高中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題——非謂語

1、1. to do 2.-ing 3.done高考語法復(fù)習(xí)高考語法復(fù)習(xí)專題專題一、一、什么叫非謂語動(dòng)詞？什么叫非謂語動(dòng)詞？與謂語動(dòng)詞有什么區(qū)別？與謂語動(dòng)詞有什么區(qū)別？ 找出各句的謂語動(dòng)詞并指出其具體形式找出各句的謂語動(dòng)詞并指出其具體形式1. Dont teach fish to swim. 不要班門弄斧。不要班門弄斧。1哪些是動(dòng)詞的謂語形式？哪些是動(dòng)詞的謂語形式？ dont teach，謂語動(dòng)詞否定式，謂語動(dòng)詞否定式 2. He had a good memory like an elephant. 他以前有很好的記憶力。他以前有很好的記憶力。 3. It would be a waste of

2、 money building such a luxurious villa. 建這么豪華的別墅太浪費(fèi)錢。建這么豪華的別墅太浪費(fèi)錢。1 had，謂語動(dòng)詞過去式，謂語動(dòng)詞過去式 would be，附加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞原形，附加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞原形 4. Light travels much faster than sound. 光比聲音傳播速度快得多。光比聲音傳播速度快得多。 5. When asked why, please just keep silent. 當(dāng)問到原因時(shí)，就保持沉默。當(dāng)問到原因時(shí)，就保持沉默。1 travels，謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式 keep，動(dòng)詞原形，動(dòng)詞原形

3、6. The president was warmly welcomed by the residents. 總統(tǒng)受到了居民的熱烈歡迎?？偨y(tǒng)受到了居民的熱烈歡迎。1 was welcomed，動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式，動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式1 謂語動(dòng)詞的形式包括謂語動(dòng)詞的形式包括主動(dòng)主動(dòng)句各種句各種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)下的謂下的謂語形式和語形式和被動(dòng)被動(dòng)句各種句各種時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語形式下的謂語形式。也就是說謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該有完整的也就是說謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該有完整的_ _ 和和_ 非謂語動(dòng)詞就是不能作句子謂語而具有其他非謂語動(dòng)詞就是不能作句子謂語而具有其他語法功能的動(dòng)詞。語法功能的動(dòng)詞。 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)語態(tài) Tom returned f

4、rom the managers office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once.2. The news meeting, to be held in that hall, has already been crowded with reporters. 3. Having reached the very peak of the Everest, the climbers cheered against the fierce north wind. 4. He keeps buying expensive maps. 5.

5、I heard the girl singing in the classroom.6. The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.7. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers bought by her mother.8. To live is to struggle. (生活就是斗爭。生活就是斗爭。)找出下列句子中的非謂語動(dòng)詞（含短語）找出下列句子中的非謂語動(dòng)詞（含短語）學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)（學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)（learners Guide）顧名思義，非謂語動(dòng)詞就是不能

6、做謂語的動(dòng)顧名思義，非謂語動(dòng)詞就是不能做謂語的動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成和用法并不簡單，由詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成和用法并不簡單，由于漢語中并沒有謂語動(dòng)詞的形式變化也就不于漢語中并沒有謂語動(dòng)詞的形式變化也就不存在謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞之分，所以中國存在謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞之分，所以中國學(xué)生學(xué)起來存在語言差異上的障礙。學(xué)生學(xué)起來存在語言差異上的障礙。非謂語動(dòng)詞主要分為三種非謂語動(dòng)詞主要分為三種: : 不定式不定式、動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞和分詞分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞） 非謂語不定式不定式過去分詞過去分詞(v-ed)動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞分詞分詞現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在分詞分詞(v-ing)(to do)(v-ing)學(xué)

7、前診斷（學(xué)前診斷（Pre-test）1.I am used to _ (get) up early.2._ (not receive) a reply, I sent her an e-mail again.3.All the teachers consider her _ (be) the best teacher.4. His brother is said _ (study) in the US, where he received a doctors degree.5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _

8、(not make) it more difficult.6. The young man, _ (make) several attempts to beat the world record in high jumping.Not having receivedgettingto beto have studiednot to makehaving made7. Bob works hard. He is often seen _(sweat) heavily before his teammates have arrived at practice.8. Why dont you try

