第12堂 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)

1、LECTURE 12 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)本堂目標(biāo)：熟悉各種分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別長(zhǎng)難句中的各種分隔現(xiàn)象，重點(diǎn)掌握插入語(yǔ)作分隔結(jié)構(gòu)的情況，快速理解長(zhǎng)難句?；A(chǔ)預(yù)習(xí) 一般情況下，句子中的某些成分應(yīng)該緊靠在一起，如主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)，修飾語(yǔ)與被修飾語(yǔ)等。但有些時(shí)候這些本應(yīng)緊密連接的句子成分被其他成分分隔，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象叫作分隔。了解這一語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象有助于對(duì)長(zhǎng)句、難句的理解。一、 主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的分隔分類(lèi)例示被定語(yǔ)分隔Everyone，old or young, should contribute his time and energy to his work.（后置形容詞作定語(yǔ)分隔）Their weekend toge

2、ther remained vividly in the thoughts.（后置副詞定語(yǔ)分隔）The machine to be examined has been bought to the factory.（不定式定語(yǔ)分隔）被狀語(yǔ)分隔He seldom eats too much.（副詞作狀語(yǔ)分隔）Balloons, being lighter than air, are held up by the air.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)分隔）He, like every body else, had worried about it.（介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)分隔）被同位語(yǔ)分隔The great shi

3、p, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th,1912.（被作同位語(yǔ)的名詞分隔）The idea that modern art can exactly be seen in museums is mistaken.（被同位語(yǔ)從句分隔）被插入語(yǔ)分隔This, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issues.（介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ)分隔）Your suggestion, to be frank, will only lead us into trouble.（不定式作插入語(yǔ)分隔

4、）The talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive.（主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ)分隔）【例】All music, whether it is the pulsation of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera, has this feature: it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings.【點(diǎn)睛】句子的主干為

5、All music has this feature。主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被whether or 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句隔開(kāi)。【譯文】所有的音樂(lè)，不管是原始部落的鼓聲，還是戲劇中聲音和樂(lè)器的和諧，都有這種特點(diǎn)：都基于聲音的力量，這種力量能激起我們的感官反應(yīng)，讓我們產(chǎn)生感覺(jué)。二、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)的分隔分類(lèi)例示助動(dòng)詞與主動(dòng)詞分隔The condition has been more or less improved.（被副詞分隔）I dont in the least want to go with you.（被介詞短語(yǔ)分隔）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與主動(dòng)詞分隔You might at least offer to help.（

6、被介詞短語(yǔ)分隔）Computers could someday be used inside an atom.（被名詞狀語(yǔ)分隔）系動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的分隔He was by no means a hard man.（被介詞短語(yǔ)分隔）The sun is, in fact, essential in order for life to exist on the earth.（被插入語(yǔ)分隔）【例】（08-Part B）To make revision easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can eas

7、ily add words, sentences and corrections【點(diǎn)睛】so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，該從句中的副詞easily將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can和主動(dòng)詞add分隔。【譯文】為了方便修改，寫(xiě)作時(shí)頁(yè)邊距和行距要留得大些，以便添加詞語(yǔ)、句子并做修改。三、動(dòng)詞/介詞與賓語(yǔ)的分隔分類(lèi)例示動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)分隔They announced in the newspaper the data of their wedding.（被介詞短語(yǔ)分隔）介詞與賓語(yǔ)分隔I had not seen him for at least ten day.（被介詞短語(yǔ)分隔）【例】In bringing up chil

8、dren, every parent watches eagerly the childs acquisition of each new skill the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing.【點(diǎn)睛】本句主干為every parent watches the childs acquisition of each new skill。副詞eagerly將句子的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)?！咀g文】在養(yǎng)育孩子的過(guò)程中，每一位父母都十分關(guān)注孩子所學(xué)會(huì)的每一樣本領(lǐng)。比如

