外研版初二英語語法

1、八年級語法復(fù)習(xí)一.情態(tài)動詞的推測用法1. Must表示推測時，語氣最強，譯為“肯定”、“準(zhǔn)是”通常用于肯定句中。 You must be tired after a whole days work.2.Can表示推測時意為”可能”，用于否定與疑問句中，cant 表示“不可能” That cant be Tom.He was at home. Can it be Mr Wang?No,it cant be him.3.Could 表示推測時，意為“可能”用于肯定，否定，疑問，表示某事有可能發(fā)生。 This book could be Toms.二、英語情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法1. will與would

2、：表示意愿will 表示現(xiàn)在的意愿，would表示過去的意愿。 Go where you will 2. may是情態(tài)動詞, 可以表達愿望、祝愿時,一般這樣表達：May +主語+謂語動詞+其他！ May you both be happy! 三、used to用法詳解1、主語used to動詞原形 過去常常做某事I used to go to the cinema, but I never have time now. used to的否定句結(jié)構(gòu)A)主語did not use to動詞原形 B)主語used not to動詞原形第一種否定句型，就是把used當(dāng)做實義動詞來看，所以變否定句要用助

3、動詞did；第二種否定句是把used當(dāng)做情態(tài)動詞，變否定句直接在used后面加not即可，used not可以縮寫成usednt或usent。美式英語通常用A種形式，英式英語常用B種形式。例如：2、be used to 意為“習(xí)慣于”，其中的 to 是介詞，所以其后要接名詞或動名詞（不能接動詞原形）；若要強調(diào)從不習(xí)慣到習(xí)慣的過程，He is used to looking after himself. 他已習(xí)慣于自己照顧自己。四英語中重要的原則英文句子中至少有一個動詞，用來作謂語。如： 我很高興-誤：I very happy.正：I am very happy. 她最喜歡熊貓.-誤：She f

4、avorite pandas.(favorite不是動詞) 正：She likes pandas best/Her favorite is pandas.同一個句子中不能同時用be動詞和行為動詞。 誤：I am at six get up. 正：I get up at six. 誤：Are you want to go for a picnic?(Are改為Do)句子中的單數(shù)名詞前要帶冠詞，或用復(fù)數(shù)名詞來表示類別。 誤：orange is orange. 正：An orange is orange/ Oranges are orange. 誤：He is doctor.(他是醫(yī)生) 正：He

5、is a doctor.限定詞的唯一原則限定詞是指(1)冠詞（定冠詞，不定冠詞）、(2)形容詞性物主代詞、(3)指示代詞、(4)名詞所有格、(5)量詞(some, any, no,many , much等)，這五類詞只能用一個修飾同一個名詞。如：我的一本書- 誤：my a book 正：my book吉姆的這個風(fēng)箏-誤：Jims this/the kite正：Jims kite英文句子結(jié)構(gòu)順序 主語+ 謂語+ 賓語+地點+時間五五現(xiàn)在完成時講解1 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：助動詞基本結(jié)構(gòu)：助動詞have/has+過去分過去分(done) 2句型：句型：否定句：主語否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分

6、詞過去分詞+其他其他.一般疑問句：一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語主語+過去分詞過去分詞+其他？其他？ 簡略答語簡略答語: Yes, 主語主語 + have/has.(肯定肯定) No, 主語主語 + havent/hasnt.(否定否定)特殊問句：特殊問句：Wh-+一般疑問句？一般疑問句？3.過去分詞 1 、規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。 (+ed) 2、不規(guī)則動詞：be-was/were-been do-did-done go-went-gone get-got-gotten give- gave -given read-read-read wr

7、ite -wrote -written 4用法用法（1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含義是含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了.) My father has gone to work.(含義是含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒在不在這兒) （2）現(xiàn)在完成時可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時）現(xiàn)在完成時可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時刻刻,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作,還有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。還有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。 Mary h

8、as been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 5.完成時的標(biāo)志* 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的幫助。 He has just seen the film.他剛剛看過這場電影。 He hasnt come back yet.他還沒有回來。*以ever和never為標(biāo)志This is the best film I have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影。He has never been to Beijing.他從沒有到過

9、北京。 * for+時段 since+過去一個時間點（過去 從句）為標(biāo)志 I have lived here since 1998. 8Have got 句型1.表示有，擁有單三是hasShe has got a book.2.可以與主語進行縮寫，如：I have got =Ive gotShe has got =shes got3.否定用：havent got ,hasnt gotShe hasnt got any friends.They havent got any books.4.一般疑問句：把have/has提前Have you got any pen pals?Yes ,I hav

10、e.Has she got any pens?No,she hasnt.5.與there be 句型的區(qū)分Have got 指某人有某物，強調(diào)的是“人有”，而there be 句型強調(diào)的是某地有某物，強調(diào)的是“存在”，著重在某地上We have got a computer room.There is a computer room next to our classroom.6.對have got 句型的提問（1）What 對物提問I have got some eggs. What have you got? (2) how many對數(shù)量提問She has got three birds

