu)成固定詞組。如：on the leftin the northin the front of7、在表示樂(lè)器名稱的名詞之前用定冠詞。如：the pianothe violin8、用在形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí)前面。如：This was the most interesting voyage we had ever ha

12、d.He is the tallest of us.9、用在形容詞前面，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的某一類人或事物。如：the richthe poorthe youngthe livingthe newthe rightthe truethe beautiful10、在表示江河、山脈、海灣、海峽、沙漠等專用名詞之前加定冠詞。如：the Changjiang Riverthe Nilethe Alpsthe Himalayas11、用在年代、朝代、時(shí)代名詞前。如：the Qin Dynastythe Ming Dynastyin the 50sthe spring period12、和表示姓氏名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式

13、連用，表示某姓氏一家人或夫婦二人。如：the Listhe Martins二、不用冠詞的情況1、除一些特殊情況外，專用名詞以及抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞前不加冠詞。如：Man is mortal.Miss Smith came in power at last.2、當(dāng)名詞前已有this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these等詞修飾時(shí)或有所有格修飾時(shí)，不必加冠詞。如：She is my sister.This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、學(xué)科名稱等名詞前不加冠詞。如：b

14、y planeby boatChinesePhysics4、在節(jié)日、假日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前不加冠詞。如：National DayMay DayAutumnJanuary5、在一日三餐、體育類等名詞前不加冠詞。如：He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.He preferred to play football and Id rather play tennis.6、在唯一的職務(wù)、頭銜的名詞前不加冠詞。如：He is elected manager of our company.People elected him president of that

15、country last year.7、在報(bào)紙標(biāo)題、圖像說(shuō)明、文章題目、標(biāo)志、廣告前不加冠詞。如：Workers MindNotes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng8、在一些固定詞組中不加冠詞。如：at homeby mistakelearn by heartat firstat lastat onceby seaday and night第四課時(shí) 代 詞（一）一、概述代詞是用來(lái)代替名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的詞。代詞的分類：人稱代詞：表示“我”、“我們”、“你”“你們”、“他、她、它”、“他們”的詞叫人稱代詞；物主代詞：表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞

16、；反身代詞：表示動(dòng)作反射到執(zhí)行者本身或用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣的代詞；指示代詞：表示能替代名詞或替代形容詞的詞；不定代詞：表示不指明替代任何特定名詞的代詞。疑問(wèn)代詞：表示替代人或物且含有疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣的代詞。二、人稱代詞人稱數(shù)格第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格Iweyouyouhe, she, itthey賓格meusyouyouhim, her,itthem人稱代詞在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。1、主格在句中作主語(yǔ)，賓格在句中作賓語(yǔ)。She gave these books to you and me;You must look after them;2、當(dāng)并列代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，I 放在最后。順

17、序?yàn)槟?，他，我You, he and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.三、物主代詞物主代詞包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種，有人稱和數(shù)不清變化形式。人稱數(shù)類別第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形容詞性myouryouryourhis, her, itstheir名詞性mineoursyoursyourshis, hers,itstheirs形容詞性物主代詞只能作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，如：my watch; your books ; their names;名詞性物主代詞在句中可單獨(dú)作用，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，

18、后面不跟名詞，英語(yǔ)中說(shuō)：“我的一位朋友”，要用“a friend of mine”。有些結(jié)構(gòu)中常用the 替代物主代詞He had a cold in the head.（the意思是his）My mother took me by the arm. （the意思是her）四、反身代詞單數(shù)myselfyourselfhimself; herself; itself復(fù)數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代詞在句中可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，用作賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。He himself has finished it .（作同位語(yǔ)）He has taught himself Russian

19、 for 5 years .（作賓語(yǔ)）I did it mysldf. （加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣）某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)：by oneself; fo oneself; among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.第五課時(shí) 代 詞（二）一、指示代詞指示代詞有：this; that; these; thosethis, these 表示“這”、“這些”，是“近指”。that, those表示“那”、“那些”，是“遠(yuǎn)指”。注意：在電話用語(yǔ)里面，用this代替自己，that代替對(duì)方。如：whos t

20、hat? This is Tom speaking二、不定代詞英語(yǔ)中有以下不定代詞：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little(a little), few(a few), many, much, other, another, some, any, no還有由some, any , no every構(gòu)成的代詞。1）both, allboth 是指“兩者都”，而all則是指“三者或三者以上都”，如： Both of us are right. All of you are good at playing basketba

