高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解專題指導(dǎo)

1、江蘇省和橋高級中學(xué)06屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解專題指導(dǎo)（猜測詞義題）第四講猜測詞義題在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學(xué)立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費(fèi)時費(fèi)力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實(shí)上，閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可以利用語境（各種已知信息）推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。常見的題干有：1） Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheword?2）

2、Theword.couldbestbereplacedby.3） Inthe.paragraph,theword.means（refersto）.4） Accordingtothepassage,.probablymeans.5） Theauthorusestheword.tomean.猜測詞義時，一般可利用以下四個方面的線索：一是針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1 .根據(jù)定義（defin讓ion）猜測詞義如果生詞有一個句子（定語

3、從句或是同位語v同位語前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.g.等,或是同位語從句）或段落來定義，或使用破折號，冒號，分號后的內(nèi)容和引號括號中的內(nèi)容加以解釋和定義，那么理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,becalled,define,represent,referto,signify等。伊。1.Doyouknowwhata"territory"ter?iAryisanareathatananim

4、al,usuallythemale,claims（聲稱）asitsown.（2005年湖北卷）分析由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：動物的地盤”。例2.Infact,onlyabout80ocelots,anendangeredwildcat,existintheU.S.today.（2005年浙江卷）分析由同位語anendangeredwildcat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。例3.HereisThePines,whosecookhasdevelopedaspecialwayofmixingforeignfoodsuchascaribou,wildboa

5、r,andreindeerwithsurprisingsauces.（2004年福建卷）Accordingtothepassage,ThePinesisa.A.placeinwhichyoucanseemanymobilehomesB. mountainwhereyoucangetagoodviewofthevalleyC. townwhichhappenstobeneartheBanffNationalParkD. restaurantwhereyoucanaskforsomespecialkindsoffood分析通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，我們可以推測到：ThePines是一家餐館的名

6、字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：D。2 .根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。仞U4.Thecoursegivesyouchancestoknowgreatpowerpolitiesbetweennationstates.ItwillprovidemorespacetostudyparticularissuessuchasrelationshipamongcountriesintheEuropeanUnion,thirdworlddebt,localandinternationaldisagreement,andtheworkofsuchinternationalbodies

7、astheUnitedNations,theEuropeanUnion,NATO,andtheWorldBank.（2004年遼寧卷）分析根據(jù)suchas后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue是指議題”。二是內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1 根據(jù)對比、比較關(guān)系猜測詞義在一個句子或段落中，有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incon

8、trast等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while引導(dǎo)的并列句。同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。份U5.Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesnhavetobeahassle;itcanbeabasketoffun.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“hasslaph1）（pauagblymean?（2002年NMET）A.apartydesignedbyspecialistsB.aplanrequiringcarefulthoughtC.as

9、ituationcausingdifficultyortroubleD.ademandmadebyguests分析根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里hassle和abasketoffun是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。例6.Greenlovestotalk,andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語lovestotalk和loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的”。2 .根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。

10、例7.feelthatsinceyouaremysuperior,itwouldbepresumptuousofmetotellyouwhattodo.”（2005年上海卷）Theword“presumptuous”inthemiddleofthepassageisclosestinmeaningto”.“A.fullofrespectB.tooconfidentandrudeC.lackinginexperieneeD.tooshyandquiet分析根據(jù)since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容（既然你是我的上司”），我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的

11、意思是：我告訴你怎么做會是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為：B。例8.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.（2005年江西卷）根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是：修剪（樹枝等）”的意思。3 .根據(jù)說明、并列、同等同義近義、反義等關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表面的關(guān)系猜測詞義。例9.WilliamShakespearesaid."Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn（紗線）,go

12、odandilltogether.（2005年江蘇卷）Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeansA.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy分析句中g(shù)oodandilltogether更具體地說明了amingledyarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：混合的，交織的”。傷U10.1sitpossibletobeathighbloodpressurewithoutdrugs?Theansweris"yes"accordingtotheresearchersatJohns

13、Hopkinsandthreeothermedicalcenters.（2004年湖北卷）分析根據(jù)andthreeothermedicalcenters這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：JohnsHopkins是一家醫(yī)療中心。例ll.Thereisnoreasontoinsultanddefamethemansimplybecauseyoudonotagreewithhim.分析根據(jù)與insult侮辱”的同等關(guān)系猜測defame為詆毀，中傷“或誹謗”例12.ThegameAmericanscallsoccerisknownaroundtheworldasfootball.分析運(yùn)用與footbal

