外文翻譯---建筑中的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及建筑材料

1、Structure in Design of ArchitectureAnd Structural MaterialWe have and the architects must deal with the spatial aspect of activity, physical, and symbolic needs in such a way that overall performance integrity is assured. Hence, he or she well wants to think of evolving a building environment as a t

2、otal system of interacting and space forming subsystems. Is represents a complex challenge, and to meet it the architect will need a hierarchic design process that provides at least three levels of feedback thinking: schematic, preliminary, and final.Such a hierarchy is necessary if he or she is to

3、avoid being confused , at conceptual stages of design thinking ,by the myriad detail issues that can distract attention from more basic considerations .In fact , we can say that an architects ability to distinguish the more basic form the more detailed issues is essential to his success as a designe

4、r .The object of the schematic feed back level is to generate and evaluate overall site-plan, activity-interaction, and building-configuration options .To do so the architect must be able to focus on the interaction of the basic attributes of the site context, the spatial organization, and the symbo

5、lism as determinants of physical form. This means that ,in schematic terms ,the architect may first conceive and model a building design as an organizational abstraction of essential performance-space in teractions.Then he or she may explore the overall space-form implications of the abstraction. As

6、 an actual building configuration option begins to emerge, it will be modified to include consideration for basic site conditions.At the schematic stage, it would also be helpful if the designer could visualize his or her options for achieving overall structural integrity and consider the constructi

7、ve feasibility and economic of his or her scheme .But this will require that the architect and/or a consultant be able to conceptualize total-system structural options in terms of elemental detail .Such overall thinking can be easily fed back to improve the space-form scheme.At the preliminary level

8、, the architects emphasis will shift to the elaboration of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architects structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a middle level of specificity

9、by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, component, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of total-system objectives. Consultants can

10、play a significant part in this effort; these preliminary-level decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts.When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that

11、the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from

12、 various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship betwee

13、n the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more

14、general properties of a total-system design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.To summarize: At Level I, the architect must first establish, in conceptual terms, the overall space-form feasibility of basic schematic options. At this stage, collaboration with specialists c

15、an be helpful, but only if in the form of overall thinking. At Level II, the architect must be able to identify the major subsystem requirements implied by the scheme and substantial their interactive feasibility by approximating key component properties .That is, the properties of major subsystems

16、need be worked out only in sufficient depth to very the inherent compatibility of their basic form-related and behavioral interaction . This will mean a somewhat more specific form of collaboration with specialists then that in level I .At level III ,the architect and the specific form of collaborat

17、ion with specialists then that providing for all of the elemental design specifics required to produce biddable construction documents .Of course this success comes from the development of the Structural Material.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, ston

18、e, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar like substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or claps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have hole

19、s drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called puzzling, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth c

20、entury. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormou

21、s advantage of steel is its tensile force which, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and

22、 clay, which is heated and then ground into a power. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate small stones, crushed rock, or gravel, and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very ver

23、satile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of co

24、ntraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond the for

25、ce that unites them that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major cha

26、nges in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fire-resistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings wi

27、th greater heights and longer spans.Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls

28、were generally made of masonry; they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various combinations.Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many y

29、ears the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by w

30、elding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel material between them under high heat.Priestesss concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usu

31、ally by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (

32、and more common) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestesss concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material.Because foundat

33、ion vertical to even to subside or horizontal direction displacement, make the structure produce the additional stress, go beyond resisting the ability of drawing of concrete structure, cause the structure to fracture. The even main reason that subside of the foundation is as follows, 1, Reconnoitre

34、s the precision and is not enough for , test the materials inaccuratly in geology. Designing, constructing without fully grasping the geological situation, this is the main reason that cause the ground not to subside evenly . Such as hills area or bridge, district of mountain ridge, hole interval to

35、 be too far when reconnoitring, and ground rise and fall big the rock, reconnoitring the report can't fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the strea

36、m place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the compressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to lo

37、ad difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of

38、 basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundation and a foundation with the foundation, or adopt a foundation when a foot-path or a long difference is great at the same time , or adopt the foundation of expanding when basis elevation