9、 to do that kind of work? I cant risk _ (do) something new now.9. _ (get)out of the difficult situation, the restaurant is now making efforts to improve the quality of service.10.My shoes are worn. They need _ (repair).11. _ (expose) to sunlight for so much time, his skin got badly hurt.12.Do you fi

10、nd it necessary for us _ (learn) at least a foreign language? sweatingdoingTo getrepairing/to be repairedExposedto learn13. What do you think of this film? Its very funny. I think its worth_（see）.14. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very and I think he means _(make) trouble.15. _ (give)

11、more time, I would have done much better.自我評價(jià)（self-evaluation）levels: 8 poor 9-11 so-so 12-13 Good 14 Excellentseeingto makeGiven 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞是語法填空的必考考點(diǎn)，每年是語法填空的必考考點(diǎn)，每年高考至少有高考至少有1 1道題。不僅如此，掌握非謂語動(dòng)道題。不僅如此，掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本用法，詞的基本用法，對增強(qiáng)書面表達(dá)的文采和提對增強(qiáng)書面表達(dá)的文采和提高閱讀理解能力都有明顯的作用。高閱讀理解能力都有明顯的作用。高考主要考察非謂語動(dòng)詞的高考主要考察非謂語動(dòng)詞的作

12、用作用和和形式形式。也。也就是說：就是說：動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞，不定式不定式與與過去過去分詞分詞以及它們相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)下的各種形式以及它們相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)下的各種形式叫作動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式。叫作動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式。二二、非謂語動(dòng)詞有哪些？非謂語動(dòng)詞有哪些？ 有哪些具體的不同形式？有哪些具體的不同形式？ 非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式（以非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式（以do為例）為例）三三、不同的非謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與不同的非謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作的謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作的先后先后關(guān)系關(guān)系是什么？是什么？ 弄清非謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示弄清非謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之間的先后關(guān)系是解

13、題的關(guān)鍵所在的動(dòng)作之間的先后關(guān)系是解題的關(guān)鍵所在在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之后在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之后與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)與謂語表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生發(fā)生在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前在謂語表示的動(dòng)作之前to do/to be done to do/to be done/doing/being done done; to have done/to have been done ; having done/having been done四四、非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中通常作什么成分？非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中通常作什么成分？ 不定式1.主語主語2.表語表語3.賓語賓語 4.賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) 5.定語定語 6.狀語狀語 作用形式1.否定式：否定式：_

14、2.一般式：一般式：_3.完成式：完成式：_ 4.疑問詞疑問詞+to do 5.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：for/ of sb. to do sth.not to do to do/ to be donehaving done/ having been doneAt the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Liu Xiang excited people all over Asia when he became the first Asian to win the gold medal in the mens 110-metre hurdles.在2004年雅典

15、奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，劉翔在110米跨欄比賽中成為第一個(gè)獲得金牌的亞洲人，使全亞洲人興奮不已。不定式的句法功能，除了謂語外，不定式可以擔(dān)當(dāng)句子的任不定式的句法功能，除了謂語外，不定式可以擔(dān)當(dāng)句子的任何成分。何成分。(1) (1) 作主語作主語To see is to believe. 眼見為實(shí)。眼見為實(shí)。 (百聞不如一見百聞不如一見)To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短語不定式短語作主語作主語)上山很艱難而下山卻很好玩。上山很艱難而下山卻很好玩。To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the

16、hills was great fun.在很多情況下，特別是在口語中，我們常用在很多情況下，特別是在口語中，我們常用it作形式主語，而作形式主語，而把不定式移至句末，以保持句子平痕。把不定式移至句末，以保持句子平痕。Its not easy to find your way around the town.在這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上想要找到路很不容易。在這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上想要找到路很不容易。Its difficult to find a more inhospitable place than the South pole.找一個(gè)比南極更不宜居的城市是很難的。找一個(gè)比南極更不宜居的城市是很難的。 （2）做表語做表語

17、His ambition is to become an actor.他的理想是成為一名演員。他的理想是成為一名演員。 每周一篇閱讀理解是為了加強(qiáng)我們的解題能力。每周一篇閱讀理解是為了加強(qiáng)我們的解題能力。A reading comprehension everyday is to strengthen our ability to solve problems.你現(xiàn)在的首要目標(biāo)是全身心投入到學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中你現(xiàn)在的首要目標(biāo)是全身心投入到學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中.Your primary goal is to be devoted to your study whole-heartedly.（注意）（注意）當(dāng)主語當(dāng)中有

