科學(xué)史上4個(gè)著名的夢(mèng).docx

1、科學(xué)史上第一個(gè)著名的夢(mèng)德國(guó)化學(xué)家凱庫(kù)勒(F.A.Kekule, 1829-1896)是一位極富想像力的學(xué)者，他曾提出了碳原子四價(jià)學(xué)說(shuō)和碳原子之間可以相連成-C-C-鏈狀結(jié)構(gòu)這一重要學(xué) 說(shuō)。German chemist Kekule (F.A.Kekule ,1829-1896) is a very imaginative scholar. He had put forward the theory of tetravalent carbon atoms and the important doctrine of carbon atoms can be connected into -CC- c

2、hain structure.1865年，他提出了苯的環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)說(shuō)，他認(rèn)為苯的結(jié)構(gòu)可想像為6個(gè)鏈形碳原 子閉合而成。也就是我們現(xiàn)在所說(shuō)的凱庫(kù)勒式.In 1865, he proposed the benzene ring structure doctrine, he believed that 6 chain carbon atoms closed made the structure of benzene. That was the Kekule style.他曾經(jīng)提出了多種開(kāi)鏈?zhǔn)浇Y(jié)構(gòu)而又因其與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不符而被一一否認(rèn)所有的證據(jù)都說(shuō)明苯分子非常對(duì)稱(chēng)，6個(gè)碳原子和6個(gè)氫原子完全對(duì)稱(chēng)地排列、 形

3、成穩(wěn)定的分子。He has proposed a variety of open-chain structures and denied them because they did not match with the experimental results.All the evidence showed that the benzene molecule are very symmetrical, 6 carbon atoms and the six hydrogen atoms are completely symmetrically arranged to form a stable

4、molecule.關(guān)于凱庫(kù)勒悟出苯分子的環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)的經(jīng)過(guò)，一直是化學(xué)史上的一個(gè)趣聞。 據(jù)他自己說(shuō)這來(lái)自于一個(gè)夢(mèng)。那是1864年他在比利時(shí)的根特大學(xué)任教時(shí)，一天 夜晚，他在書(shū)房中壁爐前打起了瞌睡，眼前又出現(xiàn)了碳原子和分子們開(kāi)始在幻覺(jué) 中跳舞，一條碳原子鏈像蛇一樣咬住自己的尾巴，在他眼前旋轉(zhuǎn)不停。他像觸電 般地猛醒過(guò)來(lái)，明白了苯分子是一個(gè)環(huán)。對(duì)此，凱庫(kù)勒說(shuō)：“我們應(yīng)該會(huì)做夢(mèng)！ 那么我們就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)真理，但不要在清醒的理智檢驗(yàn)之前，就宣布我們的 夢(mèng)。”The history of Kekule realized the ring structure of the benzene molecule was

5、 an anecdote.That was in 1864, he taught at the University of Ghent in Belgium, one night, he dozed off in the den in front of the fireplace.the carbon atoms and molecules began to dance in illusion and a chain of carbon atoms liked a snake bit its own tail appeared , revolved in his eyes. He wake u

6、p like electric shock , understood the benzene molecule was a ring. In this regard, Kekule said: "We should be dreaming!Then we can find the truth . But do notannounce our dreams before inspections科學(xué)史上第二個(gè)著名的夢(mèng)1869年2月，化學(xué)王國(guó)的憲法一元素周期律。當(dāng)時(shí)己經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了 63種元素，科學(xué) 家無(wú)可防止地要想到，自然界是否存在某種規(guī)律，使元素能夠有序地分門(mén)別類(lèi)、 各得其所？In 1869

7、 February, the constitution of the kingdom of chemicalelement periodic law. At that time , already discovered 63 kinds of elements, the scientists would have to think about whether there was a law of nature, so that the elements can be arranged, orderly, play their proper roles?35歲的化學(xué)教授門(mén)捷列夫苦苦思索著這個(gè)問(wèn)題

8、，在疲倦中進(jìn)入了夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)。在夢(mèng)里他看到一張表，元素們紛紛落在合適的格子里。醒來(lái)后他立刻記下了這個(gè) 表的設(shè)計(jì)理念：元素的性質(zhì)隨原子序數(shù)的遞增，呈現(xiàn)有規(guī)律的變化。門(mén)捷列夫在他的表里為未知元素留下了空位，后來(lái)，很快就有新元素來(lái)填充，各 種性質(zhì)與他的預(yù)言驚人地吻合。At the age of 35, the chemistry professor Mendeleev struggled with the question, in tired in sleep. In the dream he saw a form, the elements fell in the right box. When he a