39、 is widely different at the same time , may cause the ground not to subside evenly too 5, Foundation built by stages. In the newly-built bridge near the foundation of original bridge, if the half a bridge about expressway built by stages, the newly-built bridge loads or the foundation causes the soi

40、l of the ground to consolidate again while dealing with, may cause and subside the foundation of original bridge greatly 6, The ground is frozen bloatedly. The ground soil of higher moisture content on terms that lower than zero degree expands because of being icy; Once temperature goes up , the fro

41、zen soil is melted, the setting of ground. So the ground is icy or melts causes and does not subside evenly . 7, Bridge foundation put on body, cave with stalactites and stalagmites, activity fault,etc. of coming down at the bad geology, may cause and does not subside evenly . 8, After the bridge is

42、 built up , the condition change of original ground . After most natural grounds and artificial grounds are soaked with water, especially usually fill out such soil of special ground as the soil , loess , expanding in the land ,etc., soil body intensity meet water drop, compress out of shape to stre

43、ngthen. In the soft soil ground , season causes the water table to drop to draw water or arid artificially, the ground soil layer consolidates and sinks again, reduce the buoyancy on the foundation at the same time , shouldering the obstruction of rubing to increase, the foundation is carried on one

44、's shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too shallow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide

45、 ,etc. reason for instance, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be compressed again. So, the condition of original ground change while using may cause and does not subside evenly Produce the structure thing of horizontal thrust to arched bridge ,etc., it is the main reas

46、on that horizontal displacement crack emerges to destroy the original geological condition when to that it is unreasonable to grasp incompletely , design and construct in the geological situation.Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the mode

47、rn, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.建筑中的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及建筑材料建筑師必須從一種全局的角度出發(fā)去處理建筑設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)該考慮到的實(shí)用活動，物質(zhì)及象征性的需求。因此，他或他試圖將有相互有關(guān)的空間形式分體系組成的總體系形成一個建筑環(huán)境。這是一種復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn)，為適應(yīng)這一挑戰(zhàn)，建筑師需要有一個分階段的設(shè)計(jì)過程，其至少要分三個“反饋”考慮階

48、段：方案階段，初步設(shè)計(jì)階段和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)階段。這樣的分階段涉及是必需的，它可使設(shè)計(jì)者避免受很多細(xì)節(jié)的困惑，而這些細(xì)節(jié)往往會干擾設(shè)計(jì)者的基本思路。實(shí)際上，我們可以說一個成功的建筑設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該具備一種從很多細(xì)節(jié)中分辨出更為基本的內(nèi)容的能力。概念構(gòu)思階段的任務(wù)時提出和斟酌全局場地規(guī)劃，活動相互作用及房屋形式方案。為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些，建筑師必須注意場地各部分的基本使用，空間組織，并應(yīng)用象征手法確定其具體形式。這就要求建筑師首先按照基本功能和空間關(guān)系對一項(xiàng)建筑設(shè)計(jì)首先構(gòu)思并模擬出一個抽象的建筑物，然后再對這一抽象的總體空間進(jìn)行深入探究。在開始勾畫具體的建筑形似時，應(yīng)考慮基本的場所跳進(jìn)加以修改。在方案階段，如果設(shè)計(jì)者

49、能夠形象的預(yù)見所作方案的結(jié)構(gòu)整體性，并要考慮施工階段可行性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性，那將是非常有幫助的。這就要求建筑師或者過問工程是能夠從主要分體系之間的關(guān)系而不是從構(gòu)建細(xì)節(jié)去構(gòu)思總體結(jié)構(gòu)方案。這種能夠易于反饋以改進(jìn)空間形式方案。在初步設(shè)計(jì)階段，建筑師的重點(diǎn)工作應(yīng)是詳細(xì)化可能成為最終方案的設(shè)計(jì)，這是建筑師對結(jié)構(gòu)的要求業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到做分體系具體方案的粗略設(shè)計(jì)上。在這一階段應(yīng)該完成對結(jié)構(gòu)布置的中等程度的確定，重點(diǎn)論證和設(shè)計(jì)主要分體系已確定它們的主要幾何尺寸，構(gòu)件和相互關(guān)系。這樣就可以依據(jù)全局設(shè)計(jì)方案，確定并解決各分體系的相互影響以及設(shè)計(jì)難題。顧問工程師在這一過程中作用重大，但各細(xì)部的考慮還留有選擇余地。當(dāng)然，這些初步設(shè)

