高中英語語法歸納總結(jié)

1、高中英語語法之小茂解析 第一章 主謂一致 主謂一致(Subject- Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復數(shù),謂語也用復數(shù). 以下為注意事項:1. 單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather t

2、han(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個仆人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐。2. 用and連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數(shù), 否則用復數(shù). 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)A hammer and a saw are useful tool

3、s. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時候出去郊游已決定了。4. 用連接的并列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用

4、單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。5. each of + 復數(shù)代詞, 謂語動詞用單數(shù). 復數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說。6. 若主語中有more

5、 than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復數(shù), 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。 但more+復數(shù)名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用復數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個學生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們。7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:None of us are

6、(is) perfect. 人無完人。None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急。8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用復數(shù). 如:His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如:A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。9. 形復意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結(jié)尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the Uni

7、ted States; 報紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談> 以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國> 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。10. “a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式, 如:One or two pl

8、aces have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點。(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則: 1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”做主語時,謂語動詞單復數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten b

9、y a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等于10。4. 表示時間

10、, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 盡管是復數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當?shù)木嚯x。5. (1) 通常作復數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復數(shù).如: The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 aud

11、ience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解雇他。6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數(shù).如:The injured were saved after the fire.(三) 就近原則1. 由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中, (有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致.如:Here comes the

12、 bus 公共汽車來了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？2. 用連詞or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。 如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老

13、師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。注意: one of +復數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞為復數(shù)。如：Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。The only one of +復數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中，定語從句的動詞應為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。主謂一致練習1. About 60

14、 percent of the students _ from the south, the rest of them _ from the north and foreign countries.A. are/is B. are/are C. is/are D. are2. Half of the workers here _ under 30 _.A. is/years B. are/year old C. is/years old D. are/years of age3. Now Tom with his classmates _ football on the playground.

15、A. play B. are playing C. plays D. is playing4. The number of pages in this dictionary _ about two thousand.A. are B. has C. have D. is5. Thirty dollars _ too expensive.A. are B. is C. were D. be6. The audience _ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A. is B. are C. was D. has7

16、. The secretary and principal _ at the meeting now.A. are speaking B. is speaking C. were making a speech D. have a speech8. "If anybody _, please put down _ name," said the teacher to the monitor.A. wants to buy the book/his B. want to buy the book/theirC. will buy the book/one's D. w

17、ants to have the book bought/her9. Nothing but one desk and six chairs _ in the room.A. are B. is stayed C. is D. are left10. Having arrived at the station, _.A. it was found that the train had left &nb, sp; B. th, e trai, n had leftC. the train was found left D. he found that the train had left

18、11. Between the two roads _ a TV tower called "Skyscraper Tower".A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand12. Either of you _ going there tonight.A. will B. was C. is D. are13. You as well _ right.A. I are B. I am C. as I am D. as I are14. All but Dick _ in Class Three this term.A. ar

19、e B. is C. were D. was15. - Shall I wait here for three hours? -Yes. Three hours _, _ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A. are not very long for you B. is not long enough fo, , , , , r youC. was not long enough for you D. will be too long for you16. Where to get the materials and how to get them _

20、 at the meeting.A. have not discussed B. have not been discussedC. has not discussed D. has not been discussed17. I took mathematics and physics because I think that _ very important for me to make further research in this field.A. what is B. they are C. this D. which are18. Every student and every

21、teacher _.A. are going to attend the meeting B. have attended the meetingC. has attended the meeting D. is attended the meeting19. Three fourths of the bread _ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _ left on the table.A. was eaten/were B. were eaten/was C. were eaten/were D. was eaten/was20. This pair o

22、f shoes _.A. is her B. is hers C. are hers D. are her21.There _ no life on the moon.A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be 22.A group of _ are eating _ and _ at the foot of the hillA. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps grasses leavesC. sheep; grass leaf D. sheeps grass

23、 leafs23.My family raise a lot of _, including two_.A. cattles cows B. cows cattle C. cattle cows D. cow, cattles24.What he says and what he does_.A. does not agree B. do not agree C. does not agree with D. not agree25.The boy and the girl each _ toys.A. have their own B. has their own C. have her o

24、wn D. has her own26.She is the only one among the _ writers who _stories for children.A. woman, writes B. women write C. women writes D. woman write27.The railway station is _from our school.A. two hours drive B. two hours drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive28.Mike and Johns _.A. father is a

25、teacher B. fathers are teachers C. father are teachers D. fathers are teacher29.A great deal of talking and listening that _ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A. is occurred B. are occurred C. occurs D. occur30._ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A. Either the offices or B. The office

26、s and C. Both the office and D. The office and31.Three-fourths of the homework _today.A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished32.More than 60 percent of the worlds radio programmes _in England.A. is B. was C. are D. be33. _work has been done to improve the peoples