21、ll.但all 還可以組成固定短語(yǔ) all day, all this, all the time等2) either, neithereither 是指“兩者之中任何一個(gè)“屬于部分否定，而neither則是“兩者之中一個(gè)也不“屬全部否定Either of the books will do. Neither of the answers is right.而either還可出現(xiàn)在否定句子里，可與neither進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換。如：Tom hasnt been to America, Jim hasnt, either= Neither Tom nor Jim has been to Americ

22、a.而neither (nor) 也可用于表示“也不”，構(gòu)成“neither (nor) +助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的句式。Kate isnt a worker, neither is Meimei.3) little, a little, few, a fewlittle, a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞； few , a few修飾可數(shù)名詞；little, few表示否定，“幾乎沒(méi)有”a little, a few表示肯定，相當(dāng)于some, any.There is a little milk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom,

23、 theyre in the reading-room.4) every, eachevery, each都是強(qiáng)調(diào)每一個(gè)，every 作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞。如：The bus comes every five minutes.Each of them may come at a different time.5) some , any6) 由some, any, no, every組成的不定代詞something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere, nothing, none, nobody, now

24、here, everything,everyone, everybody, everywhere. 三、疑問(wèn)代詞疑問(wèn)代詞用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句，一共有五個(gè)：who, whom, whose, what, which.第六課時(shí) 數(shù) 詞一、基數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞表示數(shù)量onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelvethirteen fourteen fifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteentwentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetytwenty-onethirty-eight

25、fifty-threea hundreda thousanda milliona billion注意：表示具體數(shù)目的hundren, thousand, million等均不用復(fù)數(shù)，百位數(shù)和十位數(shù)之間通常加連詞and；十位數(shù)與個(gè)位數(shù)之間要加連字符。二、序數(shù)詞firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenthtwentieththirtiethfortiethfiftie

26、thsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethhundredthtwenty-firstninety-nintya hundred and fifty-third序數(shù)詞的縮寫(xiě)形式：由阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字后加上序數(shù)詞的最后兩個(gè)字母。first-1st second - 2nd tenth - 10th三、時(shí)間和年月日表示法1、時(shí)間均用基數(shù)詞表示：1）順讀法，先說(shuō)“點(diǎn)鐘”，再說(shuō)“分鐘”，如： 2:15 two fifteen 6:20 six twenty2）逆讀法30分鐘以內(nèi)：“分鐘數(shù)+ past +鐘點(diǎn)數(shù)”，如： 3:20 - twenty past three 2:10

27、- ten past two半小時(shí)用 half，15分鐘用 a quarter : 2:15 - a quarter past two 3:30 - half past three30分鐘以外要用：“分鐘數(shù)+ to + 下一個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)”，如： 4:35 - twenty-five to five 2:55 - five to three2）年月日表示法 年份讀法；月日讀法；年月日一起讀法。四、分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù)中表示分子的數(shù)只含個(gè)位數(shù)時(shí)一般采用“分子（用基數(shù)詞）+分母（用序數(shù)詞）”表示。（分子大于1時(shí)，分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)）如：one-third; two-thirds; three twenty-s

28、econds五、數(shù)詞與名詞的搭配1）數(shù)詞與名詞連用時(shí)，它們的次序是“名詞+基數(shù)詞” Lesson 15; Room 1506 或者用“the + 序數(shù)詞 + 名詞” The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor2）數(shù)詞與小時(shí)的搭配 two hours and a half three hours half an hour第七課時(shí) 形容詞一、概述形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。The beautiful girl is Toms sister.（充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)）Three is nothing serious, is there?（充當(dāng)

29、定語(yǔ)，修飾不定代詞的形容詞及短語(yǔ)要放在不定代詞之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表語(yǔ)）The old are looked after well.（有些形容詞和定冠詞the連用時(shí)，表示一類人或物，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式）二、形容詞比較級(jí)及最高級(jí)的形式1、絕大部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和單音節(jié)形容詞的比較等級(jí)變化是規(guī)則變化。情 況變 化 形 式舉 例一般情況在詞尾直接加-er ; -estsmall - smaller - smallest以e結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加 r ; - st ;large - larger - largest以輔音字母+