9、：最先會(huì)說(shuō)的話(huà)，第一次獨(dú)立走路時(shí)的情景，或是開(kāi)始學(xué)會(huì)讀和寫(xiě)的時(shí)間。四、固定搭配中的分隔分類(lèi)例示動(dòng)詞與介詞分隔She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.（looked for被副詞分隔）The audience consisted for the most part of young people.（consisted of被介詞短語(yǔ)分隔）形容詞與介詞分隔Dimmitroff went through all this. He was different, however, from others.（differen from被插入

10、語(yǔ)分隔）【例】(07-Text 3)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened should

11、ers. 【點(diǎn)睛】固定短語(yǔ)look like被表程度的副詞far less分開(kāi)。【譯文】從中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭來(lái)看，這其中的大部分看起來(lái)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不像是一個(gè)行使更多財(cái)政職責(zé)的機(jī)會(huì)，而更像是金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)全盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)在已經(jīng)負(fù)擔(dān)過(guò)重的肩膀上再施加壓力，他們這樣想是可以理解的。重點(diǎn)講解一、長(zhǎng)句中的分隔現(xiàn)象前面我們講了單句中各語(yǔ)法成分之間的分隔現(xiàn)象，實(shí)際上在復(fù)合句中，分隔現(xiàn)象也很普遍。LECTURE 1中我們講了定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分隔，LECTURE 2中我們講過(guò)同位語(yǔ)從句與先行語(yǔ)的分隔，這里講一下長(zhǎng)句、復(fù)合句中的其他分隔現(xiàn)象。1并列連詞與后續(xù)分句分隔【例】On motor-ways you can, at least,

12、travel safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on narrow, bumpy road which are crowded with traffic.【點(diǎn)睛】并列連詞but和后緒分句被插入語(yǔ)more often than not分隔。前面的復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)can travel之間被插入語(yǔ)at least分隔?！咀g文】坐車(chē)至少是安全并且速度快的，但是其實(shí)也不然，因?yàn)槟阋苍S會(huì)把你的旅行浪費(fèi)在擁擠并且顛簸的路上。2從屬連詞與后緒從句分隔【例】One night,

13、 he decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.【點(diǎn)睛】從屬連詞if與其引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句被介詞短語(yǔ)after so many performances分隔?！咀g文】一天晚上，他決定與他的同事開(kāi)一個(gè)玩笑，看看同事反復(fù)演出這么多場(chǎng)之后，是否已將信的內(nèi)容記熟了。二、插入語(yǔ)作分隔結(jié)構(gòu) 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)中有一種比較特殊的情況，即插入語(yǔ)作分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。插入語(yǔ)是指插入到主、

14、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)（通常被稱(chēng)為句子的必要成分）之間的從句、短語(yǔ)或單詞，分隔這些語(yǔ)法成分的同時(shí)，對(duì)句子的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、添加、限制或解釋說(shuō)明。 在閱讀理解中遇到插入成分時(shí)，理想的處理辦法就是跳過(guò)它。待句子的主要部分理解之后，再返回來(lái)補(bǔ)充理解。照插入語(yǔ)按構(gòu)成來(lái)劃分，主要有以下幾種:1名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ)【例】(96-Passage 4)When all these shaping forces schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking interacted with one another on the

15、 rich U.S. Mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation.【點(diǎn)睛】破折號(hào)之間的名詞及名詞短語(yǔ)可視作插入語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明all these shaping forces。【譯文】當(dāng)所有這些構(gòu)成因素學(xué)校、開(kāi)放態(tài)度、獎(jiǎng)金制度、真正的空間思維方式在美國(guó)本土相互作用時(shí)，具有美國(guó)特點(diǎn)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就被孕育出來(lái)。2.形容詞或副詞結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ)【例】(96-Passage 4)Because thanks to these schools, our early mechanics, especially in the New Eng

16、land and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.【點(diǎn)睛】副詞結(jié)構(gòu)especially.作插入語(yǔ)，使句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分隔?！咀g文】因?yàn)橛羞@樣的學(xué)校，我們當(dāng)年的技工，特別是新英格蘭和大西洋沿岸中部各洲的技工，總體上來(lái)說(shuō)是有文化的，懂算術(shù)，具有一定的幾何三角知識(shí)的。3.介詞短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)插入語(yǔ)的情況十分多見(jiàn)， after all, of course, at least, in