27、living standardA.A great deal of B.A great many C.A large number of D.Many34.The rest of the magazines _ within half an hour.A.is sold out B.are sold out C.was sold out D.were sold out35.There _ a lot of sugar in the jar.A. has B.have C.is D.are36. “All _present and all _going on well”, our monitor

28、said.A.is is B.are, are C.are is D.is are37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A.is B.was C.are D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters _ Chinese in China.A.are studying B.have studied C.studies D.study39.The rich_ not always happy.A.are B.is C.will D.m

29、ay40. _can be done _done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been C.All has D.All that ,has been41.Either of the plans _equally dangerous.A.are B.is C.has D.have42.The police _the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching B.were searching for C.are searching D.was searc

30、hing for43.Your trousers _dirty, you must have_ washed.A.is it B.are it C.are them D.is them44.The Olympic games _held every four _.A.is years B.are years C.is year D.are year45.He is the oly one of the students who_elected.A.are B.have C.has D.is46. _a good enough price for this book A.Two yuans ar

31、e B.Two yuan are C.Two yuans is D.Two yuan is47.No bird and no beast _in the lonely islandA.are seen B.is seen C.see D.sees48.Every means _prevent the water from_A.are used to polluting B. get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted D.is used to ,being polluted49.Each of the _in the ship.A.passeng

32、er has his own room B. passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room D.sengers has his own room50.What we need _good textbooks.A.is B.are C.have D.has51.What you said just now_to do with the matter we are discussing. A.have something B.has something C.had something D.was something52

33、.Either your parents or your elder brother _to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is B.are C.are going D.have 53.Neither of the novels which _popular with us _been translated into Chinese.A.are has B.are have C.is have D.is has54.Every boy and every girl _to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.hop

34、e D.are hoping55._ has been done.A.netynine percents of the work B. Half of what he promised C. Two-fifths of the articles D. Three quarter of the business答案：1-5 BDDDB 6-10 ABACD 11-15 ACDAB 16-20 DBCDB21-25 CACBA 26-30CBACA 31-35 CCADC 36-40CBCAD 41-45 BBCBD 46-50 DBDDB 51-55 BAABB 第三章：非謂語動詞 不定式（in

35、finitive）、分詞（participle）、動名詞（gerund）是非謂語動詞，在句子中不能作謂語。以下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。（表示可以在句中擔任的語法成分，×則表示不可以。）作用種類主語賓語賓語補足語表語定語狀語不定式動名詞××分 詞××非謂語動詞在句中的特點、性質(zhì)、用法、區(qū)別及使用注意事項分述如下：第一節(jié)、非謂語動詞作主語可作主語的非謂語形式為：不定式和動名詞。其表達形式為：不定式：主動態(tài) to do; 被動態(tài) to be done; 動名詞：主動態(tài) doing; 被動態(tài) being done。 例1：To act like

36、 that is foolish. 例2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用現(xiàn)金買那輛車是不可能的。 例3：Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 例4： What made you so late for work today ? Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy traffic. 因為交通擁擠，今早開車上班非常慢。 一般說來，動名詞和不定式作主語

37、，可以互換，其意義沒有多大差別，但須注意以下兩點： 1表示具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動作，傾向用不定式（如例2）。 表示無時限的泛指動作（如例3）或描述當時的情況（如例4），傾向用動名詞。 2在下列句型用動名詞作主語 It is no good doing.（沒有用） There is no doing. （不可能） It is no good arguing with him. 和他爭論沒有用。 There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen. 練習： 1（改錯）As is known

38、, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts.2（改錯）Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather carefully.3（選擇）_ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin. A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being exposed 答案：1learn learning 原形動詞不能作主語。 2are is 單個動名

39、詞作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 3.答案D。句義：遭太陽暴曬對皮膚有害。本題考查動名詞作主語。分析句子結(jié)構可知，待選項在句中作主語，又因為人與expose為被動關系，所以選D。第二節(jié)、非謂語動詞作表語可作表語的非謂語動詞為：不定式，動名詞。 1Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今天上午的任務是把這個郵件送給史密斯教授。（不定式解釋主語內(nèi)容） 2My hobby is collecting stamps. （動名詞解釋主語內(nèi)容）1. The purpose of new technologies is t

40、o make life easier, _it more difficult.（99全國）A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make2.分析句子是否正確: What we do is prepare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society.1、答案B。is后有兩個表語，兩者必須在結(jié)構上對稱。第一個表語為不定式to make life easier，則第二個表語也應該為不定式，所以選B。 2、正確。當主語部分有實義動詞do 時，作表語的不定

41、式可以省略to; 若沒有實義動詞do,表語中to不能省略。第三節(jié)、非謂語動詞作賓語 可作賓語的非謂語動詞為：不定式和動名詞。 1不定式作賓語 例1He demanded to know the truth. 例2The car failed to stop at the red light. 那輛轎車看到紅燈沒有停。 英語中有相當數(shù)量的動詞，只能以不定式作賓語。如： agree（同意），decide, refuse, pretend（假裝），manage（設法），promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表示愿望） afford to do（