18、動(dòng)詞當(dāng)主語當(dāng)中有動(dòng)詞do的時(shí)，作表語的不定式可省略的時(shí)，作表語的不定式可省略to.All she could do was go back home.她所能做的就是回家。她所能做的就是回家。（3 3）作賓語）作賓語常見的接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：常見的接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：afford，aim, ask, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare,decide, demand, desire, determine, except, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, intend, learn, like,

19、long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember,threaten, try, want, wish等。例如：等。例如：He was very happy to meet two foreigners and wanted to learn all about Europe. 他很高興遇到外國人，于是想全面了解歐洲。他很高興遇到外國人，于是想全面了解歐洲。You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老學(xué)到老。要

20、活到老學(xué)到老。(不定式短語作賓語不定式短語作賓語)當(dāng)不定式作賓語而其后又有賓補(bǔ)的時(shí)候，常用當(dāng)不定式作賓語而其后又有賓補(bǔ)的時(shí)候，常用it作形作形式賓語，而將作賓語的不定式后置。式賓語，而將作賓語的不定式后置。常見結(jié)構(gòu)為：常見結(jié)構(gòu)為：consider/ feel/ find/ make/ think.+ it +賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)+ to do sth. 例如：例如：He felt it necessary to learn Spanish.他覺得有必要學(xué)習(xí)西班牙語。他覺得有必要學(xué)習(xí)西班牙語。He found it impossible to get everything ready in time.他們發(fā)

21、現(xiàn)不可能按時(shí)做好一切準(zhǔn)備。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不可能按時(shí)做好一切準(zhǔn)備。他規(guī)定課上只能講英語。他規(guī)定課上只能講英語。He made it a rule only to speak English in class.這兩個(gè)女孩如此相似以至于陌生人覺得難以區(qū)分。這兩個(gè)女孩如此相似以至于陌生人覺得難以區(qū)分。The two girls are so alike that strangers findit difficult to tell one from the other.(4) 作賓語補(bǔ)足語作賓語補(bǔ)足語常見的接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有：常見的接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞有：advise，allow, ask,

22、 beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn.I was interested in astronomy and he asked me to give a presentation to the class.我對天文學(xué)很感興趣，他叫我對全班作口頭陳述。我對天文學(xué)很感興趣

23、，他叫我對全班作口頭陳述。我的導(dǎo)師鼓勵(lì)我暑期上課來提高我的寫作水平。我的導(dǎo)師鼓勵(lì)我暑期上課來提高我的寫作水平。My advisor encouraged me to take a summmer course to improve my writing skill.有些有些感官動(dòng)詞感官動(dòng)詞和和使役動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，通常不接不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，通常不帶帶to。四看（四看（see，watch，notice，observe）三使役（三使役（let，have，make）二聽（）二聽（hear，listen to）一感覺（一感覺（feel）They made me waite while the

24、y checked everyones air tickets.The doctor had her assistant _ (pick) up some hot dogs for the meeting. （全國卷）（全國卷） 用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞make，作主，作主 補(bǔ)的不定式要把補(bǔ)的不定式要把to帶上。帶上。 Tom doesnt have to be made to learn. He always works hard.pick help后的不定式作賓補(bǔ)可帶后的不定式作賓補(bǔ)可帶to也可不帶也可不帶The interesting study

25、course can help you avoid difficulty in communication.Xie Leis preparation course is helping her to get used to academic requirements of a Western university.謝蕾的預(yù)科課程幫助她適應(yīng)西方大學(xué)的學(xué)業(yè)要求。謝蕾的預(yù)科課程幫助她適應(yīng)西方大學(xué)的學(xué)業(yè)要求。 They hope David to make a speech about his experiences in China.（注意）在漢語里，我們常說希望某人做某事（注意）在漢語里，我們常說

