育才分流英語語法詞法精品輔導(dǎo)(2)

1、.育才分流英語語法詞法精品輔導(dǎo)3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣、非謂語動(dòng)詞名詞性從句和定語從句情態(tài)動(dòng)詞【要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】1.表示請(qǐng)求和允許：can,could,may,might.過去式使語氣更委婉，答語應(yīng)用原形。-Could Iuse your computer tomorrow morning?-Yes,you can.(否定回答可用：No,I'm afraid not.)2.表示推測(cè)：理論可能性can可能性肯定句must,may,might,could疑問句can否定句can't(不可能)，may not(可能不)1)can表示理論上的可能性，指某事或情況可能發(fā)生，但并不說明實(shí)際上真的發(fā)生

2、.Children can be very tiring.2)反意問句。He may know the plan,doesn'the?You must have studied Englishbefore,haven'tyou?You can't have beencaught in the rain last night,wereyou?3.could&be able to在肯定句中could表示過去有"能力"做，was/were able to表示過去有能力而且確實(shí)做成了某一件事，相當(dāng)于managed to do或succeeded in

3、 doing sth.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.4.may/might as well do sth"還是好"、"不妨"You might as well tell me the truth.你還是把真相告訴我的好。5.must和have to 1)must表示的是說話人的主觀看法,而have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。2)否定形式含義不同。mustn't禁止，不許可，don't have to不必3)must偏要

4、(做令人不快的事)eg.Must you shout so loudly?6.shall和should 1)表示說話人征求對(duì)方意見和向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示，用于第一、三人稱。When shall my father be able to leave hospital?shall 2)表示說話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅以及說話人的決心。You shall go with me(命令)/You shall have the book when Ifinish it.(允諾)He shall be punished(威脅)/Nothing shall stop me from doing it.(決心)1

5、)表示勸告和建議"應(yīng)該"2)"按道理應(yīng)當(dāng)""估計(jì)"(=ought to)They should be there by now,I think.3)用于第一人稱表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。I should advise you not do that.我倒是勸你別這樣做。Should 4)在條件句中表示"萬一"，主句不一定用虛擬語氣。Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him./Should Ibe free tomorrow,I'll come.5)

6、Why/How+should結(jié)構(gòu)表示說話人對(duì)某事不能理解，感到意外、驚異等意思，意為"竟然"，也用在某些從句中。It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.這種事竟然發(fā)生在我身上真不公平。7.will和would 1)表示意志和意愿。will指現(xiàn)在，would指過去。If you will listen to me,I'll give you some advice.2)表示請(qǐng)求、建議，would比will委婉、客氣。Will(Would)you please pass me the book?3)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作

7、，"總是""慣于"，will指現(xiàn)在，would指過去。Fish will die without water.Every evening,she would sit by the window,deep in thought.4).表示功能，意為"能"或"行"The machine won't work.5)表示預(yù)料或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home.猜想他離開家時(shí)大約十點(diǎn)。8.would&used to 1)表示過去持續(xù)的狀態(tài)和情況用used t

8、o；would不與表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞連用。There used to be ahospital here./There would be ahospital here.(×)2)would常與often,sometimes,for hours等表示時(shí)間的副詞(短語)連用。We would sit in the yard every evening and listened to his story.3)used to強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的行為同現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比，含有"過去怎樣，而現(xiàn)在卻不這樣了"的含義.eg.He will not spend the money on books as

9、 he used to.9.dare和need兩者作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑問句和條件從句中。習(xí)慣用語I dare say(可能，或許，我揣測(cè))除外。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法同于一般動(dòng)詞。但在否定句中，dare后的to可省略，即：don't/doesn't dare(to)do.need作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用在否定句中時(shí)，其后的to不能省略。He dare go there alone.(×)He dares to go there.He dares not go there alone.(×)He dare not go there alone./He

10、doesn't dare(to)go there alone.He stood there without daring lift his head.(×)He stood there without daring to lift his head.10.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done,表示過去比較：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+do,表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。cf.needn't have done&didn't need to doShe need not have come yesterday.她昨天本不必要來的。(但卻來了)She didn't need to com