42、買得起，承擔得起），bother to do（特意），choose to do（愿意或決定） attempt / seek to do（試圖） learn to do（學習或?qū)W會） 短語 would like（love）to do，would prefer to do（更愿意），be about to do（即將）, 介詞 but / except to do 例1）I have no choice but to give up the plan. 2）There was nothing we could do except wait. 注：but / except前有實義動詞do, 其后to

43、必須省去 請注意以下幾點： 1）疑問代詞如what，which；疑問副詞如when, whether（why除外）引導的不定式可作know, decide等的賓語，在意義上相當與一個未曾發(fā)生的賓語從句。例1We havent decided what steps to take next. We havent decided what steps we should take next.2I really dont know whether to write to her or give her a phone call. I really dont know whether I should

44、 write to her or give her a phone call. 這種結(jié)構也可以作主語和表語 例1What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步該怎么辦有待于討論。 例2Our difficulty is where to get enough money. 2）為了避免重復，不定式可省去與前邊重復的動詞原形，而保留“to”。 例： Would you like to go for a picnic with me ? Id love to, but I cant spare any time at present.（to后省略了go f

45、or a picnic with you）3）不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：主 動 語 態(tài)被 動 語 態(tài)形 式時 間 概 念形 式時間概念to do (一般時)1）未發(fā)生2）和謂語動作同時to be done同 左to be doing (進行時)謂語動作發(fā)生時，正在進行to have done (完成時)發(fā)生在謂語動作之前to have been done同 左 不定式的進行時和完成時常用在下列句型中： seem / appear（似乎）to 1）S（人，物）happen（碰巧）to pretend to be said（據(jù)說）to be thought / supposed / considered

46、/ believed（據(jù)認為）to 2）S（人，物）be reported（據(jù)報導）to be known（知道）to 請注意：考查不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重點和熱點。I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday. 據(jù)當?shù)貓蠹堉笇?，這家銀行昨天在光天化日之下遭到搶劫。 He is known to have been a

47、rrested by the police. 人們都知道他曾被警察逮捕過。 4）was / were to have done ；would like to have done wished（hoped / wanted / intended / meant）to have done 表示當時想做，而實際不能做到 I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it. I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我當時真想幫助你擺脫困境，可是我

48、那時身無分文。 2動名詞作動詞或介詞的賓語 I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很難想象與那種女子結(jié)婚后的情形。 I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次車禍中我死里逃生。 He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承認偷了我的自行車。 There is no point in arguing any further.再爭議下去毫無意義。 1）下列動詞必須帶動名詞結(jié)構作賓語： understand（理解），admit（承認），keep

49、（on）（繼續(xù)），practise（練習），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（錯過，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建議），dislike（討厭），enjoy（喜歡），delay（推遲），excuse（原諒），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反對）。 另外，有的詞既可帶動名詞做賓語，亦可帶不定式做賓語補足語，請區(qū)別清楚。如： allow doing（比較：allow sb. to do） advise doing（比較：advise sb. to do） 2）下列短語必須帶動名詞結(jié)構作賓語： be worth

50、（值得），pay attention to（注意），object to（反對），cant help（情不自禁），devote oneself to（致力于），put off（推遲），be / get used to（習慣于），feel like（想要），look forward to（盼望），get down to（開始做，認真做某事），how / what about（怎么樣），There is no point (in) doing sth (做某事毫無意義) 3）下列動詞可以用不定式作賓語，也可以用動名詞作賓語，但有明顯的語義差別。 remember doing 回憶起過去做過的事 re

51、member to do 記住要做的事 forget doing 忘記了曾做過的事 forget to do 忘記該做的事 regret doing 對已發(fā)生的事表示后悔 regret to do 對現(xiàn)在要發(fā)生的事表示抱歉 mean doing 意味著，意思是 mean to do 打算，想要 try doing 試一試某種方法 try to do 設法去做一件事 比較1I dont mean to give up the plan. 我不打算放棄這個計劃。 A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽車半路拋錨意味著我

52、們要步行幾個小時。 比較2I have always deeply regretted selling（having sold）the farm.我一直為賣掉這個農(nóng)場而后悔不已。 We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我們很遺憾地告訴你，你欠銀行100英鎊。第四節(jié)、非謂語動詞作狀語 作狀語的非謂語動詞為：分詞和不定式1現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別 1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，譯為“令人”；過去分詞表示被動，譯為“感到”，這是兩者最重要的區(qū)別 The weather of this summer is disappointing. My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam. 描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞。 描述人的情感一般用過去分詞。 I dont think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.（it指“象這樣的壞人受到懲罰”這件