第9章應(yīng)用：國際貿(mào)易

1、PowerPoint Slides prepared by: Andreea CHIRITESCUEastern Illinois University9 9應(yīng)用：國際貿(mào)易 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a

2、password-protected website for classroom use.1決定貿(mào)易的因素 沒有貿(mào)易時的均衡只有國內(nèi)的買者和賣者均衡價格和數(shù)量取決于國內(nèi)市場總利益消費者剩余生產(chǎn)者剩余 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ot

3、herwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.2圖 1 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected websi

4、te for classroom use.沒有國際貿(mào)易時的均衡Price oftextiles當(dāng)一個經(jīng)濟(jì)不能在世界市場上進(jìn)行貿(mào)易時，價格會自發(fā)調(diào)整，是國內(nèi)供給與需求達(dá)到平衡。這個圖表示在假想的Isoland國紡織品市場上，在沒有國際貿(mào)易的均衡時消費者剩余和生產(chǎn)者剩余。0Quantity of textilesEquilibriumquantityConsumersurplusProducersurplusDomesticDemand EquilibriumpriceDomesticSupply 3決定貿(mào)易的因素 允許國際貿(mào)易? 國內(nèi)市場的價格和數(shù)量?誰將從自由貿(mào)易中獲益、誰將遭受損失、好處會大

5、于損失嗎?應(yīng)該把關(guān)稅作為新貿(mào)易政策的一部分嗎? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.4決定貿(mào)易的因素 世界價格一種物品在

6、世界上通行的價格 國內(nèi)價格一種物品在國內(nèi)市場上的機(jī)會成本 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.5決定貿(mào)易的因素 國內(nèi)價格

7、與世界價格的比較比較優(yōu)勢若國內(nèi)價格 世界價格進(jìn)口世界有比較優(yōu)勢 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.6貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家

8、出口國貿(mào)易前國內(nèi)均衡價格低于世界價格貿(mào)易一旦放開國內(nèi)價格上升至世界價格國內(nèi)產(chǎn)生超額供給不同: 出口 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classr

9、oom use.7圖 2 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.一個出口國的貿(mào)易Price of textilesQuan

10、tityof textiles0一旦允許貿(mào)易，國內(nèi)價格就上升到等于世界價格的水平。供給曲線表示國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的紡織品數(shù)量，需求曲線表示國內(nèi)消費的紡織品量。lsoland國的出口等于世界價格時國內(nèi)供給量與國內(nèi)需求量之間的差額。賣者的狀況變好了（C到B+C+D），而賣者的狀況變壞了(A+B到A)。總剩余的增加量等于面積D，表明貿(mào)易增加了整個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。DDomesticQuantityDemandedDomestic QuantitySuppliedCABDomesticSupplyDomesticDemandPricebefore tradePriceafter tradeWorldPrice E

11、xports Exports 8貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 出口國世界貿(mào)易之前消費者剩余生產(chǎn)者剩余世界貿(mào)易之時更高的消費者剩余更低的生產(chǎn)者剩余更高的總剩余 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-prote

12、cted website for classroom use.9貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 出口國, 與世界貿(mào)易國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者會變得更好國內(nèi)消費者福利變壞貿(mào)易提高了該國的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況水平贏家所得到的要超過輸家所失去的 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ot

13、herwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.10貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 進(jìn)口國貿(mào)易前國內(nèi)均衡價格高于世界價格貿(mào)易一旦放開國內(nèi)價格跌至世界價格國內(nèi)產(chǎn)生超額需求不同：進(jìn)口 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product

14、 or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.11圖 3 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwo

15、rd-protected website for classroom use.一個進(jìn)口國的貿(mào)易Price oftextilesQuantityof textiles0一旦允許貿(mào)易，國內(nèi)價格就下降到等于世界價格的水平。供給曲線表示國內(nèi)產(chǎn)量，二需求曲線表示國內(nèi)消費量。進(jìn)口等于世界價格時國內(nèi)需求量與國內(nèi)供給量的差額。買者的狀況變好（A到A+B+D），而賣者的狀況變壞（B+C到C）?？偸Ｓ嘣黾恿嗣娣eD，表明貿(mào)易提高了該國家作為一個整體的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。DDomesticQuantitySuppliedDomesticQuantityDemandedCABDomesticSupplyDomesticDeman

