第三講中英語言對比

1、Chapter ThreeA Comparative Study of Chinese and EnglishContentsvA Comparison of Thought Patterns between Chinese and WesternersvA Comparison between Chinese and English LanguageA Comparison of Thought Patterns between Chinese and Westerners1. Linear(直線型直線型) vs Spiral (螺旋型螺旋型)v“Cultural Thought Patte

2、rns in Intercultural Education,”-published by American linguist Robert B. Kaplan on Language Learning in 1966. （Semitic languages include Arabic and Hebrew; Romance languages refer to French, Italian and Spanish, which come from Latin.） EnglishOriental Russian Semitic Romance vFrancis Bacon 培根（1561-

3、1626）: Of Studies Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長才。其怡情也，最見于獨處幽居之時；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處世判事之際。 (王佐良

4、譯) 關 雎 關關雎鳩，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。 參差荇菜，左右流之。窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。 求之不得，寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉。輾轉反側。 參差荇菜，左右采之。窈窕淑女，琴瑟友之。 參差荇菜，左右毛之。窈窕淑女。鐘鼓樂之。 v2. Concreteness(具象具象)vs abstractness（抽象）（抽象） In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity. 有些時裝設計師為了趕時髦，舍棄了優(yōu)雅別致的樣式，而一味追求袒胸露體的奇裝異

5、服。 Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 聰明人防患于未然，愚蠢者臨渴掘井v3. 本體型思維本體型思維 vs 客體型思維客體型思維 漢語習慣于用表示人或生物的詞(animate)做主語，而英語則常用非生物名詞(inanimate)做主語。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. An idea suddenly struck/occurred to/dawned on/ me. His illness kept

6、her in hospital four weeks .Dawn met him well along the way. 1919年“五四”運動以后，開始了“新紅學”時代，代表人物有胡適、俞平伯這樣一些學者。The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “New Redology”, represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Ping-bo. v順向思維順向思維 vs 逆向思維逆向思維 Back and forward vs 以前和以后： In measuring forwar

7、ds from a point of time in the past, only the following construction is normal 當從過去某個時間向后算起時，下列結構才是常用的。 可是我們已經說到故事的后面去了。 But we are getting ahead of the story. “九五折”: a five percent discount; “自學”: self-taught; “油漆未干”: wet paint; “乘客止步”: crew only.summary 1. Linear(直線型直線型) vs Spiral (螺旋型螺旋型) 2. Conc

8、reteness(具象具象)vs abstractness（抽象）（抽象） 3. 本體型思維本體型思維 vs 客體型思維客體型思維 4. 順向思維順向思維 vs 逆向思維逆向思維 A Comparison between Chinese and English Languagev 英語重形合英語重形合Hypotaxis ，漢語重意合，漢語重意合Parataxis v英語重形合是指英語語言符號之間有較強的邏輯英語重形合是指英語語言符號之間有較強的邏輯關系關系vHypotaxis refers to the placement of related clauses, constructions,

9、etc, in a series using connecting words ；v漢語重意合是指漢語句子主要通過字詞的意義連漢語重意合是指漢語句子主要通過字詞的意義連結起來。結起來。v Parataxis refers to the placement of related clauses, constructions, etc. in a series without the use of connecting wordsv形合與意合最典型的表現是英漢兩種語言句子形合與意合最典型的表現是英漢兩種語言句子結構的不同結構的不同v英語句子外形很嚴謹，重分析，強調形合；漢語句子外形較松散、自由，重

10、意合、輕分析。 v英語以主謂結構為主干，以謂語動詞為中心，通過大量反映形式關系要素層層搭架，往往從句中套從句，形成的長句較多（tree structure）；漢語講究煉句，忌冗長拖沓，重明晰舒緩。多個動詞的連用使呈流水句式（bamboo structure）。(complex vs. simplex)v英語句子主次分明，漢語句子表現的信息從語法外形上主次不分，善用流水句。 (subject-prominent vs. topic-prominent)天凈沙.秋思 馬致遠 枯滕老樹昏鴉， 小橋流水人家， 古道西風瘦馬， 夕陽西下， 斷腸人在天涯。Tune: Tian Jing ShaWither