50、計(jì)階段所作的決定仍可以反饋回取使方案概念進(jìn)一步改善，或甚至可能有重大變化。當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)者和顧問工程師對初始階段設(shè)計(jì)方案的可行性滿意時，就意味著全部設(shè)計(jì)的基本問題已經(jīng)解決，不會再因細(xì)節(jié)問題而發(fā)生大的變化。這是工作重點(diǎn)將再次轉(zhuǎn)移，進(jìn)入細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì)。在這一階段將重點(diǎn)完善各分體系的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)。此時包括結(jié)構(gòu)工程在內(nèi)的各個領(lǐng)域的專家的作用將十分突出，應(yīng)為所有施工的細(xì)節(jié)都必須設(shè)計(jì)出來。這一階段的決定，可能會反饋到第二階段并導(dǎo)致一些變化。如果第一階段和第二階段的設(shè)計(jì)做的深入，那么在最初兩個階段所得到的總體結(jié)論和最后階段的細(xì)節(jié)的重新設(shè)計(jì)不再是問題。當(dāng)然，整個實(shí)際過程應(yīng)該是逐步發(fā)展的過程，從創(chuàng)造和細(xì)化（改進(jìn)）總體設(shè)計(jì)概念直到

51、做出精確的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和細(xì)部構(gòu)造。綜上所述：在第一階段，建筑師必須首先用概念的方式來確定基本方案的全部空間形式的可行性。在第一階段，專業(yè)人員的合作是有意義的，但僅限于行程總的構(gòu)思方面；在第二階段，建筑師應(yīng)該能夠用圖形來確定各分體系的需求，并且通過估計(jì)關(guān)鍵構(gòu)件的性能來證明其相互作用的可行性。也就是說，主要分體系的性能只須做到一定深度，需要驗(yàn)證他們的基本形式和相互關(guān)系是協(xié)調(diào)一致的。這需要與工程師進(jìn)行更加詳細(xì)與明確的合作；在第三階段，建筑師和專業(yè)人員必須繼續(xù)合作完成所有構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)，并制定良好的施工文件。當(dāng)然，這些設(shè)計(jì)的成功來源于建筑材料的發(fā)展與革新。早期的建筑材料主要是木材和砌塊,如磚塊、石材或瓦片

52、及其它類似的材料。磚和磚之間是由砂漿或者焦油狀的瀝青或其它粘合物粘結(jié)在一起。希臘人和羅馬人有時利用鐵棒或夾鉗來加固他們的建筑。例如,在雅典的帕臺農(nóng)神廟的柱子,就是由在水中也能變得如石材般堅(jiān)硬的火山灰建成的。鋼材和水泥現(xiàn)代最重要的兩種建筑材料,在19世紀(jì)得到了推廣。鋼材(從根本上說,是以鐵為主要成分并含有少量碳元素的合金),直到出現(xiàn)能夠限制其特殊用途(如制造刀刃)的費(fèi)勞力的鑄造方法,才被鑄造出來。在1856年貝塞麥煉鋼法出現(xiàn)之后,鋼材就以較低的價格大量供應(yīng)。鋼材最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是它的抗拉強(qiáng)度非常高,這也就是說,當(dāng)它在我們已知的能拉斷許多材料的一定拉力作用下,鋼材不會喪失它的強(qiáng)度。新的合金元素的加入,