11、. How many birds has she got?7.some肯，any否疑問9.Some 與any1.Some肯，any否疑There are some students in the room.-There arent any students in the room.2.Some 的肯定請求用法(希望對方答應(yīng)自己的要求)(1).Would like句型Would you like some coffee? Yes ,please.(2).What about句型What about some milk? Sure ,thank you.(3).其他表示請求的句子Can you p

12、ass me some eggs? OK.10、一般現(xiàn)在時1. 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性習(xí)慣性的動作或行為。 構(gòu)成：主語+動詞+其他 （動詞：be動詞與實義動詞）2. 句型：肯定句（單三變化：直接+s;以s,x,sh,ch,o結(jié)尾的加es;以輔音加y結(jié)尾的變y為i+es;特變：have-has） She goes to school at 7:00. 否定句：dont/doesnt+動原 She doesnt go to school at 7:00. 一般疑問句：Do/Does ? Does she go to school at 7:00?3.標(biāo)志詞：always, usually, often,

13、 sometimes, never 等頻率副詞。 (實前BE后) I always get up at 7:00.4.特問(1.)What(2.)What time/When (3.)How(4.)Where 11.時間的表達(1) 直讀式，即直接讀出時間數(shù)字 7: 05 seven five 8:16 eight sixteen (2) 過、差式，即幾點差幾分，幾點過幾分（以30分為分界線） 半點：half past 5:30 half past five 小于30分：分鐘+past +小時 5:05 five past five 大于30分：(60-分鐘) + to +(小時+1) 7:5

14、5 five to eight(3) 15分可用a quarter past 4:15 a quarter past four 45分可用a quarter to 4:45 a quarter to five (4) 12小時制 24小時制 6:00 a.m. 上午6點 8:20 p.m. 下午8點20分 13:00 13點鐘 22:15 22點15分 (5)時間前通常用at. at 5 oclock at 7:30 p.m.13特殊疑問句 以疑問詞開頭的疑問句叫特殊疑問句。常用的疑問詞有：what who whose where how why等?；卮鹛厥庖蓡柧鋾r，不能用yes/no，要問什

15、么答什么。 特殊疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)：疑問詞一般疑問句？對劃線部分提問就是把句子改為特殊疑問句。方法如下：把劃線部分替換成相應(yīng)的疑問詞，放在句首；把沒劃線部分改為一般疑問句，放在疑問詞后。提示：劃線部分在句首時，只需第步，沒劃線的詞照抄。如： Maria goes shopping with Miss Wang.-Who goes shopping with Miss Wang?1、目前所學(xué)的動詞的形式有4 種： 動詞原形；如：do;have;like動詞的三單式（常在動詞原形后加s）；如：get-gets動詞不定式（to+動詞原形）；如：meet-to meet動詞ing式（動詞原形后加ing）如：

16、look-looking2、表示征求意見或建議邀請的禮貌用語Would you like +to+動詞原形? （你想要嗎？）How about+動詞ing ?（怎么樣？好不好？）What about +動詞ing? （怎么樣？好不好？）Why not +動詞原形? （為什么不呢？）Why dont you +動詞原形 ？（你為什么不呢？）Lets +動詞原形.（讓我們吧。） 表示同意、答應(yīng)：Yes,Id like to./Oh,Id love to. All right/OK.Great!Sure.Good idea!Thanks.Ill be glad to Thanks.That woul

17、d be very nice.Id like that.表示不同意、拒絕：No,thanks.Sorry,I cant.Id like to.But Im afraid I cant/I have no time.3、目前學(xué)過的情態(tài)動詞有can, may,could,would和will等五個學(xué)好情態(tài)動詞必須把握三個用法：后必須跟動詞原形 ；沒有三單式（其后不能加s）；可以把情態(tài)動詞提到句首構(gòu)成疑問句；可以在情態(tài)動詞后面加上not構(gòu)成否定句。4、目前學(xué)過的后跟動詞不定式（to+動詞原形）的有：would like to+動詞原形（想要做某事）; want to+動詞原形（想要做某事）;forg

18、et to+動詞原形（忘記要做某事）; like to +動詞原形（喜歡做某事）; love to +動詞原形（喜歡做某事）ask sb. to +動詞原形.（請/叫某人做某事）tell sb. to +動詞原形.（告訴/叫某人做某事）would like sb. to +動詞原形.（想叫某人做某事）want sb. to +動詞原形.（想叫某人做某事）have to +動詞原形（必須/不得不做某事）Nice/Glad/happy to +動詞原形（很高興做某事） 如：Nice to meet you. Im glad to be here.Its time to +動詞原形（是做某事的時候了

19、） Its very kind/nice of you to help me.英語的一些重要原則英文句子中至少有一個動詞，用來作謂語。如： 我很高興-誤：I very happy.正：I am very happy. 她最喜歡熊貓.-誤：She favorite pandas.(favorite不是動詞)正：She likes pandas best/Her favorite is pandas.同一個句子中不能同時用be動詞和行為動詞。 誤：I am at six get up. 正：I am get up at six. 誤：Are you want to go for a picnic?