11、ed vines hanging on old braches,Returning crows croaking at dusk.A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge,And below the bridge a quiet creek running.Down a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding The sun dips down in the westAnd the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world

12、. (丁祖蔭&Burton Raffel, trans)v跑得了和尚,跑不了廟.vThe monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with him.v人有臉,樹有皮.vThe face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.v人窮志短vWhen a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles ambition.)v他不去我去.vId like to go if he wouldnt.v病來如山倒，

13、病去如抽絲。Sickness comes like an avalanche, but goes like reeling silk. (Contrast, Opposition 對照、轉折對照、轉折)v他人老,心不老。Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart. (Concession 讓步讓步)v人無遠慮，必有近憂。If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep. (Condition 條件條件)2. 英語呈樹狀

14、結構，漢語呈竹狀結構英語呈樹狀結構，漢語呈竹狀結構vChinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式結構） with different sections linked and yet separated從前這里有一個漁村，村里住著十戶人家，這十戶人家全靠打魚、種地 為生，生活艱苦，但很安寧。開始家人是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開了，抽吧，揀好的買，想抽就抽。vEnglish: tree-like sentence structure （樹式結構）with different parts connected like branches and sub-

15、branches to the trunk linevAs a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. - Jimmy Carter3. 英語多復合長句英語多復合長句;漢語多簡單句漢語多簡單句英語重形合以及英語各種替代詞替代詞與關系詞關系詞的廣泛運用,導致英語較多出現 “多枝

16、共干”式長句,復合句.而漢語正好相反,多用短句,簡單句.As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.我們就住在路邊.過路人或外鄉(xiāng)人常到我們家,嘗嘗我們家釀的酸果酒

17、.這種酒很有名氣.我敢說,嘗過的人,從沒有挑剔過.我這話像歷史學家的話一樣靠得住. 兩種語言不同的造句方式兩種語言不同的造句方式v英語造句主要使用“樓房建筑法”(architecture style)，句子一般有完整的結構，許多有關的成分通過各種表示關系和連接的手段組成關系詞結集(conjunctive nexus)，直接或間接的粘附在這個句子結構的里外，前后、左右或中間，整個句子成了龐大復雜的“建筑物”。v漢語主要采用“流水記事法”（chronicle style)，常用分句或流水句來逐層敘述思維的各個過程(streamline the thoughts)。In the doorway la

18、y at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.門口放著一堆雨傘，少說也有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一。Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?我有一個問題弄不懂，想請教你，你能回答嗎？因為距離遠，又缺乏交通工具，農村社會是與外界隔絕的。這種隔絕狀態(tài)，由于通訊工具不足，就變得更加嚴重了。The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport

19、 facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 4. 漢語漢語話題話題-評論型評論型Topic-Comment Sentence Structure （話題話題- -評論評論結構）結構）or Topic-prominent Language話題突出型語話題突出型語言言， 英語主語英語主語-謂語型謂語型Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主語（主語- -謂語結構）謂語結構）or or Subject-prominent Language主語突出型主語突出型語言語言 v我的

20、小孫子他很調皮。v那所房子你們早該修了。v英語這門語言，學會它可不容易。v這里建大橋，我看行不通。 My little grandson is very naughty. You should have repaired the house. It is by no means easy to learn the English language. I dont think it workable to build a bridge here.Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 話題話題- -評論評論English Structure:Subject-Predica

21、te 主語主語- -謂語謂語 5.英語:靜態(tài)語言;漢語:動態(tài)語言(Impersonal vs Personal （物稱與人稱）（物稱與人稱） 源于：源于：語言的差異一般源于思維模式的差異：本體型思維與客體型思維) 英語有少用(謂語)動詞,或使用其他手段表示動作意義的自然傾向;而漢語則有動輒使用動詞的固有習慣. vWhat has happened to you?你出什么事了？vAn idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一個主意。vNot a sound reached our ears.我們沒有聽到任何聲音。vA great elation overcame them.

