世界經(jīng)濟(jì)組織概況

1、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)組織概況CHAPTER 2THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING The united states and 22 other countries signed the general agreement on tariffs and trade(GATT) shortly after World War II. The GATTs agency director and staff offer nations a forum for negotiating trade and related issues. member n

2、ations seek to resolve their trade disputs bilaterally ; if that fails ,special GATT panels are set up to recommend action, the panels are only advisory and have no enforcement powers.Basic elements(1)nondiscriminatory (2)protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs (3)co

3、nsultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems In april 1994, U.S. representatives pushed for an enormous expansion of the definition of trade issues. the result was the creation of the world trade organization (WTO), which encompasses the current GATT structure and exten

4、ds it to new area not adequately covered in the past, the WTO is an institution , not an agreement as was GATT. All member countries have equal representation in the WTOs ministerial conference, which meets at least every two years to vote for a director genral,who appoints other officals. Although

5、the WTO has no means of enforcement ,international pressure to comply with WTO decisions from other member coutries is expected to force compliance. Inadequate monetary reserves and unstable currencies are particularly vexing problem in global trade, so long as these conditions exist ,world markets

6、cannot develop and function as effectively as they should,to overcome these particular market barriers that plagued international trading bfore World War II , the international monetary fund (IMF) was formed. Originally 29 countries signed the agreement; now 187 countries are members. To cope with u

7、niversally floating exchange rates,the IMF developed special drawing rights(SDRs), one of its more useful inventions because both gold and the U.S. dollar have lost their utility as the basic medium of financial exchange,most monetary statistics relate to SDRs raher than dollars.the World Bank is a

8、separate institution that has as its goal the reduction of proverty and the improvement of living standards by promoting sustainable growth and investment in people1) lending money to the governments2)providing assistance to governments3)lending directly to help strengthen the private sector in deve

9、loping countries4)to create an environment in developing countries that will attract foreign investment5)promoting increasied flows of international investment by providing facilities for the conciliation and arbitration of disputes between governments and foreign investors From its beginning, it ha

10、s made progress toward achieving the goal of complete economic integration and , ultimately,political union.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)two countires established the united states -canada free trade area(CFTA),designed to eliminate all trade barriers between the two countries. the CFTA

11、 created a single , continental commercial market for all goods and most services.it provide only for the elimination of tariffs and other trade barriers.shortly after both countries had ratified the CFTA , Mexico announced that it would seek free trade with the United states. southeast asian nation

12、s (ASEAN) ,which is evolving into ASEAN free trade area(AFTA); ASEAN+3,a forum for ASEAN ministers plus ministers from china , japan and south koreaAsia-pacific economic cooperation (APEC), a forum that meets annually to discuss regional economic development and cooperation fromed in 1989 , APEC provides a formal structure for the major governments of the region, including the united states and canada,to discuss their mutual interests in open trade and economic collaboration.Representatives from APEC member nations meet annually t