26、希望某人做某事但是在英語當(dāng)中沒有但是在英語當(dāng)中沒有“hope sb. to do sth.”而應(yīng)該用從句表達(dá)而應(yīng)該用從句表達(dá)hope that.They hope (that) David will make a speech about his experiences in China.wish/want(5) 作定語作定語I am always the first person to get to the office.There are lots of interesting things to see there.There are many ways to make people l

27、augh.Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.If there is a lot of work to do, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.The last one to arrive pays the meal. Agreed.Give me a pen to write .澳大利亞有這么多的危險(xiǎn)動(dòng)物，你也許會(huì)認(rèn)為在這里居住活到這澳大利亞有這么多的危險(xiǎn)動(dòng)物，你也許會(huì)認(rèn)為在這里居住活到這里旅游很不安全。里旅游很不安全。You might

28、think thath with all these dangerous animals, Australia is an unsafe place to live in or visit.with不定式作定語時(shí)，如果與其所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不定式作定語時(shí)，如果與其所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而不定式動(dòng)詞又是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則不定式后要加上相應(yīng)的而不定式動(dòng)詞又是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則不定式后要加上相應(yīng)的介詞。介詞。(6) 不定式作狀語不定式作狀語多表示目的，也表示結(jié)果原因。多表示目的，也表示結(jié)果原因。Im surprised to find that business in

29、 France dont run in the weekends. To do a good job, we must have the right tools. To make friends easily, you need to be very kind.The poor girl has been collecting seashells to make a living.表目的時(shí)表目的時(shí)to = in order to = so as to可將可將in order to 置于句首強(qiáng)調(diào)但置于句首強(qiáng)調(diào)但 so as to一般位于句中。一般位于句中。為了規(guī)勸人們?nèi)プ瞿呈?，廣告常常激起人們的

30、希望、夢想和為了規(guī)勸人們?nèi)プ瞿呈拢瑥V告常常激起人們的希望、夢想和情感。情感。In order to persuade people to do something, advertisements often appeal to our hopes and dreams or our emotions.(注意注意) 在在so. as to, enough to, only to, too.to 等等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表示結(jié)果。結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表示結(jié)果。Will you be so kind as to open the window?He arrived at the airport only to

31、find the plane had already taken off.不定式與不定式與onlyonly連用做結(jié)果狀語，表示一種意外的結(jié)連用做結(jié)果狀語，表示一種意外的結(jié)果。果。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)重要性在于體現(xiàn)了動(dòng)作先后非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)重要性在于體現(xiàn)了動(dòng)作先后不定式的一般式表示的是其動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作不定式的一般式表示的是其動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或之后；進(jìn)行式表示正在與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同同時(shí)或之后；進(jìn)行式表示正在

32、與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行；完成式表示其動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。時(shí)進(jìn)行；完成式表示其動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.不定式不定式to wonderto wonder表示的動(dòng)作和表示的動(dòng)作和beganbegan的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。She pretended to be reading when her mother came in.不定式不定式to be reading to be reading 表示表示readread這一動(dòng)作在謂語這一動(dòng)作在謂語pretendedpreten

33、ded的的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。Robert is said to have studied abroad,but I dont know which country he studied in.不定式不定式to have studied to have studied 表示表示studystudy這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語is saidis said之前。之前。He is thought _ (act) foolishly. Nowhe has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.他被認(rèn)為行事愚蠢，現(xiàn)在丟了

34、那份工作，他只能責(zé)他被認(rèn)為行事愚蠢，現(xiàn)在丟了那份工作，他只能責(zé)怪自己了。怪自己了。The engine just wont start. Something seems _ (go) wrong with it.(2) 不定式的語態(tài)不定式的語態(tài)不定式的主動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)作的不定式的主動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)執(zhí)行者行者；不定式的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)；不定式的被動(dòng)式表示其邏輯主語是不定式動(dòng)作的作的承受著承受著。to have acted to have gone James Ryan is the fourth brother to be involved in t

35、he Second World War.詹姆斯是被卷入第二次世界大戰(zhàn)漩渦的第四個(gè)兄弟。詹姆斯是被卷入第二次世界大戰(zhàn)漩渦的第四個(gè)兄弟。不定式的邏輯主語是不定式的邏輯主語是the fourth brother, the fourth brother, 與與involveinvolve是被動(dòng)關(guān)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。系。It is believed by many people to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500.許多人認(rèn)為它（古樓蘭城）在公元許多人認(rèn)為它（古樓蘭城）在公元200年至年至500年年期間漸漸

