從句類型名詞性從句

1、現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第1頁，共16頁. 三大類從句 1.名詞性從句 2.形容詞性從句（定語從句） 3.副詞性從句（狀語從句）.名詞性從句1.主語從句2.賓語從句3.表語從句4.同位語從句現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第2頁，共16頁名詞性從句名詞從句，顧名思義，起著名詞的作用，因此，在句中可充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、和同位語等成分。名詞從句，按其不同的成分作用，又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的詞可分為三類：連詞that：沒有詞義，在句中不擔(dān)任語義成分。wh-疑問詞，在句中擔(dān)任一個(gè)語義成分。這些詞包括who, whom, what, which, when, how和why. 它們通常稱為關(guān)

2、系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。Whether和if 也屬于這一類，但它們?cè)诰渲幸膊粨?dān)任詞義成分。名詞性關(guān)系詞：這一類詞沒有疑問詞義，它本身是先行詞與另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的結(jié)合。這些詞包括名詞性關(guān)系代詞、名詞性關(guān)系副詞。名詞性關(guān)系代詞有：What = the things which/thatWhatever= anything thatWho= the person who現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第3頁，共16頁Whoever= anyone whoWhom= the person whomWhich= the one thatWhichever= anything that名詞性關(guān)系副詞有： When = th

3、e time whenWhere =the place whereHow = the way that Why=the reason why 1.主語從句主語從句 （subject clause）可以由連詞 that, wh-疑問詞或名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。連詞 that 引導(dǎo)由連詞that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句可以置于句首。但常見的形式是主語從句放在句末，作邏輯主語：句首用引導(dǎo)詞it 作形式主語， 這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為緊湊?，F(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第4頁，共16頁Examples:That all livings are composed of cells is known to all.It is believed

4、that the formation of the sun, the planets and other stars began with the condensation of a gas cloud.It is remarkable that a table spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon. 用形式主語it 的主語從句常見結(jié)構(gòu)有： It is a fact ( a good thing, good new, ect.) that It is clea

5、r (necessary, important, possible, remarkable, etc.) that It is well-known (reported, recorded, noted, estimated, ect.) that It must be pointed out that It has been found that It turns out that It has been proved that It can be seen that現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第5頁，共16頁此外，當(dāng)全句是一般疑問句時(shí)，也多用it 做形式主語， 如：Is it possible that

6、he will come today?. wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo) 由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句既可以前置，又可以借助于先行詞it 而后置。Examples:How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.It depends on many factors whether infection occurs or not.It remains unknown who will come to the meeting.由 whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞從句既可位于句首，又可位于句后；而由if 引導(dǎo)的從句只能位于主句后。Whether he will come is uncerta

7、in. / it is uncertain whether / if he will come.現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第6頁，共16頁. 名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般位于句首，Examples;What is written in the book should be tested in practice.What impressed me most is not what he did, but how he did it.Whatever brings about happiness has utility, according to the doctrine of utilit

8、arianism.Excises:用主語從句翻譯下列句子。 難的是一輩子做好事，不做壞事。 理論必須密切聯(lián)系實(shí)際是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)常記住的一條原則。 據(jù)說如果交通運(yùn)輸技術(shù)也像計(jì)算機(jī)那樣飛速發(fā)展的話，今天人們跨越大西洋就只需幾秒鐘了。 確實(shí)，自從八十年代以來我們的總體生活水平提高了很多，我們可以夸耀我們?cè)谖镔|(zhì)方面取得的進(jìn)步?，F(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第7頁，共16頁2.賓語從句起賓語作用的名詞性從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句通常由連詞 that, wh-疑問詞與名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。賓語從句一般置于謂語動(dòng)詞后，但也可作某些介詞與某些具有動(dòng)作意義的形容如afraid, sure, aware, certain等的賓語。 由連