22、他們欣喜若狂。 v我瘋狂地愛上了她,她也瘋狂地愛上了我. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.(英語可省略后半句的動詞,漢語卻不可.)v他來回晃著腦袋,欲望在膨脹,意志在萎縮. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.(英語用獨立結構,漢語則用動詞.)v我擔心你誤解了我. I am afraid of you misunderstanding me.(英語用動名詞復合結構)v這將證實其使用是十分普遍的. That would be the co

23、nfirmation that it was in general use. (confirm同根名詞)v除上述同源詞外,還有眾多的詞可用來表示動作意義.如:glance, glimpse, look, mention, close等;形容詞able, afraid, angry, anxious, aware, capable, good等.在特定的語言環(huán)境中,這些詞都宜譯作相應的動詞.如:v一看見他,我就緊張. The very sight of him makes me nervous.v對此我深信不疑. Im sure of it. 6.Passive vs Active） 英語重物稱

24、，常采用無生命詞匯作英語重物稱，常采用無生命詞匯作主語，所以多被動句，并且不指出動作的執(zhí)主語，所以多被動句，并且不指出動作的執(zhí)行者；漢語重人稱，習慣用表示人或物的詞行者；漢語重人稱，習慣用表示人或物的詞匯作主語，大都以主動句的形式出現。匯作主語，大都以主動句的形式出現。vA wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in. 他進門時帶進一縷雪茄煙霧.v“嗨! 嗨!”出租車司機嚷道,他一瞅見旅客就 “砰”地打開車門. “Hi! Hi!” said the cab driver, the door of whose cab popped open at the ver

25、y sight of a traveler.v這位飽嘗辛酸者,卻讓全世界的人發(fā)出笑聲. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.v英語常用被動句主要有一下幾方面的原因： （1）不需要、不可能或不便指明施事（agent） The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 今晚有人在

26、此講了些不該講的話。 （2）句法要求：為了使句子平衡，保持末端中心（end focus)和末端重量（end weight),以符合主語簡短、謂語復雜的表達習慣。 I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job. 他準備給我一份工作，這使我大吃一驚。而漢語被動的使用受到限制。古代漢語主要用“為” 字或”為所“結構。如論語”不為酒困“，杜甫”茅屋為秋風所破“?，F代漢語主要用”被字式“，如”被捕“，”被殺“，”被壓迫“等，輔以 “讓”、“給”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”等詞。7. Abstract vs Concrete （抽象與具體）（抽象與

27、具體）英語的抽象表達法主要見于大量使用抽象名詞。抽象表達法在英語里使用得相當普遍，尤其常用于社會科學論著、官方文章、報刊評論、法律文書、商業(yè)信件等文體。The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.(Times)（It is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified.)管理體制需要改革，這已越來越清楚了。Was this the realization of an

28、 anticipated liability? (=Did you expect you would have to do this?)你有沒有預料到你必需做這件事？summaryvHypotactic vs Paratactic （形合與意合）（形合與意合） vBamboo-like sentence structure vs tree-like sentence structure(竹式結構與樹式結構竹式結構與樹式結構)vComplex vs. Simple(繁復與簡短）繁復與簡短）vSubject-Predicate vs topic-prominent vImpersonal vs P

29、ersonal （物稱與人稱）（物稱與人稱）vPassive vs Active (被動被動 vs 主動）主動）vAbstract vs Concrete （抽象與具體）（抽象與具體）exercises1. I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded

30、 by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.我想，如果一個人思路不清，寫起文章來也會雜亂無章；我想，如果一個人思路不清，寫起文章來也會雜亂無章；如果他性情多變、喜怒無常，他的文章也會充滿奇思妙想；如果他性情多變、喜怒無常，他的文章也會充滿奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事聯想到上百件事，除非他如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事聯想到上百件事，除非他有很強的自我約束力，他的文章就會滿篇是比喻