9、woke he immediately wrote down the table design concept: the properties of the elements with atomic numbers increased, presenting a regular change. Mendeleev left a vacancy in his vocabulary for the unknown elements , then, a new element appeared filling the variety , and consistent to his prophecie

10、s strikingly .科學(xué)史上第三個(gè)著名的夢(mèng)1921年復(fù)活節(jié)星期天之前的夜晚，奧地利生物學(xué)家洛伊從夢(mèng)中醒來(lái)，抓過(guò)一張 紙迷迷糊糊地寫(xiě)了些東西，倒下去又睡著了。早上6點(diǎn)鐘，他突然想到自己昨夜 記下了一些極其重要的東西，卻怎么也看不明白自己寫(xiě)的是些什么鬼畫(huà)符。幸運(yùn) 的是，第二天凌晨3點(diǎn)，逃走的新思想又回來(lái)了，它是一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)方法，可 以用來(lái)驗(yàn)證洛伊17年前提出的某個(gè)假說(shuō)是否正確。The night before the 1921 Easter Sunday , Austria biologist Roy woke up from a dream, grabbed a piece of pa

11、per absently and wrote something,and then fall asleep again. At six o' clock in the morning, it suddenly occurred to him that he did write down some important things, but can not understand himself. Fortunately, the very next day at 3 am, the new thought came back again, it is an experimental de

12、sign method.洛伊趕緊起床，跑到實(shí)驗(yàn)室，殺掉了兩只青蛙，取出蛙心泡在生理鹽水里，其中 一號(hào)帶著迷走神經(jīng)，二號(hào)不帶。用電極刺激一號(hào)心臟的迷走神經(jīng)使心臟跳動(dòng)變慢， 幾分鐘后把泡著它的鹽水移到二號(hào)心臟所在的容器里，結(jié)果二號(hào)心臟的跳動(dòng)也放 慢了。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)明，神經(jīng)并不直接作用于肌肉，而是通過(guò)釋放化學(xué)物質(zhì)來(lái)起作 用，一號(hào)心臟的迷走神經(jīng)受刺激時(shí)產(chǎn)生了某些物質(zhì)，它們?nèi)芙庠邴}水里，對(duì)二號(hào) 心臟產(chǎn)生了作用。神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的化學(xué)傳遞就這樣被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，它開(kāi)啟了一個(gè)全新的研 究領(lǐng)域，并使洛伊獲得1936年諾貝爾生理學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。Roy got up, went to the lab, killed two frogs

13、, took the frog hearts soaked in saline, wherein one with the vagus nerve(NO.I), the other without(NO.2). Electrode stimulation vagus nerve of N0.1 that caused the heart to beat slow, a few minutes later, moved its saline to containers of N0.2, then the heart beat of N0.2 also slowed down. This expe

14、riment showed that, nerve does not directly act on the muscle, but through the release of chemical substances , cardiac vagal stimulation caused certain substances of N0.1, they dissolved in saline, did impact on NO.2 . Chemical transmission of nerve impulses were found, it opened up a whole new fie

15、ld of research, and made Roy won the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1936.科學(xué)史上第四個(gè)著名的夢(mèng)在工業(yè)化的服裝生產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)之前，人們概念里的縫紉針都是一樣的：穿線的洞開(kāi)在 與針尖相反的一頭，因此針穿過(guò)布料的時(shí)候，線最后才穿過(guò)。對(duì)手工縫紉來(lái)說(shuō)這 沒(méi)什么問(wèn)題，但工業(yè)化的縫紉機(jī)需要讓線先穿過(guò)布料。當(dāng)時(shí)的發(fā)明家們采用了雙 頭針或多針的方法，但都效率不高。In industrialized production before appearing, people in the concept of a sewing

16、needle is the same: the threading open with tip instead of a head, so the needle through the cloth when, before finally passing through line. For sewing it no problem, but the industrial sewing machine needs to let the line through the cloth. The inventors have the double needle or needle method, bu