30、y結(jié)尾變y為i，加- er; -esthappy- happier- happiest以一個(gè)元音字母加一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，而且是重讀閉音節(jié)將該輔音字母雙寫(xiě)，再加-er ; -estfat fatter fattestthin thinner thinnestbig bigger biggesthot hotter - hottest2、部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)變化形式在多音節(jié)形容詞前加more或mostbeautiful more beautiful most beautifuluseful more useful most useful3、不規(guī)則形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式：good

31、, well better best bad, ill worse worstmany, much more most little less leastfar farther, further farthest, furthest三、形容詞的比較等級(jí)的用法1、當(dāng)A=B時(shí)，則用as（副）as（介，連），中間用形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)。表示甲與乙在某方面一樣 He is as tall as I (me)2、AB，則用not as(so)as 表示甲與乙在某方面不一樣。 He is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =Im taller than he T

32、he boy isnt as careful as that one = This boy isnt as careful than that one3、比較級(jí)+than 形式 This lesson is more difficult than that one She is fatter than Kate4、the+最高級(jí)+(in of)短語(yǔ) Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our class He is the oldest of the three of 常與名詞復(fù)數(shù)或表示數(shù)量的詞連用。表示“在之中”這一。in常與表示范圍或場(chǎng)所的名詞連

33、用“在范圍之中”四、形容詞比較級(jí)特殊用法1）more and more比較級(jí)連用表示“越來(lái)越” In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer. He is getting busier and busier.2）The more the more 越就越 The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry. The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.3）比較級(jí)形式表達(dá)最高級(jí)：比較級(jí)+than any other+名詞單數(shù)

34、；比較級(jí)+than the other+名詞復(fù)數(shù) He is clever than any other boy- He is the clevest of all the boys- He is clever than the other boys4、修飾比較級(jí)的副詞有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。第八課時(shí) 副 詞一、概述副詞是用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞，表示動(dòng)作的特征、狀態(tài)的特征或某種性質(zhì)的程度。二、副詞的分類時(shí)間副詞、地點(diǎn)副詞、方式副詞、疑問(wèn)副詞及程度副詞。1、時(shí)間副詞：時(shí)間副詞表達(dá)的內(nèi)涵包括回答“什么時(shí)

35、候”或“經(jīng)常與否”A: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;2、地點(diǎn)副詞：表示地點(diǎn)或位置關(guān)系的副詞。A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;B: above, below,

36、 down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;注：B類中表示位置的副詞有時(shí)也可作介詞。如：come in, please- They live in the next room.3、方式副詞：badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.4、 程度副詞：常見(jiàn)的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely,

37、 terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。這些副詞多用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。5、 疑問(wèn)副詞：是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)特殊問(wèn)句，有時(shí)用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或賓語(yǔ)從句。疑問(wèn)副詞有：how, when, where, why, who6、部分副詞的用法：1）too, either, also都是表示“也”。too和either都用于句末，too用于肯定句中，either用于否定句及一般疑問(wèn)句中，also放在句子中，BE動(dòng)詞前，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后。2）so, neither都可以用在倒裝句的開(kāi)頭。so接在肯定句后表示“也一樣”，句式：so+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)；neither接在一

38、個(gè)否定句后面表示“也不，沒(méi).”句式：neither+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)I have read the book, so has he.Jim didnt win the game, neither did Tom.3）already, yetalready 和yet通常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。He has already finished his homework.Jim hasnt come back yet.7、副詞的比較等級(jí)副詞和形容詞一樣，也有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，其變化形式與形容詞的比較比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)一樣。第九課時(shí) 介 詞一、知識(shí)概述介詞是一種虛詞

39、，一般在句子中不重讀，也不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子成分，但與它的介詞賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，就可以在句子中作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。介詞又稱前置詞，一般位于名詞或代詞的前面，表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系。在學(xué)習(xí)介詞時(shí)，最重要的是掌握介詞的用法，動(dòng)介詞組的搭配，時(shí)間介詞、方位介詞、方向介詞、位置介詞、成語(yǔ)介詞以及動(dòng)向介詞和靜向介詞的比較和區(qū)別。二、介詞的定義及句法功能介詞是一種虛詞，在句中不單獨(dú)作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞語(yǔ)與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。介詞后的名詞，或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞組、短語(yǔ)或從句，稱為介詞賓語(yǔ)。介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)在句中主要用作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。T

40、he boy over there is my brother.（作定語(yǔ)）A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定語(yǔ)）I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因狀語(yǔ)）Ill be in the office every afternoon.（作表語(yǔ)）He isnt at home（作表語(yǔ)）The farmer made the king out of the water.