9、詞 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句在動(dòng)詞believed, think, know, say, suppose等后面時(shí)，連詞that 可以省略。Example:We know foreign languages are useful tools in research work.在帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子中，往往用it 作形式賓語，而將that-從句置于句末作邏輯賓語，表達(dá)具體內(nèi)容。Examples:We have made it clear that prevention is better than cure.We consider it necessary that theory should b

10、e combined with practice.此外，在由不及物動(dòng)詞加介詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞后也用先行代詞it作形式賓語，后接由that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。Examples:We will answer for it that the product is of extra superior quality.You may depend on it that she is qualified for the task.現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第8頁，共16頁. 由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)Examples:Most people know what it is like to have their blood pres

11、sure taken, but few people understand the meaning of the numbers used to record blood pressure.Progress depends primarily on whether the individual makes the effort.注意: whether, if 都可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，二者的區(qū)別在于：whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以做介詞賓語，而if則不能。Examples:It depends on whether he comes.I worry about whether I hurt hi

12、s feelings.由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)Examples:You can choose whichever book you like here.They should enjoy complete freedom to live with whomever they desire to.現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第9頁，共16頁.跟在介詞后面的賓語從句Examples:The resistance of a wire also depends upon what material it is made of.Physiology is the science of how the body functio

13、ns or works.介詞后面的賓語從句一般不跟that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。在英語中，只有五個(gè)介詞后面可跟that從句，它們是except, in, but, besides, save.Examples:Living things are different from non-living things in that the former perform life functions and the latter do not.I dont know his address except that it was Leadenhall Street.I agree with you, sav

14、e that you have got some facts wrong.They believed that land did not belong to people, but that people belong to land.Excises:用賓語從句完成下列句子。he differed from other people_(他在工作中比別人都看得遠(yuǎn)些)。_(從以上所說的) it can be seen that practice is the key to mastery of a foreign language.They gave_(來校的人) a warm welcome.現(xiàn)

15、在學(xué)習(xí)的是第10頁，共16頁3. 表語從句起表語作用的句詞性從句，叫做表語從句。連詞that, wh-疑問詞和名詞性關(guān)系詞都可以引導(dǎo)表語從句。由連詞that 引導(dǎo) What impressed me most was that he could speak both English and Japanese fluently and beautifully.由wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo)The problem is what I can do to make up for the time lost.由名詞性關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)This is why our teaching method must be impr

16、oved.表語從句也可用because引起，但通常只用”this (that,it) is because”這種結(jié)構(gòu)。“can you tell me why women live longer than men after retirement?”“Thats because women can continue to do something they are used to doing.”現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第11頁，共16頁 Excises: the question is _(怎樣給老人提供更舒適安全的生活環(huán)境)。 one reason why Hamlet is such a popula

17、r play is (它對(duì)各階層的人都有吸引力)。 the problem is _(人們從未像今天這樣對(duì)婚姻抱如此之高的期望)?，F(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第12頁，共16頁4.同位語從句起同位語作用的名詞性從句叫做同位語從句。它表示與之同位的名詞中心詞的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。這些名詞中心詞常見的有: fact, news, hopes, opinion, order, question, problem, belief, truth, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, statement, promise, rumor等。同位語從句一般由連詞that 和 wh-疑問詞引

18、導(dǎo)。 以連詞that 引導(dǎo) The fact that deeds are better than words is quite clear. 以wh-疑問詞引導(dǎo) The question how I did it is hard to answer. They had no idea where they should go to find some food. My problem whether I should go to see him was solved when I learned that he was ill.現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第13頁，共16頁 Excises: 用同位語從句翻譯下列句子 中國(guó)人一直保持著春節(jié)全家人團(tuán)圓的傳統(tǒng)。 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)能否超越人類的問題就提出來了。 他們的唯一兒子在海中喪身的可怕事實(shí)使他們痛苦不堪?，F(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)的是第14頁，共16頁同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別主要有三點(diǎn)：其一是