14、l的同義關(guān)系推斷為足球”。列13.Thehousestoodattheendofaquietneatstreet.Thelittledwelling,howeverJookedneglectedandcheerless.分析運(yùn)用與Thehouse近義關(guān)系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關(guān)仞U14.MostwomeninChina-educatedandilliterated,urbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.分析后面的urba

15、nandrural,theyoungandold之間都有反義關(guān)系，運(yùn)用這個關(guān)系可以推斷illiterated為朱接受過教育的，即文盲”三是通過構(gòu)詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。1 .根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義仞U15.Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononcoeducationalorsingle-sexschools?根據(jù)詞根educational（教育的），結(jié)合前綴co（共同，一起），我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：男女同校教育的”意思。（2005年江西卷）2 .根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例16.It'saquiet,com

16、fortablehoteloverlooking（俯瞰）thebayinanuncommercializedCornishfishingvillageonEngland'smostsoutherlypoint.（2005年廣東卷）后綴isdize意思是使成為；使化”'結(jié)合詞根commercial（商業(yè)的），不難猜出uncommercialized的意思是：朱被商業(yè)化的”。3 .根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例17.Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Welldesignedtoolsandequipme

17、ntwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward（另U扭的）handpositions（2005年北京卷）Well-designed或許是個生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well（好，優(yōu)秀）和design（設(shè)計(jì)）兩部分組成，合在一起便是設(shè)計(jì)精巧的“意思。例18.Weliveinatechnologicalsocietywheremostgoodsaremass-producedbyunsMIIedlabor.Becauseofthis,mostpeoplethatcraft（手藝）noIongerexists.（20

18、04年浙江卷）根據(jù)合成詞中的mass（大量的）和produce（生產(chǎn)），我們可以推測mass-produce的意思是：大批量生產(chǎn)；規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。4 .猜測詞性變換新詞含義例19.Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.（2004年山東卷）head本為名詞，表頭。由thebus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷，該句head為動詞，表方向，結(jié)合全句可譯為開往、駛向”。例20.1hadfirstknownshewaswrong,thatheranxietyhadcloudedherjudgment.（2004全國卷n）cloud本為名詞，

19、表云。分析語境邏輯可知，憂慮會影響一個人的判斷，因此該句clouded應(yīng)譯為使難以。四是根據(jù)生活常識運(yùn)用自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識，根據(jù)上下文能讀懂的部分，可以正確猜出詞義。下面文字中劃線單詞的詞義你能猜出來嗎？例21.Birdsflywiththeirwings,andtheypickuptheirfoods,andtheneatthemwiththeirbeaksandtheyusetheirclawsfortearing,seizing,pullingorholdingobjects.例22.Mostoftherosesarebeginningtowitherbecauseofthecol

20、d.句子的已知部分和我們的常識告訴我們：beaks是喙"；claws是爪子”；w計(jì)her表示枯萎“。結(jié)合以上指導(dǎo)解下列兩道閱讀理解題Eversincenewsofwidespreadfoodrecallscausedbyacarcinogenicdyebroke,therehasbeenconfusion（混淆）overpossiblelinkstothecountryofthesamename,butSudanofficialssaythereisnoconnectionwhatever.Sudan1isaredindustrialdyethathasbeenfoundinsome

21、chillipowder,butwasbannedinfoodproductsacrosstheEuropeanUnion（EU）inJuly2003.Sineethebanwasputinplace,EUofficialshavebeenstrivingtoremovesomefoodproductsfromtheshelves.Sofar580productshavebeenrecalled.LastweekSudan,sEmbassyintheUnitedKingdomaskedtheFoodStandardsAgenFSA）forclarificationoftheoriginofth

22、edye'sname.OmaimaMahmoudAlSharief,apressofficialatSudan'sEmbassyinChina,explainedthepurposeoftheinquirywastoclearupanymisunderstandingoverlinksbetweenthecountryandthepoisonousdye.nWewanttokeepaneyeoneverydetailandavoidanymisunderstandingthere/1shesaid.HOurembassytoBritainaskedthemhowthedyego