31、聯想。有很強的自我約束力，他的文章就會滿篇是比喻聯想。v3. He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. va. 他說得那么好聽，以至于每一個人都相信他是無他說得那么好聽，以至于每一個人都相信他是無辜的。辜的。vb. 他說的那樣好聽，誰都相信他是無辜的。他說的那樣好聽，誰都相信他是無辜的。v v4. If you turn to the left, you will find our institute at a distance. va. 如果你向左轉彎，如果你向左轉彎， 你就可以遠遠看到我們學校。你就可以遠

32、遠看到我們學校。 vb. 向左轉彎就可以遠遠看到我們學校。向左轉彎就可以遠遠看到我們學校。 v5. We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. va. 我們起飛了并且飛過城市并且慢慢飛高。我們起飛了并且飛過城市并且慢慢飛高。 vb. 我們起飛了，飛過城市，慢慢飛高。我們起飛了，飛過城市，慢慢飛高。 v6. The cat ate the mouse that ate the malt(麥芽麥芽糖糖) that lay in the corner of the house. va. 貓吃了那只吃了放在房子角落里的麥芽糖

33、的耗子。貓吃了那只吃了放在房子角落里的麥芽糖的耗子。 b.耗子吃了放在房子角落里的麥芽糖，貓吃了耗子。耗子吃了放在房子角落里的麥芽糖，貓吃了耗子。7. I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavour to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.我們誠懇地希望，你們在表示祝賀之后，能作出相應我們誠

34、懇地希望，你們在表示祝賀之后，能作出相應的共同努力，以便尋求一個公正可行的辦法，來解的共同努力，以便尋求一個公正可行的辦法，來解決這個多年來一直困擾著聯合國的問題。決這個多年來一直困擾著聯合國的問題。8They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.他們通常沒意識到在很多國家，行行色色的賄賂行他們通常沒意識到在很多國家，行行色色的賄賂行為正日益增多。在某些國

35、家，這已成為人們幾百年為正日益增多。在某些國家，這已成為人們幾百年來的生活方式。來的生活方式。9Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts. 他心中的所謂文化，與人的精神心靈有關，不能他心中的所謂文化，與人的精神心靈有關，不能用物質的豐富，甚至藝術文明來衡量

36、。他跟東方用物質的豐富，甚至藝術文明來衡量。他跟東方人交往很久，也同情東方人；在東方人心目中，人交往很久，也同情東方人；在東方人心目中，文化也是如此。文化也是如此。9. She kicked her shoes, and stepped into a pair of slippers which were too big for her tiny feet; without shoes she lost some of her elegance and height.她踢脫鞋子，踏進一雙拖鞋?？蓪λ请p纖纖細腳她踢脫鞋子，踏進一雙拖鞋?？蓪λ请p纖纖細腳來說，拖鞋顯得太大了。換鞋之后，她便失了

37、幾分來說，拖鞋顯得太大了。換鞋之后，她便失了幾分風度，也失了幾分高度。風度，也失了幾分高度。v10.那個男孩哭得似乎心碎了，當我問他時，那個男孩哭得似乎心碎了，當我問他時，他說他已有兩天沒吃東西了，實在餓極了。他說他已有兩天沒吃東西了，實在餓極了。v The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days.v11.他站住，轉過身來，定睛一看，原來是個年邁的他站住，轉過身來

38、，定睛一看，原來是個年邁的婦女。她身材修長，雖受歲月折磨而顯得憔悴，但婦女。她身材修長，雖受歲月折磨而顯得憔悴，但風韻猶存。風韻猶存。vIt was an old woman .tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on which his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.v12.冬天，在四周圍都是山地的這里，看見太陽的日冬天，在四周圍都是山地的這里，看見太陽的日子真是太少了。今天，難得霧這么稀薄，空中融融子真是太少了。今天，難得霧這么稀薄，空中融融地混合著金黃的陽光，把地上的一切，好像也照上

39、地混合著金黃的陽光，把地上的一切，好像也照上一層歡笑的顏色。一層歡笑的顏色。vIn winter, sunny days were scarce here, as it was surrounded by hills all around. Today, however, the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.v13. S君有妻，丑，為此頗感自豪，常于有靚妻之友君有妻，丑，為此頗感自豪，常于有靚妻之友面前夸口：丑妻是寶，見了惡心，不見