53、大大增加了鋼材的強(qiáng)度,并消除的它的一些缺點(diǎn)。例如,鋼材在應(yīng)力不斷變化時所表現(xiàn)出的疲勞強(qiáng)度有所見減小的傾向。現(xiàn)代的水泥(也叫波特蘭水泥),發(fā)明于1824年。它是一種由石灰石和粘土加熱后碾成粉末的混合物。它是在施工現(xiàn)場與砂子、骨料(小石塊、碎石、礫石)及水,拌制成混凝土。各成分含量的不同, 拌制出的混凝土強(qiáng)度和重量也不同?；炷翍?yīng)用十分廣泛,它可以澆筑、泵送甚至噴射成所有形狀。而鋼材有很高的抗拉強(qiáng)度和混凝土具有很高的抗壓強(qiáng)度,因此,這兩種材料相互彌補(bǔ)了各自的不足。鋼筋和混凝土也在以另一種方式互補(bǔ),就是它們幾乎有著相同的收縮率和膨脹率。因此它們可以在拉力與壓力同時存在的條件下共同工作?；炷林屑尤脘?/p>

54、筋,可以制成鋼筋混凝土梁或其它鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件以抵抗出現(xiàn)的拉力。混凝土和鋼筋之間形成一種使它們粘結(jié)在一起的粘結(jié)力,這個力使鋼筋在混凝土中不會產(chǎn)生滑移。酸會腐蝕鋼筋,而混凝土?xí)a(chǎn)生與酸相反的堿性化學(xué)反應(yīng)。結(jié)構(gòu)鋼和混凝土的使用是傳統(tǒng)的施工方式產(chǎn)生的主要變化。它使人們在建造多層建筑時,不再必須使用以石材或磚砌筑的厚墻了,并且也使建造一個防火地面變得簡單多了。這些變化都有利于降低施工的費(fèi)用,而且這使建造更高更大的結(jié)構(gòu)變成可能?，F(xiàn)代建筑物的重量由鋼或混凝土框架來承受,因此墻體不再做承重墻。它們已經(jīng)變成能夠抵擋風(fēng)雨并進(jìn)行采光的幕墻了。在早期的鋼或混凝土框架建筑中,幕墻一般由砌塊建成,這些砌塊有著和承重墻一樣

55、堅(jiān)實(shí)的外觀。但是現(xiàn)在, 幕墻則一般由諸如玻璃、鋁、塑料或各種混合材料等輕質(zhì)材料建成的。在鋼材建造中的另一種優(yōu)點(diǎn)是梁之間的連接方法。多年來,傳統(tǒng)的連接方法是鉚接。鉚釘是一種有一頭看起來像沒有螺紋的圓頭螺絲釘。在現(xiàn)場施工時,鉚釘被加熱,穿過剛片間的孔洞,在另一端靠錘擊形成另一個頭以使之固定就位?，F(xiàn)在鉚接大多已經(jīng)被焊接取代,焊接是一種通過在高溫下鋼材使它們連接在一起的連接方式。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是鋼筋混凝土的一種改良方式。將鋼筋彎成各種形狀,使鋼筋具有一定的拉應(yīng)力。然后它們被用于預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土,這種施工方法有兩種。一種方法是在混凝土中預(yù)留與鋼筋形狀相同的孔道,當(dāng)鋼筋穿過孔道后,通過向孔道灌注砂漿或粘結(jié)劑使鋼

56、筋和混凝土粘結(jié)在一起。另一種更常用的方法是將鋼筋置于與成品構(gòu)件外形相符的模板底部,然后在鋼筋周圍澆注混凝土。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土用鋼量和用混凝土量都比較少。由于它的這個顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)性, 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是一種非常理想的材料。由于基礎(chǔ)豎向不均勻沉降或水平方向位移，使結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生附加應(yīng)力，超出混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗拉能力，導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)開裂?；A(chǔ)不均勻沉降的主要原因有： 1、地質(zhì)勘察精度不夠、試驗(yàn)資料不準(zhǔn)。在沒有充分掌握地質(zhì)情況就設(shè)計(jì)、施工，這是造成地基不均勻沉降的主要原因。比如丘陵區(qū)或山嶺區(qū)橋梁，勘察時鉆孔間距太遠(yuǎn)，而地基巖面起伏又大，勘察報(bào)告不能充分反映實(shí)際地質(zhì)情況。 2、地基地質(zhì)差異太大。建造在山區(qū)溝谷的橋梁，河溝處的地