20、(Are改為Do)句子中的單數(shù)名詞前要帶冠詞，或用復(fù)數(shù)名詞來表示類別。 誤：orange is orange. 正：An orange is orange/ Oranges are orange. 誤：He is doctor.(他是醫(yī)生) 正：He is a doctor.限定詞的唯一原則限定詞是指(1)冠詞（定冠詞，不定冠詞）、(2)形容詞性物主代詞、(3)指示代詞、(4)名詞所有格、(5)量詞(some, any, no,many , much等)，這五類詞只能用一個修飾同一個名詞。如：我的一本書- 誤：my a book 正：my book吉姆的這個風(fēng)箏-誤：Jims this/the

21、 kite正：Jims kiteyour the bike the some animals that a bus形容詞放在名詞前的順序數(shù)量+大小形狀+新舊+顏色+地方出處+名詞。 my small yellow desk 我的小黃桌an old brown English house 一座舊的棕色的英式房子英文句子結(jié)構(gòu)順序 主語+ 謂語+ 賓語+小時間+大時間+小地點+大地點。Kangkang finds Baby monkey at eleven this morning in the zoo in Beijing.主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 +小時間+大時間 + 小地點 + 大地點一般現(xiàn)在

22、時 1. 構(gòu)成：主語+動詞+其他 2. 標(biāo)志詞：always, usually, often, sometimes, never, 等頻率副詞。 3. 否定句：1)當(dāng)動詞是 be, can, may, must, should等在其后加not Eg. I cant play football. 2)當(dāng)是實義動詞時加助動詞dont/doesnt后跟動詞原形 Eg. I dont like football. She doesnt like football. 4. 疑問句：1)當(dāng)動詞是 be, can, may, must, should等將其提前 Eg. Can you swim? 2)當(dāng)是實

23、義動詞時將助動詞do/does 放在前面，后跟主語和動詞原形。 Eg. Does she like football 5. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 現(xiàn)在進行時 1. 構(gòu)成：主語+be+doing+其他 2. 動詞動詞-ing變化規(guī)律： 1）一般情況下直接加-ing, eg. Working 2）以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾的去e加-ing, eg. Taking 3）以輔音字母+元音字母+輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫末尾輔音字母加-ing, eg. Stopping 4）特殊變化, lielying 3. 標(biāo)志詞：look, listen, now, at the moment, its oc

24、lock 4. 否定句：be動詞后加not Eg. She is not listening to music. 5. 疑問句：將be動詞提前 Eg . Is she listening to music? 6. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句三一般將來時 1. 構(gòu)成：主語+be going to/will+動詞原形 2. 標(biāo)志詞：tomorrow, next day/month/year 等表示將來的時間 3. 否定句：be動詞后加not；will后加not Eg. He is not going to have a piano lesson this weekend. He will

25、not have a piano lesson this weekend. 4. 疑問句：將be動詞提前；將will提前 Eg. Is he going to have a piano lesson this weekend? Will he going to have a piano lesson this weekend? 5. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 四一般過去時 1. 構(gòu)成：主語+動詞過去時+其他 2. 標(biāo)志：yesterday, just now, ago, this morning, when I was young,last等 3. 動詞動詞過去式變化規(guī)律： 1）一般

26、動詞結(jié)尾加-ed, eg. Walk-walked 2）以字母e結(jié)尾的動詞加- d, eg. Live-lived 3）以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i加-ed, eg. Hurryhurried 4）以輔音字母+元音字母+輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫末尾輔音字母加-ed, eg. Stop stopped 4. 否定句：1）動詞be過去式后直接加not Eg. I was not in Chengdu last year.2) 當(dāng)是實義動詞時，加助動詞didnt后跟動詞原形 Eg. I didnt telephone my parents yesterday. 5. 疑問句：1) 動詞be過去

27、式提前 Eg. Were you in Chengdu last year? 2) 當(dāng)是實義動詞時將助動詞did 放在前面，后跟主語和動詞原形 Eg. Did you telephone my parents yesterday? 6. 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句 用正確的動詞形式填空。 1.The children are _ (run) there now. 2.-I _ up at half past six this morning. (get ) My father always _(come) back from work very late. 3.My mother _