36、被沙城暴所覆蓋。期間漸漸被沙城暴所覆蓋。不定式的邏輯主語是不定式的邏輯主語是it,it,與與covercover是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且動(dòng)作發(fā)生在是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且動(dòng)作發(fā)生在is is believedbelieved之前，故用不定式的完成被動(dòng)式。之前，故用不定式的完成被動(dòng)式。His first book _ (publish) next month is based on a true story. 注意注意 不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況1.在在easy, difficult, hard, comfortable 等形容等形容詞做表語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，其后不定式用主動(dòng)形詞做表語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓

37、語時(shí)，其后不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。式表被動(dòng)。be+adj.+to doThis sentence is difficult to translate.They found the lecture hard to understand.2.to blame 作表語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。作表語時(shí)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。I resent it when something went wrong in the house Im always the one to blame.to be published3. 不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且不定式作定語與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且

38、與句中的另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。與句中的另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。Ill give you a book to read.Please lend me a pen to write with.Do you have anything to buy?He will show you the right path to take.4. There be結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式修飾主語時(shí)，主動(dòng)式和結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式修飾主語時(shí)，主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式皆可。被動(dòng)式皆可。There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.如果不定式有邏輯主語，只用主動(dòng)式。如果不定式有邏輯主語，只用主動(dòng)式。The

39、re is nothing for me to do today. 不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) It is brave of you to do that. It is easy for you to do that. 當(dāng)下列表示人物特征的形容詞同當(dāng)下列表示人物特征的形容詞同of 后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系密切，有意義后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系密切，有意義上的主表關(guān)系時(shí)，常與上的主表關(guān)系時(shí)，常與o f 搭配。搭配。brave, careful, careless, clever, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, right, wrong ,rude, stupid,

40、 silly, wise, thoughtful, etc It was very kind of you to come to help me.= You were very kind to come to help me.下列表示事物性質(zhì)的形容詞同下列表示事物性質(zhì)的形容詞同for后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系不密切，沒有后的名詞或代詞關(guān)系不密切，沒有意義上的主表關(guān)系，但與句中的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系密切，有意義上的意義上的主表關(guān)系，但與句中的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系密切，有意義上的主表關(guān)系，常與主表關(guān)系，常與 for 搭配。搭配。easy, hard, heavy, necessary, impossible, pos

41、sible, important, difficult, etc. Its hard for him to get rid of his bad habits .= For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.“疑問詞疑問詞+ + 不定式不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)I didnt know how I could get back to the village.I didnt know how to get back to the village.疑問詞疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,how等后加上等后加上不定式相當(dāng)于名詞性從句。同樣

42、一句話，可用從句或不定式相當(dāng)于名詞性從句。同樣一句話，可用從句或者是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，意義沒有區(qū)別。者是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)，意義沒有區(qū)別。第一個(gè)句子，賓語從句，較為正式。第一個(gè)句子，賓語從句，較為正式。第二個(gè)句子，簡潔，較為口語化。第二個(gè)句子，簡潔，較為口語化。He told us whether we have a picnic was still under discussion.= He told us whether to have a picnic was still under discussion.動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞“v+ing”“v+ing”與現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成完全相同，動(dòng)與現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成

43、完全相同，動(dòng)名詞具有名詞具有動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的特征也具有的特征也具有名詞名詞的特征。所謂的動(dòng)的特征。所謂的動(dòng)詞特征是說動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的賓語和狀語，名詞詞特征是說動(dòng)名詞可以有自己的賓語和狀語，名詞特征是指動(dòng)名詞可以像名詞一樣充當(dāng)特征是指動(dòng)名詞可以像名詞一樣充當(dāng)主語、賓語、主語、賓語、表語和定語表語和定語。Drinking enough water will improve your skin and give you healthy hair.飲用足量的水可改善你的肌膚，保持頭發(fā)健康。動(dòng)名詞起名詞的作用，在句中作主語，有賓語。動(dòng)名詞起名詞的作用，在句中作主語，有賓語。We looking forwar