57、質(zhì)與山坡處變化較大，河溝中甚至存在軟弱地基，地基土由于不同壓縮性引起不均勻沉降。 3、結(jié)構(gòu)荷載差異太大。在地質(zhì)情況比較一致條件下，各部分基礎(chǔ)荷載差異太大時，有可能引起不均勻沉降，例如高填土箱形涵洞中部比兩邊的荷載要大，中部的沉降就要比兩邊大，箱涵可能開裂。 4、結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)類型差別大。同一聯(lián)橋梁中，混合使用不同基礎(chǔ)如擴(kuò)大基礎(chǔ)和樁基礎(chǔ)，或同時采用樁基礎(chǔ)但樁徑或樁長差別大時，或同時采用擴(kuò)大基礎(chǔ)但基底標(biāo)高差異大時，也可能引起地基不均勻沉降。 5、分期建造的基礎(chǔ)。在原有橋梁基礎(chǔ)附近新建橋梁時，如分期修建的高速公路左右半幅橋梁，新建橋梁荷載或基礎(chǔ)處理時引起地基土重新固結(jié)，均可能對原有橋梁基礎(chǔ)造成較大沉降。

58、6、地基凍脹。在低于零度的條件下含水率較高的地基土因冰凍膨脹；一旦溫度回升，凍土融化，地基下沉。因此地基的冰凍或融化均可造成不均勻沉降。 7、橋梁基礎(chǔ)置于滑坡體、溶洞或活動斷層等不良地質(zhì)時，可能造成不均勻沉降。 8、橋梁建成以后，原有地基條件變化。大多數(shù)天然地基和人工地基浸水后，尤其是素填土、黃土、膨脹土等特殊地基土，土體強(qiáng)度遇水下降，壓縮變形加大。在軟土地基中，因人工抽水或干旱季節(jié)導(dǎo)致地下水位下降，地基土層重新固結(jié)下沉，同時對基礎(chǔ)的上浮力減小，負(fù)摩阻力增加，基礎(chǔ)受荷加大。有些橋梁基礎(chǔ)埋置過淺，受洪水沖刷、淘挖，基礎(chǔ)可能位移。地面荷載條件的變化，如橋梁附近因塌方、山體滑坡等原因堆置大量廢方、砂

59、石等，橋址范圍土層可能受壓縮再次變形。因此，使用期間原有地基條件變化均可能造成不均勻沉降。對于拱橋等產(chǎn)生水平推力的結(jié)構(gòu)物，對地質(zhì)情況掌握不夠、設(shè)計(jì)不合理和施工時破壞了原有地質(zhì)條件是產(chǎn)生水平位移裂縫的主要原因。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土使建造特殊形狀的建筑物成為可能,如一些具有不受任何支撐物阻擋視線的大空間的現(xiàn)代體育競技場。這種相對較新的結(jié)構(gòu)方法的利用正在處于不斷發(fā)展之中。 教師見習(xí)報(bào)告總結(jié)期待已久的見習(xí)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了，在龍巖三中高中部見習(xí)聽課，雖然只是短短的兩個星期，但感觸還是蠻深的，以前作為一名學(xué)生坐在課室聽課，和現(xiàn)在作為一名準(zhǔn)教師坐在課室聽課是完全不同的感受，感覺自己學(xué)到了一些在平時課堂上學(xué)不到的東西。在這里，我獲得的不僅是經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的收獲，更多是教學(xué)管理，課堂教學(xué)等的理念，以及他們帶給我的種種思考。教育見習(xí)實(shí)踐過程：聽課。教育見習(xí)的主要目的是讓學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的引導(dǎo)下，觀摩教師上課方法、技巧等。聽課是教育見習(xí)的主要內(nèi)容。我院規(guī)定在一周的見習(xí)中需完成至少6課的見習(xí)任務(wù)。我在教師的安排指導(dǎo)下，分別對高一、高二物理專業(yè)課型為主，其他課型齊頭的