11、e yesterday.她昨天不必來。(實(shí)際上也沒來)虛擬語氣【要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】一：形式為(should)+v.1.賓語從句中。一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist),兩個(gè)命令(order,command),三條建議(advise,suggest,propose),四項(xiàng)要求(demand,require,request,ask).還有prefer，advise等詞。注意：1)suggest和insist有例外The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.("暗示""表明")The ma

12、n insisted that he had never stolen the money.2)這類動(dòng)詞的名詞形式后的表語從句和同位語從句中也要用(should)+v.形式。另外，還有plan,idea等詞。2.主語從句中1)It is necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/a shame/no wonderthat.eg.It is strange that he should have acted towards his parents like that.二：形式為在原本的時(shí)態(tài)上退一步，即"+過去"1.在條件句中的運(yùn)用條

13、件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反過去式(be一般用were)would/could/might+v.與過去事實(shí)相反had+過去分詞would/could/might+have+過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反1)過去式2)should+v.3)were to+v.would/could/might+v.(第一人稱可用should,以上同)1)"混合虛擬條件句"或"錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句"主句和從句時(shí)間上不一致，從句可以和過去時(shí)間相反，主句可以與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。If you had taken my advice just now,you would be better now.2)

14、if省略句。在條件句中，可省略if,把were,had,should提到句首，變?yōu)榈寡b句式。Were Iyou,I would seize the chance to go abroad.3)含蓄條件句A)with,without,but for等介詞短語代替條件句But for the rain,the crops would have died.(=If it hadn't been for the rain)B)其他手段I was ill that day.Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副詞)He

15、 telephoned to inform me of your birthday,orI would have known nothing about it.(連詞)I might have given you more help,butI was too busy.(連詞)Given more time,we could have done it better.(分詞短語)It would be amistakenot to help him.(動(dòng)詞不定式)2.賓語從句中wish,would rather后,但would rather后所跟句子跟現(xiàn)在、將來相反用過去時(shí)，跟過去時(shí)間相反使用過

16、去完成時(shí)。注意：不跟過去將來時(shí)。I would rather you came tomorrow instead of today.我寧愿你明天而不是今天來。3.as if(though)引導(dǎo)的從句中as if后的從句當(dāng)表示真實(shí)情況時(shí)，用陳述語氣。試比較：It looks as if it is going to rain./He talks as if he had been to America,4.It is(high)time that.過去時(shí)/should+v.5.用于if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中"但愿，要是就好了"非謂語動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)詞不定式【

17、要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】動(dòng)詞不定式表現(xiàn)為兩種形式：to do或do，在句中可作：1、主語：To build the bridge needs much money.一般用It作形式主語放在句首，把不定式短語放于句末。It doesn't make any difference whether you go today or tomorrow.2、表語：Their task is to build arailway in ayear.3、賓語：The child pretended to be sleeping/asleep when Icame back home.注意：當(dāng)不定式作賓語，其后接補(bǔ)語時(shí)

18、，我們常用it作形式賓語，把不定式賓語放于補(bǔ)語之后。We think it possible to finish the work in aweek.4、定語：表示一個(gè)未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，放于被修飾的名詞之后。The building to be built will be used as ahospital.5、狀語：1)目的狀語：常見形式有：to./in order to./so as to.We got up early in order to catch the first bus.2)結(jié)果狀語：常見形式有：too.to/so.as to./only to.Would you be so k

19、ind as to help me with my English?He returned home 15 years later,only to find his house burnt down.6、補(bǔ)語：1)賓補(bǔ)：He asked me to do work with him.2)主補(bǔ)：She was often heard to sing the song while doing housework.7、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作插入語。常用的有：to tell the truth,to be frank,to make things worse分詞【要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】分詞可分為：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩

20、類?，F(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中可作：1、定語：?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語一般放于被修飾的名詞前，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語應(yīng)放被修飾的名詞后，現(xiàn)在分詞及現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時(shí)均可以發(fā)展為一個(gè)定語從句。The girl reading over there(The girl who was reading over there)soon fell asleep.2、狀語：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語可分為：一般式(doing)：表示分詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；完成式(having done)：表示分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語動(dòng)作之前。The old man passed away,leaving alot of debts