28、a lot of fruit yesterday afternoon . (buy) 4.Listen! Who_ (sing) in the music room? Oh. Mary _(sing) there. 5.They _ a meeting yesterday. ( not have) 6.- _ you _ ( have) any color pens? -Sorry, I dont have any. 7.She likes eggs, but she _ (not like) bread. 8.My mother _ (tell) me a story every night

29、. 9.- How much meat _ you _ (want) ? - A kilo, please. 10.Someone _ (be) in the next room. runninggotcomesbought is singing is singingdidnt haveDohavedoesnt liketellsdo wantis 11.There _ (be) a pen and two erasers in the pencil- box. 12.You must _ (get) here at two this afternoon. 13.The twins _ thi

30、rteen two years ago. (be) 14.The teacher is busy. He only _ (sleep) five hours a day. 15.Look! The bus _ (come). 16.She _ (go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17.What _ he _ (like)? 18.He _ (teach) English in a middle school. 19.She always _ (do) your homework well. 20.-What _ she _ (do)? -She _ (c

31、lean) her room now.isgetweresleepsis cominggoesdoesliketeachesdoesisdoingis cleaning 形容詞 （1） 在句子中做定語，一般放在名詞之前。但是當(dāng)形容詞修飾something, somebody, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody時，要放于其后。 Eg. I have an interesting book. There is nothing serious. (2) 作表語，放在系動詞之后。 Eg. This kind of dress is expensive. (3) 以a

32、-開頭的形容詞，一般在句子中只能作表語。 Eg. Keep quiet! My baby is asleep in the room. (4) 作賓語補足語，放在賓語之后。 Eg. The good news makes us very happy. 副詞 副詞在句子中主要做狀語，可以修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞。修飾動詞時，一般放在行為動詞之后；修飾形容詞時，一般放在形容詞之前；表示時間、地點的副詞一般放在句末或句首；頻度副詞一般放在行為動詞之前。 Eg. I cant hear you clearly.3. 比較級用法（1） 可以單獨使用 eg. I hope to do better in E

33、nglish. （2） 和than一起用 eg. Zhang Jun is stronger than Lin Tao（3） 其他幾種用法 a. 兩者比較，哪一個更怎么樣？ Who/Which + be+比較級， A or B? Eg. Who did better, Lucy or Lily? b. 用比較級形式表達最高級意義 比較級+than any other+n.+比較級范圍（in/of） =比較級+than any of the others+ in/of =比較級+than the other+n.+in/of(在同一范圍內(nèi)比較) 比較級+than any + n.+ in/of(

34、在兩個不同范圍內(nèi)比較 ) Eg. Kate is more careful than any other girl in our class Shanghai is bigger than any city in Shangdong Province. c. 越來越怎么樣？“比較級+and+比較級” Eg. Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. d. 有范圍的兩者之間的比較用“the+形容詞比較級+of the two” Eg. My mother is the busier of the two e. 用來修飾比較級的副詞有：much/

35、 far/ lots/ a lot; a litter; even;still等 4. 最高級用法 用來對三個或三個以上的人或事物進行比較，形容詞的最高級前必須加定冠詞the,副詞前的the可以省略。 a. 最高級+范圍 Eg. Changjian is the longest river in China. b. 主語+be+one of the+形容詞最高級+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+比較級范圍（of/in短語），表示“最的之一”。 Eg. Yang Liwei is one of the most famous heroes in China. c. 主語+be+the+序數(shù)詞+形容詞最高級+單數(shù)名詞+

36、比較范圍，表示“是的第幾”。 Eg. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 注：有些比較級與最高級之間的句子可以轉(zhuǎn)換。fewer fewestless leastworse worst深的 further furthest遠(yuǎn)的 farther farthestbetter bestmore mostheavilyhappilynicelycarefullyeasilyangrilyslowlyquicklywellhardbadlyhealthily 三、用所給詞的恰當(dāng)形式填空。 1.Which is _ _ _ _ (b

37、ig) ,the sun, the moon or the earth? 2.Which is _ _ _ (beautiful),the black coat or the blue one? 3.This mooncake is _ _ _ _ (cheap) of all. 4.He is _ _ _ _ (strong) in the class. 5.Maths is _ _ _ _ _ ( difficult) of the two subjects. 6. My sister is two years _ (old ) than I. 7. Marys parents have

38、four daughters, and she is the _ (young) child. 8. Dick can sing _ (well), and she sings _(well) than John, but Mary sings _(well) in her class. 9. She will be much _ (happy) in her mew house. 10. His handwriting is _ than yours. (bad)the biggestmore beautifulthe cheapest the strongestmore difficult

39、olderyoungestwellbetterbesthappierworse四、選擇正確的答案 。 1.Which does Jimmy like _, Chinese , English or art? A. well B. best C. better D. much 2. The Changjiang River is one of _ in the world. A. the longest river B. The more longer C. the longest rivers D. longer river 3. The pen is _ than that one. A. m