44、d to writing to you about Orlando and his familys progress and achievements.我們期待給你寫信，談?wù)剨W蘭多及其家庭的進(jìn)展和成就。動(dòng)名詞起名詞的作用，在句中作介詞賓語，有狀語動(dòng)名詞起名詞的作用，在句中作介詞賓語，有狀語。動(dòng)名詞的功能和用法動(dòng)名詞的功能和用法（1 1）作作主語主語Traveling in space by ordinary citizens will be common.普通市民去太空旅行將會(huì)很普遍。普通市民去太空旅行將會(huì)很普遍。Preparing a delicious snack does not hav

45、e to be too difficult.準(zhǔn)備美味的點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)備美味的點(diǎn)心，不一定很難辦。心，不一定很難辦。_ felt funny watching myself on TV.在在It is no use/good (doing sth.). 后習(xí)慣接動(dòng)后習(xí)慣接動(dòng)名詞作真正主語。名詞作真正主語。Its no use crying over spilt milk.It It 在標(biāo)志語中常常用到動(dòng)名詞的慣用語。在標(biāo)志語中常常用到動(dòng)名詞的慣用語。 No smoking. No parking.(2) 作作表語表語My job is collecting information for a databa

46、se about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii.我的工作是為基拉韋厄火山的數(shù)據(jù)庫搜集信息，這我的工作是為基拉韋厄火山的數(shù)據(jù)庫搜集信息，這是夏威夷最活躍的火山之一。是夏威夷最活躍的火山之一。My favorite part was seeing the grizzly bear in the mountains.我最喜歡的一段旅程就是在山里看到灰熊。我最喜歡的一段旅程就是在山里看到灰熊。(3) 作作動(dòng)詞賓語動(dòng)詞賓語常見的能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：常見的能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞有：admit,al

47、low,avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,fancy,finish,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,suggest,practise,resist,risk,stop,ect.短語動(dòng)詞有短語動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive up, insist on, feel like,get down to, look forward to.He will keep trying out new ideas so he can help farmers around China.他（袁隆平）將不斷地試驗(yàn)新想法，以幫助全

48、中國他（袁隆平）將不斷地試驗(yàn)新想法，以幫助全中國的農(nóng)民。的農(nóng)民。每一次當(dāng)你想要吸煙的時(shí)候，就提醒自己對我承諾每一次當(dāng)你想要吸煙的時(shí)候，就提醒自己對我承諾了什么。了什么。Everytime you feel like smoking a ciegarette, remind yourself what youve promised to me.(4)(4)作介詞賓語作介詞賓語They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around.他們掌握了種植、狩獵和遷徙的新方法。他們掌握了種植、狩獵和遷徙的新方法。After

49、eating breakfast at the cafeteria I go by minibus to the university lecture halls or the library.在食堂吃過飯后，我乘坐公共小汽車去大學(xué)的報(bào)告廳或在食堂吃過飯后，我乘坐公共小汽車去大學(xué)的報(bào)告廳或是圖書館。是圖書館。(5)(5) 作定語作定語The Iron Curtain was Churchills term for the dividing line between eastern and western Europe.鐵幕是政治家丘吉爾使用的術(shù)語，指東歐和西歐的分界鐵幕是政治家丘吉爾使用的術(shù)語

50、，指東歐和西歐的分界線。線。3. 3. 動(dòng)名詞的否定式動(dòng)名詞的否定式Victor apologized for _ (not be)able to inform me of the change in the plan.維克多對沒能通知我計(jì)劃中的變化表示抱歉。維克多對沒能通知我計(jì)劃中的變化表示抱歉。forfor是介詞是介詞 后跟動(dòng)名詞。后跟動(dòng)名詞。 很抱歉我沒有按時(shí)交作業(yè)。很抱歉我沒有按時(shí)交作業(yè)。Im sorry for not handing in my homework on time.not beingnot+doingnot+doing動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)（1 1）動(dòng)名

51、詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的一般式通常表示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)動(dòng)名詞的一般式通常表示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。作同時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。When I asked him, he avoided giving me a definite answer.我問他時(shí)，他不愿給我確切的答案。動(dòng)名詞我問他時(shí)，他不愿給我確切的答案。動(dòng)名詞givinggiving表表示示givegive這個(gè)動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞這個(gè)動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞avoidedavoided的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。I have no idea of his having do