21、 unpaid.Having finished(After he had finished)his exercises,he went to play basketball.3、補(bǔ)語：現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語，表示賓語的一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用于一些常見句型中：see/hear/feel/notice/have/catch/leave/set/send.sb.doing sth.The salesman caught the thief stealing in the shop.4、表語：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表示主語的特點(diǎn)，可以看作形容詞，是形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞。The film was very inte

22、resting.5、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，是固定說法，不以主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)去分析。常見的有：generally speaking,judging from/by,consideringGenerally speaking,he is quite skillful at playing table tennis.過去分詞：過去分詞和過去分詞短語在句中可作：1、定語：?jiǎn)我坏倪^去分詞作定語一般放于被修飾的名詞前，過去分詞短語作定語放于被修飾的名詞后，過去分詞及過去分詞短語作定語均可以發(fā)展為一個(gè)定語從句。The broken window(The window which was broken

23、)will be replaced soon.The books bought yesterday(which were bought yesterday)are of high quality.過去分詞短語作定語有三種時(shí)態(tài)：done.：表示動(dòng)作已發(fā)生；to be done：表示動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生；being done：表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。對(duì)比以下三句：The bridge built last year(which was built last year)is very beautiful.The bridge to be built next month(which will be built n

24、ext month)will be very long.The bridge being built(which is being built)will be completed next month.2、狀語：過去分詞短語作狀語可分為：一般式(done)：表示分詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語動(dòng)作前；完成式(having been done)：強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語動(dòng)作之前。Scolded(As she was scolded)by the teacher,the girl sat there without lifting her head.Having been kept(A

25、s he had been kept)in prison for many years,he went mad.3、補(bǔ)語：過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語，表示賓語與補(bǔ)語存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且常用于have something done/get something done/make oneself done.等句型中。e.g.Yesterday he had his watch fixed at the watch-maker's.4、表語：過去分詞作表語，表示主語的狀態(tài)，且該狀態(tài)通常是由外界因素引起的。這時(shí)過去分詞可以被看作一個(gè)形容詞，是形容詞化的過去分詞。e.g.I'm interested

26、 in reading novels written by Jin Yong.注：分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語，如果分詞的邏輯主語并不是主句的主語，而另有其邏輯主語，則應(yīng)在分詞前補(bǔ)上其邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。e.g.The baby sleeping(As the baby was sleeping)in the room,we dared not turn up the TV.動(dòng)名詞【要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞后+ing的形式構(gòu)成的，與動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞同形。它保留了動(dòng)詞的特征，即：它可以帶自己的賓語和狀語，又具有名詞的特征。1、主語：Studyi

27、ng English well is no easy job.注意：1)在下面一些結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用it作形式主語，將用作真實(shí)主語的動(dòng)名詞放于句末。It is no use/no good/useless/nice/good/fun/interesting.+doing sth.It's good hearing Chinese,my mother tongue,spoken here.2)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別：動(dòng)詞不定式作主語表示一個(gè)具體的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞作主語則表示一個(gè)抽象的、一般的概念。Reading English in the morning is of great

28、use for students.To read this English book will take much time.2、表語：動(dòng)名詞作表語是對(duì)句子主語的一種說明，主語和動(dòng)名詞可以交換位置，句子的意思不變。這有別于進(jìn)行時(shí)：進(jìn)行時(shí)句中用的是現(xiàn)在分詞，表示主語的一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，主語與現(xiàn)在分詞不能交換位置。What he likes most is playing football.=Playing football is what he likes most.He is playing football with his friends.3、賓語：動(dòng)名詞作賓語，表示一種習(xí)慣、愛好。He

29、 likes smoking while Ilike drinking.注意：動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，表示一個(gè)具體的動(dòng)作，不表示習(xí)慣。I like smoking,but Idon't like to smoke today,for I've got acold.有些動(dòng)詞后面不用不定式作賓語，而只用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，請(qǐng)記住以下口訣：memepscarfi：音譯成：妹妹不吃咖啡。這里每個(gè)字母代表一個(gè)或幾個(gè)單詞：m-miss e-enjoy；m-mind；e-escape；p-practise；s-suggest/stand；c-consider/complete；a-admit/allow