41、（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）I found everything in good order（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）三、介詞與其他詞類的固定搭配。介詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞等常構(gòu)成固定搭配。也就是說(shuō)，在這些詞的后面，常常要求用一定的介詞。1、形容詞與介詞的固定搭配有些形容詞后面要求用固定的介詞，這類介詞常見(jiàn)的有：about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with（1） 形容詞+aboutcareful abouthopeful aboutsure aboutHe is careless about his clothes（2）形容詞 +atgood atsurprised atangry

42、at（3）形容詞 + forfamous forready forsorry forIm terrible sorry for telling him the truth.（4）形容詞 + fromdifferent fromsafe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.（5）形容詞 + ininterested insuccessful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名詞與介詞的固定搭配（1） 名詞 +

43、forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?（2） 名詞 + inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.（3） 名詞 + ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late（4） 名詞 + onThere have been seve

44、ral attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!（5） 名詞 + withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police第十課時(shí) 連 詞一、知識(shí)概述連詞是一種虛詞，不能在句子中單獨(dú)作句子成分，也沒(méi)有句子重音，在句子中只起連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)、句子與句子以及從句的作用。連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩種。并列連詞是連接彼此并列關(guān)系的詞。從屬連詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞。二、并列連詞并列連詞用來(lái)連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。并列連詞按

45、其作用可分為表示轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、選擇和聯(lián)合關(guān)系等四大類。表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞，常見(jiàn)的有：and, not onlybut also, as well as, bothand, neithernor.Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.Work hard and youll pass the exam =If you work hard, youll pass th

46、e exam.While I was in the university, I learned both English and Japanese.Both European and Asian speak RussiaYou cant speak both American English and British English at the same time.Neither Tom nor you are a driver.Neither I nor he has seen the play.Neither of us is a teacherYou dont like it, Neit

47、her do I .She is beautiful as well as clever.He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.三、從屬連詞從屬連詞是用來(lái)連接各種從句的詞1、連接主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞只有三個(gè)，即that, if, whether。如：Ask her if she will come with me.The reason is that she never wasted her time.I dont know whether he had passed the exam.2、引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞(1) 連

48、接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever.Ill tell you as soon as I know.(2) 連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有: where, whereverSit wherever you like.I found my books where I had left them.(3) 連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：although, though, even if, however.Although she was tired, she kept on workin

49、g.(4) 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：as, because, since, now that,He was absent because he was ill.(5) 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：that, so that, in order that.He raised his voice so that we could hear him.(6) 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：if, unless, once, in case.Youll miss the train unless you hurry up. (7) 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：sothat, suchthat.

50、He came so late that he missed the class.(8) 連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：asas, not soas, less(more)than, the theThis is more than I can accept.(9) 連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：as, as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.第十一課時(shí) 動(dòng) 詞（一）一、知識(shí)概述在英語(yǔ)中，每個(gè)句子必須有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)。說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“做什么”，動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。動(dòng)詞和名詞、代詞一樣，有人稱和數(shù)的變化。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)一般要與主語(yǔ)的人

51、稱和數(shù)保持一致。學(xué)好了英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于學(xué)好了一半的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，可見(jiàn)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的重要性。在初中英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞的分類、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)以及動(dòng)詞的各種形式之間的聯(lián)系，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成、用法等等貫穿整個(gè)初中課本，包括英語(yǔ)句型都離不開(kāi)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)或語(yǔ)態(tài)，因此在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)特別要注意英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用和語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。二、動(dòng)詞的分類及作用按照動(dòng)詞的詞義和在句中的作用，英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可分為行為動(dòng)詞（又叫實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。1、行為動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。如：She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行為動(dòng)詞又分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。（1）及物動(dòng)詞及物

52、動(dòng)詞后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常見(jiàn)的能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.（2）不及物動(dòng)詞本身詞義完整，后面不要求跟賓語(yǔ)。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factor

53、y.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、連系動(dòng)詞（1）本身有詞義，不能在句子中單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I dont feel very well today.（2）表示感覺(jué)知覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞可以是連系動(dòng)詞，如feel, touch, sound, smell.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in the arm.She looked worried about it.3、動(dòng)詞與介詞的固定搭配動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配主要指下列兩種形式：（1）動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞The song a