52、ne such a thing against you.我不知道他竟然會(huì)干出這種事來與你對抗。動(dòng)名詞我不知道他竟然會(huì)干出這種事來與你對抗。動(dòng)名詞having done表示表示do這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞have的的動(dòng)作之前。動(dòng)作之前。（2 2）動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示其邏輯主語是名詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示其邏輯主語是名詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式表示其邏輯主語是名詞動(dòng)作的者；動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式表示其邏輯主語是名詞動(dòng)作的承受者。承受者。Freddy and his band could not go out anywhere without be

53、ing followed.弗雷迪和他的樂隊(duì)走到哪里都會(huì)有人跟隨。動(dòng)名詞的弗雷迪和他的樂隊(duì)走到哪里都會(huì)有人跟隨。動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是邏輯主語是Freddy and his band, ,與與follow是被動(dòng)關(guān)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。系。Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.很多消費(fèi)者抱怨那家商店缺斤少兩。很多消費(fèi)者抱怨那家商店缺斤少兩。動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是customers，與，與give是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且且givegive動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作complain之前，

54、故用完成之前，故用完成被動(dòng)式。被動(dòng)式。_ (expose) to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.動(dòng)名詞作主語，且邏輯主語動(dòng)名詞作主語，且邏輯主語skinskin與與exposeexpose是被動(dòng)的是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。I hear theyve promoted Tom, but he didnt mention _ (promote) when we talked on the phone. mention mention 后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不接不定式。邏輯主后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不

55、接不定式。邏輯主語語he(Tom)he(Tom)與與promotepromote是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且promotepromote表示表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在動(dòng)作發(fā)生在mentionmention之前，故用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)之前，故用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式。式。Being exposedhaving been promoted 1. want, require, need等動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)名詞常等動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)名詞常用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。The library needs repairing, but it will have to wait until Sunday.圖書館需要修繕，但

56、要等到禮拜天。圖書館需要修繕，但要等到禮拜天。接不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。接不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。The car needs repairing.The car needs to be repaired.The shoes want mending.The shoes want to be mended. 2. worth后接動(dòng)名詞，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。后接動(dòng)名詞，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。The book is worth reading a second time.這本書值得讀第二遍。這本書值得讀第二遍。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)帶有自己的邏輯主語，這樣就構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)帶有自己

57、的邏輯主語，這樣就構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即：詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即：“名詞所有格名詞所有格/ /物主代詞物主代詞+ +動(dòng)名動(dòng)名詞詞”，可在句中作主語，表語，賓語。，可在句中作主語，表語，賓語。Marys coming late made the teacher very angry.Do you still remember my first meeting with you?At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ _(open and close) could be heard outside the classroom. 動(dòng)名詞與其邏輯主

58、語動(dòng)名詞與其邏輯主語desks構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞of的的賓語。賓語。desks與與open，close是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式。的被動(dòng)式。being opened and closedSusan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried_ (live) alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.下列情況使用動(dòng)名詞與不定式作賓語意義不同。下列情況使用動(dòng)名詞與不定式作賓語意義不同。try to do 盡力做某事盡力做某事try doing

59、 嘗試做某事嘗試做某事stop to do 停下來去做某事停下來去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事停止做某事I regret to tell you that I cant come.I regret telling you the truth.regret doing 已發(fā)生已發(fā)生regret to do 未發(fā)生未發(fā)生forget doing 已發(fā)生已發(fā)生forget to do 未發(fā)生未發(fā)生living現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞(v.+ing) 有雙重性，一方面具有動(dòng)詞的特有雙重性，一方面具有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語；另一方面具有形容征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語；另一方面具有形容詞和

60、副詞的特征，可以充當(dāng)表語、補(bǔ)足語、定語、詞和副詞的特征，可以充當(dāng)表語、補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語，表示主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，例如：狀語，表示主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，例如：My mother is in the kitchen making coffee .現(xiàn)在分詞起副詞的作用，在句中作狀語，有賓語。現(xiàn)在分詞起副詞的作用，在句中作狀語，有賓語?，F(xiàn)在分詞的功能和用法現(xiàn)在分詞的功能和用法（1）作表語作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征。Body language is fascinating for anyone to study.身體語對于任何學(xué)習(xí)者來說多具有吸引