17、t the efficiency is not high.19世紀(jì)40年代，美國(guó)人埃利亞斯.豪在不能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的困惱中入睡，夢(mèng)見(jiàn) 一幫野蠻人要砍掉他的頭或煮他來(lái)吃。關(guān)于這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)有不同的說(shuō)法，總之是處境 大大的不妙，豪拚命地想爬出鍋或躲過(guò)砍刀，但被生番們用長(zhǎng)矛恐嚇著，在這時(shí) 他看到長(zhǎng)矛的尖頭上開(kāi)著孔。Eighteen forties, Americans Elias Howe in cannot solve the problem of difficult to sleep, the dream of a barbarian would cut off his head or cook to

18、eat them. About the details of a different account, anyhow is big bad situation, desperately want to climb out of the pot - or escaped machetes, but was looking wi th their spears to scare, when he saw the spear tip on a hole.這個(gè)夢(mèng)使他決定放棄手工縫紉的原理，設(shè)計(jì)了針孔開(kāi)在針頭一端的曲針，配合使 用飛梭來(lái)鎖線。1845年他的第一臺(tái)模型問(wèn)世，每分鐘能縫250針，比好幾個(gè)熟

19、練工人還快，真正實(shí)用的工業(yè)縫紉原理終于出現(xiàn)了。The dream made his decision to abandon manual sewing principle, design a pinhole opening in the needle end of the curved needle, used in conjunction with the shuttle for sewing. In 1845 his first model available, per minute to 250 stitches, than several skilled workers is also

20、 fast, truly practical industrial sewing principle finally showed up.歐拉大神歐拉淵博的知識(shí)，無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的創(chuàng)作精力和空前豐富的著作，都是令人驚嘆不已的！他從19 歲開(kāi)始發(fā)表論文，直到76歲，半個(gè)多世紀(jì)寫(xiě)下了浩如煙海的書(shū)籍和論文.可以說(shuō)歐拉是科學(xué) 史上最多產(chǎn)的一位杰出的數(shù)學(xué)家，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)他那不倦的一生，共寫(xiě)下了886本書(shū)籍和論文，彼 得堡科學(xué)院為了整理他的著作，足足忙碌了四十七年。到今幾乎每個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域都可以看到 歐拉的名字，Eulor's profound knowledge, inexhaustible creative e

21、nergy and unprecedented rich writings, are stunning! He started t publish papers at 19 , until the age of 76, wrote a multitude of books and papers more than half a century . It can be said that the Euler is the science of history* s most prolific a distinguished mathematician, according to the stat

22、istics of his tireless life, CO wrote 886 books and papers, the Petersburg Academy of Sciences to finishing his writings, was busy for forty-seven years. Today almost every field of mathematics can see Euler 's name 從初等幾何的歐拉線，多面體的歐拉定理，立體解析幾何的歐拉變換公式，四次方程的歐拉 解法到數(shù)論中的歐拉函數(shù)，微分方程的歐拉方程，級(jí)數(shù)論的歐拉常數(shù)，變分學(xué)的歐拉方程

23、， 復(fù)變函數(shù)的歐拉公式等等，數(shù)也數(shù)不清.他對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)分析的奉獻(xiàn)更獨(dú)具匠心，無(wú)窮小分析引 論一書(shū)便是他劃時(shí)代的代表作，當(dāng)時(shí)數(shù)學(xué)家們稱(chēng)他分析學(xué)的化身。From elementary geometry of the Euler line, polyhedron theorem, analytic geometry of the Euler transform formula, four equations Euler method to the theory of the Euler function differential equation, Euler's equation, series

24、 of Euler's constant, variational calculus the Euler equations, functions of a complex variable Euler formula and so on, count. His mathematical analysis of the contribution of more have great originality, Introduction to analysis of the infinite " a book he is epoch-making masterpiece, when mathematicians call his analysis 's avatar.瀏覽一下數(shù)學(xué)和物理 教科書(shū)的索引就會(huì)找到如下查照：歐拉角剛體運(yùn)動(dòng)）、歐拉常數(shù)（無(wú)窮級(jí)數(shù)）、歐拉方程流 體動(dòng)力學(xué)）、歐拉公式復(fù)合變量）、歐拉數(shù)無(wú)窮級(jí)數(shù)）、歐拉多角曲線（微分方程）、歐拉 齊性函數(shù)定理摘微分方程、歐拉變換無(wú)窮級(jí)數(shù)）、伯努利一歐拉定律（彈性力學(xué)、歐拉 一傅里葉公式（三角函數(shù)）、歐拉一拉格朗日方程變分學(xué)，力學(xué)）以及歐拉一馬克勞林公 式（數(shù)字法），這里舉的僅僅是最重要的例