第二講 電子地圖可視化

1、電子地圖可視化工程武漢大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院第二講 電子地圖可視化地圖可視化實(shí)質(zhì)地理實(shí)體可視化形式圖解促進(jìn)信息傳輸空間認(rèn)知符號(hào)地圖可視化實(shí)質(zhì)Posted on November 7, 2011 by Andy Woodruff GIScience, SRES, Wuhan UniversityGIScience, SRES, Wuhan UniversityGIScience, SRES, Wuhan University2.1 科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化的基本概念2.1.1 科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化的概念 可視化是一種計(jì)算方法，它將符號(hào)或數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為直觀的幾何圖形，便于研究人員觀察其模擬和計(jì)算過程。可視化是一個(gè)工具

2、，用來解譯輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)中的圖像數(shù)據(jù)和從復(fù)雜的多維數(shù)據(jù)中生成圖像，它主要研究人和計(jì)算機(jī)怎樣協(xié)調(diào)一致地感受、使用和傳輸視覺信息（McCormick et al.，1987）。 2.1 科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化的基本概念2.1.2 科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化的意義數(shù)據(jù)的處理速度快； 實(shí)現(xiàn)人與人和人與機(jī)之間的圖象通訊； 對(duì)計(jì)算過程和結(jié)果進(jìn)行控制； 可提供多種可視化技術(shù)手段；2.1.3 科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化的過程過濾過濾映射映射繪制繪制反饋反饋2.2.1 空間信息及其表現(xiàn)方法 空間信息可視化研究的內(nèi)容包括空間實(shí)體信息的創(chuàng)建、組織、理解和表示的計(jì)算、認(rèn)知和圖形設(shè)計(jì)等幾個(gè)主要部分，其結(jié)果可以被符號(hào)化、圖形化、形象化，而且區(qū)別于那些文字

3、和公式化的表達(dá)。 2.2.2 空間信息可視化2.1 科學(xué)計(jì)算可視化的基本概念2.2 電子地圖的可視化理論2.2.3 地圖可視化地圖可視化成為GIS和地圖學(xué)領(lǐng)域中被關(guān)注的主要焦點(diǎn)之一。 ICA于1995年成立可視化委員會(huì)（Commission on Visualization ）； 可視化成為1999年渥太華ICA會(huì)議的主要議題之一； Philbrick（1953）提出地圖可視化的概念； DiBiase（1990）提出了地理可視化的框架； Taylor（1991）認(rèn)為地圖可視化是地圖學(xué)重要理論基礎(chǔ)； Buttenfield等（1991）從GIS的角度給出可視化的定義； MacEachren（19

4、94）從地圖應(yīng)用角度理解地圖可視化； 高俊院士（1996）從認(rèn)知角度研究了地圖可視化理論； Kraak，Wood，Palmer， 地圖可視化以計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、地圖學(xué)、認(rèn)知科學(xué)與地理信息系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)，以屏幕地圖形式，直觀、形象與多維、動(dòng)態(tài)地顯示空間信息的方法與技術(shù)。 2.2.3 地圖可視化（科學(xué)探究工具論） DiBiase認(rèn)為可視化在研究過程的早期側(cè)重于個(gè)人特征的視覺思維，后期側(cè)重于研究結(jié)果的公眾交流與視覺傳輸。 2.2 電子地圖的可視化理論2.2.3 2.2.3 地圖可視化（現(xiàn)代地圖學(xué)核心論）地圖可視化（現(xiàn)代地圖學(xué)核心論） 可視化是現(xiàn)代地圖學(xué)的核心，處在這個(gè)等邊三角形的中心，傳輸和認(rèn)知模型是地圖可視

5、化的重要內(nèi)容。 可視化仍然是地圖核心，交互性和動(dòng)態(tài)性在制圖可視化研究中也顯得越來越重要。 2.2 電子地圖的可視化理論2.2.3 2.2.3 地圖可視化（地圖應(yīng)用論地圖可視化（地圖應(yīng)用論 ） 地圖應(yīng)用的對(duì)象包括個(gè)人和公眾； 人圖交互水平有高有低； 地圖應(yīng)用的目的是揭示未知與表達(dá)已知。信息傳輸（遠(yuǎn)角點(diǎn)）具有表達(dá)已知、面對(duì)大眾、人圖交互作用較低的特點(diǎn)； 可視化（近角點(diǎn)）則具有揭示未知、面對(duì)個(gè)人、人圖交互作用較高的特點(diǎn)。 2.2 電子地圖的可視化理論2.2.4 2.2.4 地圖認(rèn)知論地圖認(rèn)知論對(duì)地圖對(duì)象的認(rèn)知。制圖者認(rèn)知模型讀圖者認(rèn)知模型對(duì)表達(dá)事物和現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)知，及內(nèi)容表現(xiàn)形式的認(rèn)知。地圖認(rèn)知指導(dǎo)選取

6、地圖信息指導(dǎo)地圖載負(fù)量設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)可視化界面設(shè)計(jì)2.2 電子地圖的可視化理論2.2.5 2.2.5 地圖信息傳輸論地圖信息傳輸論信息表現(xiàn)形式由單一化向多樣化擴(kuò)展；信息傳輸方式由靜態(tài)向動(dòng)態(tài)擴(kuò)展；信息表現(xiàn)范圍由二維向多維擴(kuò)展；信息接收方式由被動(dòng)向主動(dòng)擴(kuò)展；信息傳輸手段由常規(guī)向新技術(shù)擴(kuò)展；信息傳輸途徑由視覺向視、聽、觸等 多種感覺形式擴(kuò)展。傳統(tǒng)的信息傳輸模型傳統(tǒng)的信息傳輸模型基于可視化的信息傳輸模型基于可視化的信息傳輸模型基于交互的信息傳輸模型基于交互的信息傳輸模型2.2 電子地圖的可視化理論2.3 電子地圖的可視化研究框架2.3.1 多媒體電子地圖可視化特點(diǎn) 直觀性 交互性 動(dòng)態(tài)性 集成性 多維性2.

