高中非謂語動(dòng)詞講解

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）不定式、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化.不定式主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式To doTo be done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后進(jìn)行式To be doing與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式To have doneTo have been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Having doingHaving been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前現(xiàn)在分詞主

2、動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一般式DoingBeing done與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Having doneHaving been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前不定式（to do）一、不定式的作用1、作主語 不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it 作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動(dòng)詞如look, appear等也可用于此句型。（2）

3、It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，用of, 否則用 for.2、作賓語 （1）動(dòng)詞+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式賓語）注：下列動(dòng)詞通常用不定式作賓語：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, cho

4、ose, get等（2）動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to , “特殊疑問句+不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there.注意：不定式短語作賓語時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，用it 作形式賓語。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、作賓語補(bǔ)足語動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to spea

5、k to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶to的不定式）注：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourageWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）在動(dòng)詞feel （一感），hear, listen to（二聽），have, let, make（三讓），noti

6、ce, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺)等后面的補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.(2)help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to,也可以不帶to. I often help him （to）clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things.4、作定語不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的

7、主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）He is looking for a room to live in.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如：Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定語的不定式是一個(gè)短語，則要保留不定時(shí)短語中的副

8、詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直鋼筆寫字)I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看)5、作狀語不定式作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如in order to , so as to, soas to, such as to, .enough to, tooto等。（1）做目的狀語，to, only to （僅僅為了）, in or

9、der to, so as to, so(such).as to（如此···以便···）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。He came to the school to see his son.（2）作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3）

10、做原因狀語。如：We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.（4）做條件狀語。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.6、作表語不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，構(gòu)成表語。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句

11、中作表語時(shí)，對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 2.當(dāng)主語是不定式時(shí)，表語不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。 如：To see is to believe. （眼見為實(shí)）7、不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)（一）不定式的時(shí)態(tài)（1）現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. （2）完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在

12、謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：He seems to be eating something.（4）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.（二）不定式的語態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就用被動(dòng)式。如：He wa

13、s seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式（1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（除ought 外，ought to）Would rather, had better.（2）感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略 to.注意：在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the

14、 whole night.They were made to work the whole night.（3）由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè) to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.（4）Why/Why not（5）But 和 except 前是動(dòng)詞 do 時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。試比較： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.動(dòng)詞不定

15、式的否定式（not to do）。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 動(dòng)名詞（動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征，在句中作主語、表語、賓語和定語）一、動(dòng)名詞的作用1、作主語 謂語用單數(shù)。It代替動(dòng)名詞作主語，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：Its no good/use doing···如：Seeing is believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.Its no good waiting here.2、作賓語I enjoy

16、 listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?（1）只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：admit，advise建議，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考慮，delay延遲，deny否認(rèn)，dislike不喜歡，enjoy，escape逃避，e

17、xcuse原諒、寬恕，finish完成，forgive原諒，understand理解，give up放棄，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未達(dá)到，practise訓(xùn)練，put off推遲，resist抵抗，suggest建議、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand無法忍受，devote to(to為介詞)致力于···，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to堅(jiān)持，be used to習(xí)慣于，object to反對(duì)，be busy忙于···，fee like想要·

18、··be surprised at 對(duì)感到驚訝 be proud of 以為驕傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕 give up 放棄（2）只能接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：happen 碰巧，offer 主動(dòng)提出，promise 答應(yīng)，agree 同意，refuse拒絕，decide 決定，determine 決定、決心，pretend 假裝，fail 未能夠，learn，wish希望，hope，expect，afford 負(fù)擔(dān)得起。 （3）下列詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的動(dòng)詞：forget，go on，mean，regret，remem

19、ber，stop，try等Stop to do 停下來去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘記要做 forget doing 忘記做過Remember to do 記得要做 remember doing 記得做過Regret to do 遺憾要做 regret doing 后悔做過Try to do 企圖做，盡力做 try doing 試著做Go on to do 繼續(xù)做（另一件事） go on doing 繼續(xù)做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means

20、 _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting答案：_（4）Need, require, want作“需要”講，其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、作表語此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.

21、4、作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注：（1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表動(dòng)作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個(gè)定語從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾n之前，為短語，放在被修飾n之后。如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）動(dòng)名詞作

22、定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個(gè)for的短語，兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)(1)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常要用完成式，否則都用一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.Im sorry for not having

23、kept my promise.(2)若主語是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主動(dòng)一般時(shí)doingbeing donedoing完成時(shí)having donehaving been donehaving done分詞（分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。在句中作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足

24、語。）現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義；在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，過去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒有一定的時(shí)間性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的樹葉 fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉一、分詞的作用1、作定語（1）單個(gè)分詞作定語，分詞前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired work

25、er.（2）分詞短語作定語，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something等要后置；個(gè)別分詞如give，left等作定語也后置。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3）過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的定語從句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous

26、 scientistsThe first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D written答案：_Whats the language _ in Germany?A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak答案：_Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower th

27、an store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.答案：_When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D reading答案：_2、作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。If more attention was given, the trees could have grown bette

28、r.(條件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(讓步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴隨)He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)注意：選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動(dòng)作是由主句的主語發(fā)出，分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過去分詞。試比

29、較：Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須和主句的主語一致，如果不一致，就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語，一般不用作定語。When_, the museum will be open to the public next year.A completed B completing C being completed D to be comp

30、leted答案：_ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer D Suffered答案：_3、作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語具有的特征，過去分詞作表語多指主語所處的狀態(tài)。如：The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside the table.4、作賓語補(bǔ)足語

31、分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：I smell something burning.I heard him singing the song.I heard my name called.二、分詞的時(shí)態(tài)(1)與主語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)。如：Arriving there, they found the boy dead.剛一到那兒，他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。(2)先于主語動(dòng)詞分詞作時(shí)間狀語，如果先于主動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作，且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he h

32、ad finished his homework, he went out for a walk.三、分詞的語態(tài)通常情況下，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是給你書的那個(gè)人She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那個(gè)被車攔住的女孩。不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等詞。如：a retired pe

33、rson 一個(gè)退休的人 a fallen ball 一個(gè)落下來的球a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴課堂綜合練習(xí)題：(1)We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketball, _ that all children like these things.A thinking B think C to think D thought(2)There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games

34、.A add B to add C adding D added(3)I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A working; stopping B to work; stoppingC working; to stop D to work; to stop(4)A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _.A

35、 unsatisfied B unsatisfying C to be satisfying D being satisfied(5)No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed(6)_ this cake, youll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.A Having made B Make C

36、 To make D Making(7)If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again.A gets B got C to get D getting(8)As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _A to use B to be used C to have used

37、D to be using(9)It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _.A to make B to be made C making D being made(10)The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008.A hold B holding C held D to be held(11)_ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.A Faced B Face C Facing D To face(12)AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.A that it is B to be C tha