23、tthatnameandwhetherthedyehadsomethingtodowithourcountry.Buttheytoldustherewasnorelationship.”TheFSA,anindependentfoodsecuritywatchdoginBritain,receivedaletterfromtheSudaneseembassylastweek.“TheyaskeduswhythedyeisnamedSudan,however,wealsodonotknowhowitgotthenameJshesaid.HPeoplefoundthedyein1883andgav

24、eitthename.Nobodyknowsthereason,andwecannotgiveanyexplanationbeforewefindout.11Sudandyes,whichincludeSudan1to4,arereddyes（顏料）usedforcolouringsolvents（溶齊!|），oils,waxes,petrol,andshoeandfloorpolishes.TheyareclassifiedascarcinogensbytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer.1. Whatdoestheunderlinedword

25、meaninparagraphone?A.Causingcancer.B.Havingsideeffect.C.Containingpoison.D.Poisonous.2. HowdidtheSudan1getitsname?A. ThedyeisoftenproducedinSudan.B. ThedyehassomethingtodowiththecountrynamedSudan.C. Nobodyissureoftheoriginofthename.D. ManyfoodsproducedinSudancontainthedye.3. Wecaninferfromthepassage

26、that.A. theSudangovernmentispayingmuchattentiontothefoodsafetyB. Sudan1isoftenusedtobeaddedtothefoodC. peopledidn'trealizethedangerofSudaumtil2003D. manyfoodshopswillbecloseddown4. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?A. KeepawayfromSudan1B. NoSudan1dyelinkstothecountryC. HowSudan1dyegotitsname?D.

27、PayattentiontothefoodsafetyBTheManofManySecretsHarryHoudiniwasoneofthegreatestAmericanentertainersinthetheaterthiscentury.Hewasamanfamousforhisescapesfromprisoncells,fromwoodenboxesfloatinginrivers,fromlockedtanksfullofwater.HeappearedintheatersalloverEuropeandAmerica.CrowdscametoseethegreatHoudinia

28、ndhis“magic''tricks.Ofcourse,hissecretwasnotmagic,orsupernaturalpowers.Itwassimplystrength.Hehadtheabilitytomovehistoesaswellashemovedhisfingers.Hecouldmovehisbodyintoalmostanypositionhewanted.Houdinistartedworkingintheentertainmentworldwhenhewas17,in1891.HeandhisbrotherTheoperformedcardtric

29、ksinclubinNewYork.TheycalledthemselvestheHoudiniBrothers.WhenHarrymarriedin1894,heandhiswifeBessworkedtogetherasmagicianandassistant.Butforalongtimetheywerenotverysuccessful.ThenHarryperformedhisfirstprisonescape,inChicagoin1898.Harrypersuadedadetectivetolethimtrytoescapefromtheprison,andheinvitedth

30、elocalnewspapermentowatch.Itwasthepublicity（宣傳）thatcamefromthisthatstartedHarryHoudini'ssuccess.Harryhadfingerstrainedtoescapefromhandcuffsandtoestrainedtoescapeanklechins.Buthisbiggestsecretwashowheuniockedtheprisondoors.Everytimehewentintotheprisoncell,Bessgavehimakissforgoodluckandasmallskele

31、tonkey,whichisakeythatfitsmanylocks,passquicklyfromhermouthtohis.Harryusedtheseprisonescapestobuildhisfame.Hearrangedtoescapefromthelocalprisonofeverytownhevisited.Intheafternoon,thepeopleofthetownwouldreadaboutitintheirlocalnewspapers,andintheeveningeveryseatinthelocaltheaterwouldbefull.Whatwasther

32、esult?World-wildfame,andanamerememberedtoday.5. Accordingtothepassage,Houdini'ssuccessinprisonescapesdependson.A.hisspecialtricksandsupernaturalpowersB.hisunusualabilityandaskeletonkeyC.hismagictricksandunhumanpowersD.hiswisdomandmagictricks6. Inthefourthparagraph,theunderlinedword"this”refersto.A.hisfirstprisonescapeB.theyear1898C.thepublicityD.HarryHoudiniFssuccess7. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatHoudinibecamefamous.A.in1894B.beforehemarriedC.attheageof17D.whenhewasab