16、dPricebefore tradePriceafter tradeWorldPrice Imports 12貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 進(jìn)口國 世界貿(mào)易之前消費者剩余生產(chǎn)者剩余世界貿(mào)易之時更高的消費者剩余更低的生產(chǎn)者剩余更高的總剩余 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or

17、service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.13貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 進(jìn)口國, 與世界貿(mào)易國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者會變得更壞國內(nèi)消費者會變得更好貿(mào)易提高了該國的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況水平贏家所得到的要超過輸家所失去的 貿(mào)易使得每個人變得更好 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a licen

18、se distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.14貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 關(guān)稅對在國外生產(chǎn)的而在國內(nèi)銷售的物品征收的一種稅 自由貿(mào)易國內(nèi)價格 = 世界價格 進(jìn)口關(guān)稅國內(nèi)價格高于世界價格移動的數(shù)量為關(guān)稅 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, excep

19、t for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.15圖 4 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license

20、distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.關(guān)稅的影響Price of textilesQuantity of textiles0關(guān)稅減少了進(jìn)口量，并使市場向沒有貿(mào)易時的均衡移動?？偸Ｓ嗟臏p少量等于面積D+F。這兩個三角形代表關(guān)稅的無謂損失。BGImports without 關(guān)稅 ACImportswith 關(guān)稅 DFEDomesticDemandDomesticSupplyPrice without 關(guān)稅世界價格 Pr

21、ice with 關(guān)稅Q1SQ2SQ2DQ1D關(guān)稅 16貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 關(guān)稅的影響價格變化為移動關(guān)稅的數(shù)量國內(nèi)需求數(shù)量下降國內(nèi)供給數(shù)量上升減少了進(jìn)口量國內(nèi)賣家變好國內(nèi)買家變壞 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on

22、a password-protected website for classroom use.17貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 征關(guān)稅之前消費者剩余生產(chǎn)者剩余政府稅收收入= 0 關(guān)稅的效應(yīng)消費者剩余 更少生產(chǎn)者剩余 更大政府稅收收入總剩余變小 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product

23、or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.18貿(mào)易的贏家和輸家 世界貿(mào)易的其他好處增加了物品的多樣性通過規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)降低了成本增加了競爭加強(qiáng)了思想交流技術(shù)進(jìn)步在世界范圍內(nèi)流通 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed

24、with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.19各種限制貿(mào)易的觀點 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者反對自由貿(mào)易認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)該保護(hù)國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)免受國外競爭 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed

25、with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.20“你作為一個作者喜歡保護(hù)主義嗎？作為一名消費者呢？各種限制貿(mào)易的觀點 工作崗位論“與其他國家進(jìn)行貿(mào)易消滅了國內(nèi)的一些工作崗位”自由貿(mào)易同事也創(chuàng)造了一些工作崗位 國家安全論“該行業(yè)對國家安全是至關(guān)重要的” 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or

26、in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.21各種限制貿(mào)易的觀點 幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)論“新興產(chǎn)業(yè)有時認(rèn)為，應(yīng)實行暫時性貿(mào)易限制，以有助于該產(chǎn)業(yè)的成長?！?事件中難以實施這種 “暫時性” 政策很難取消保護(hù)并不是一個幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)成長所必需的 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May no

27、t be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.22各種限制貿(mào)易的觀點 不公平競爭論“只有各國都按同樣的規(guī)劃行事，自由貿(mào)易才是合意的”該國總剩余增加 作為討價還價籌碼的保護(hù)論“當(dāng)與自己的貿(mào)易伙伴討價還價時，貿(mào)易限制可能還是有用的”威

28、脅可能不起作用 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.23貿(mào)易協(xié)定和世界貿(mào)易組織 世界貿(mào)易組織, WTO 單邊方法實現(xiàn)自由

29、貿(mào)易取消自己貿(mào)易限制英國, 19世紀(jì)近幾年，智利和韓國 多種方法實現(xiàn)自由貿(mào)易取消自己貿(mào)易限制的同時其他國家也是這樣做北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定NAFTA, 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定GATT 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.24貿(mào)易協(xié)定和世界貿(mào)易組織 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 (NAFTA)1993年簽署的這一協(xié)定降低了美國、墨西哥和加拿大之間的貿(mào)易壁壘 關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定 (GATT)許多國家為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易而進(jìn)行的一系列連續(xù)談判 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in