7、3 電子地圖的可視化研究框架2.3.2 2.3.2 多媒體電子地圖可視化研究框架多媒體電子地圖可視化研究框架SRES, Wuhan UniversityCartographic InteractionInteractive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionAnalog/digital mapsOverview completely unfolding the map.Pan fold and unfold the map, hiding and revealing different subsections.Zoom c

8、loser or nearer to face.Link/relate/find Reference legend symbol and index to find landmarks position.Annotate draw or write notes on the map.Collaborative environment multiple users.Select/highlight point at a location for another to view.Filter identify a subset of important topics to identify on

9、the map.Re-do/re-visualize the user may forget the directions and try to recreate the wayfinding process.Robert E. Roth, Department of Geography, Penn State University, 2009Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionMacEachren,1995; Robert E. Roth,2009 Interactive Cartography a

10、nd VisualizationCartographic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 Levels of Cartographic Interaction. Cartographic Interaction can be conceptualized according to at least five levels: (1) goals, (2) objectives, (3) operators, (4) user inputs, and (5) operandsInteractive Cartography and VisualizationCartog

11、raphic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 In the context of exploratory geovisualization, initial user goals are often open-ended or poorly defined, and may emerge as the user is interacting with the map.Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 Objectives are

12、the clearly defined tasks that a user must complete in order to achieve a goal.Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 Operators are digital tools through which cartographic interactions are made possible. Operators generally rely upon one of five interfa

13、ce styles: (1) direct manipulation, (2) menu selection, (3) form fill-in, (4) command language, and (5) natural language (Shneiderman and Plaisant,2010).Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 MacEachrens six operators: (1) assignment (changing the mappin

14、g of variables to graphic components), (2) brushing (highlighting a set of entities in one view and observing effects in linked views), (3) focusing (limiting the inclusion of data in the linked views to a specified value range), (4) colormap manipulation (assigning specific colors to individual obs

15、ervations or a subset of observations falling within a specified range of values), (5) viewpoint manipulation (changing the size, position, and orientation of the information graphic onscreen), and (6) sequencing (animating the views over time).Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic i

16、nteractionRobert E. Roth,2009 The lowest level of conceptualization cartographic interaction is in terms of the input device:text-entry (i.e., the keyboard) and pointing (e.g., mouse, multi-touch screen, directional pad, graphics tablet, joystick, touchpad, touch point, touch screen, and track ball)

17、.Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 Operands: Information.Interactive Cartography and VisualizationCartographic interactionRobert E. Roth,2009 Minimization of the gulf of execution and gulf of evaluation are of equal importance for ensuring successfu

18、l cartographic interaction.Map Interaction & TechniquesSRES, Wuhan UniversityInteractive Cartography and VisualizationMultiple, coordinated viewsInteractive Cartography and VisualizationBrushingInteractive Cartography and VisualizationHighlightingInteractive Cartography and VisualizationData Pro

19、bing and Info Window DesignInteractive Cartography and VisualizationThe User InterfaceWhat elements to animated map?SRES, Wuhan UniversityElementsTemporal Scale and PaceA good temporal legend has to communicate three things:1) What is the current moment (e.g., June 10), 2) what is the total length o

20、f time in the animation (e.g., June 1-22), and 3) where is this moment in relation to the animation as a whole (e.g., about half way through). temporal legend ArcGIS Maplex Automatic PlacementIntuitive user interface and rule-based label engineElementsCartographic TextElementsReducing the Split Atte

21、ntion EffectAttention TunnelingSplit Attention EffectShiftSolutionsElementsTemporal Re-ExpressionTemporal re-expression is displaying the same dataset using different temporal units in which the data are aggregated to create composite frames (or moments) in the animation.ElementsTemporal Granularity

22、 and InterpolationMany animated maps employ temporal interpolation to “fill-in” missing time periods or to create a smoother looking animation.Aggregating our data together can be used to change how much time each frame of the animation represents, also known as temporal granularity. Doing this allo

23、ws viewers to create temporal slices of different thickness so that the smallest/finest moment that can be seen in the animation could be changed from hours to days or months.ElementsMobile Annotation上海城市通-電子地圖光盤（2004）ElementsAutomatic Annotation Placement （ArcGIS Maplex）ElementsAnnotation Size / De

24、nsity / Tracking （TypeB)SRES, Wuhan University電子地圖可視化思維電子地圖可視化思維電子地圖可視化思維電子地圖可視化思維 In cartography, aesthetics is about the visual effect of a mapits particular “l(fā)ook”which is constructed from the interplay of the graphical elements. Aesthetics is a highly debated issue; opinions are strong and varied and there are no universal rules, even though when we say a map is “beautiful” we believe that others ought to agree with us. (Alexander J. Kent et al. , 2013)Cartographic Design and Aesthetics “FAQ”電子地圖可視化思維電子地圖可視化思維視覺美功能電子地圖可視化思維 As most maps are made