30、/advise/appreciate/avoid；r-risk；f-finish；i-imagine，常用的詞都列在里面了。I highly appreciate your helping the old lady.動(dòng)名詞還作介詞賓語。I don't feel like going to the station to meet the guests.4、定語：動(dòng)名詞作定語，放于被修飾的名詞前，表示該的名詞的功能，并不表示動(dòng)作。e.g.a sleeping bag=a bag for sleeping/an operating table=a table for operating區(qū)別：

31、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。e.g.a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping/the running car=the car that is running另：1)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(one's doing)：表示動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，在句中可作主語和賓語。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時(shí)，可以用賓格代替所有格。e.g.We like Tom's(Tom)singing the English song.The little boy's crying drew our attention.2)有些動(dòng)詞后面既可跟動(dòng)詞不定式，又可跟動(dòng)名詞

32、作賓語，注意它們的不同意思。doing sthto do sth remember記得做過某事，(動(dòng)作已發(fā)生)記得去做某事(動(dòng)作未發(fā)生)forget忘了做過某事(動(dòng)作已發(fā)生)忘了去做某事(動(dòng)作未發(fā)生)regret后悔過去做過的事遺憾地去做事mean意味著做某事意欲、打算做某事try試著做某事(看會(huì)發(fā)生什么)努力、設(shè)法、企圖做某事stop停止做某事停下來去做另一事go on繼續(xù)原來的事接著做另一件事can't help禁不住、情不自禁地做某事無法幫助去做某事learn學(xué)會(huì)做某事學(xué)著、開始學(xué)做某事need/want/require某事需要被做(=to be done)需要做某事(主動(dòng)意思)

33、名詞性從句和定語從句【考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥】名詞性從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。近幾年高考對(duì)名詞性從句的考查重點(diǎn)如下：【考點(diǎn)1】名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞that與what的使用場(chǎng)合。1.that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，不在從句中充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用；而what是連接代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。_ made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities.A.What/because B.What/that C.That/what D.That/because 2.t

34、hat在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中不可省略,但當(dāng)有兩個(gè)和兩個(gè)以上的賓語從句并列時(shí)，第二個(gè)從句以下的that不可省略。如：She said(that)she had left school and that her parents would find her ajob.Word comes _a group of Australian guests will come to visit our school next week.A.that B.which C.不填D.about which 3.介詞后的賓語從句常用what，whether引導(dǎo)，不用that，which引導(dǎo)。但在介詞be

35、sides，except，in后可用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。在有it作先行詞時(shí)，that可用來引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句。The other day,my brother drove his car down the street at _I thought was adangerous speed.A.as B.which C.what D.that【考點(diǎn)2】名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞whether與if的用法區(qū)別。引導(dǎo)及物動(dòng)詞或形容詞后的賓語從句可以互換的場(chǎng)合：He is not sure if/whether he can manage to do it.當(dāng)與or not分開使用時(shí)He wondered

36、 if/whether we will attend the meeting or not.引導(dǎo)表語從句、同位語從句及位于句首的主語從句只能用whether不能用if的場(chǎng)合：引導(dǎo)介詞后的賓語從句(有時(shí)可省略)后面緊跟or not時(shí)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)_ the flight to New York will be delayed is _I'm especially worried about.A.If；what B.Whether；that C.When；that D.Whether；what【考點(diǎn)3】在動(dòng)詞：一堅(jiān)持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三建議(s

37、uggest，advise，propose)、四要求(demand，require，request，ask)后的賓語從句和這些動(dòng)詞的過去分詞后的主語從句，以及這些動(dòng)詞的名詞引出的表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語部分常用(should)do形式。I advised that he _to the hospital at once,but he insisted that he _quite well then.A.be sent；was feeling B.was sent；sent C.be sent；feel D.should be sent；should feel【考點(diǎn)4】名詞性從句的語序只能

38、是陳述句語序，賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該與主句的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。They are teachers and don't realize _to start and run acompany.A.what takes it B.what they take C.what takes them D.what it takes【考點(diǎn)5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)不可與no matter who/which/what/when/where/how替換，因?yàn)楹笳咧荒芤龑?dǎo)讓步主語從句。-Have anice trip！-Thanks.I'll telephone you from _I get to by tomorrow evening.A.wherever B.every place C.whenever D.no matter where定語從句可分為限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句。高考對(duì)定語從句的考查常涉及以