17、 fact, in contrast, on the other hand之類(lèi)的介詞短語(yǔ)，最常見(jiàn)的用法就是充當(dāng)插入語(yǔ)?！纠?99-Passage 3)It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.【點(diǎn)睛】句中介詞短語(yǔ)of course作插入語(yǔ)，將謂語(yǔ)和that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句分開(kāi)?！咀g文】當(dāng)然應(yīng)該注意到，不管是職業(yè)學(xué)校還是非職業(yè)學(xué)校，目標(biāo)混亂是有害無(wú)益的。4.連詞作插入語(yǔ)though, however, neverthe

18、less, nonetheless等連詞往往在句中作插入語(yǔ)?！纠縊n the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.【點(diǎn)睛】連詞though在句中作插入語(yǔ)?！咀g文】但是另一方面，如果讓一個(gè)孩子過(guò)度放任自由，或是不給他任何學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，他就會(huì)喪失對(duì)生活天生的熱情，失去發(fā)

19、掘新事物的欲望。5.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ)【例】(99-Passage 3)But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.【點(diǎn)睛】句中since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)被做插入語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)all other factors being equal分隔

20、開(kāi)?！咀g文】然而對(duì)一小部分學(xué)生而言，職業(yè)培訓(xùn)也許是必由之路，因?yàn)樵谄渌蛩叵嗤那闆r下，全面的技能也許是能否找到工作的關(guān)鍵。6.主謂結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ)【例】Since, we are told, 80 to 90 percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of education.【點(diǎn)睛】主謂結(jié)構(gòu)we are told在句中做插入語(yǔ)?！咀g文】據(jù)說(shuō)，一般大學(xué)里80%到90%的課程都是通過(guò)講座的形式來(lái)教

21、授的，那么我們就仔細(xì)注意一下這種教學(xué)形式。7.從句作插入語(yǔ)【例】The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture dully.【點(diǎn)睛】as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句在句中作插入語(yǔ)，把that從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)。【譯文】而一個(gè)非常奇怪、幾乎不可理解的事實(shí)是，教授們都相信他們應(yīng)該平淡地做講座，就像他們必須平淡地寫(xiě)作一樣。8.祈使性動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ)【例】(97-Passag

22、e 2)And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.【點(diǎn)睛】本句中祈使行動(dòng)詞remember作插入語(yǔ)?！咀g文】而且要記住，有一天你也可能會(huì)處于相同的境地。課堂練習(xí) 難句分析1 Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making i

23、t freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. (08-Text 2)2. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. (03-Text 1) 3. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a sto

24、ry which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (02-Text 1) 4. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. (08-Text 3) 5. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson dete

25、rmined, was a process known as deliberate practice. (07-Text 1) 6. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events until, it appears, we begin to dream. (05-Text 3) 7. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor

26、at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” (07-Text 1)8. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. (05-Text 1)9. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria U

27、niversity in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. (08-Text 2) 10. One might choose, for instance, a character who is extremely dexterous and swift, but these positive traits must be traded

28、 off against others, such as strength and endurance.課堂講評(píng)1. 【分析】本句的主干是Other models exist that are hybrids of these three。其中that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾other models；such as引導(dǎo)插入語(yǔ)，舉例對(duì)前句予以說(shuō)明；where引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾其前的delayed openaccess；介詞結(jié)構(gòu)before making it作狀語(yǔ)，修飾allow only，其中的定語(yǔ)從句who wishes to see it修飾everyone。【譯文】還有一些商業(yè)模式為以

29、上三種主要模式的綜合體，如延遲開(kāi)放模式，這些期刊只允許訂閱者閱讀，期限為六個(gè)月，然后就公之于眾，所有人都可以免費(fèi)使用。2. 【分析】該句的主干是The winnerwas a tiny Virginia company。其中by a large margin是插入語(yǔ)，在句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)；過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)called Open Source Solutions和從句whoseof the electronic world都作定語(yǔ)修飾主干的表語(yǔ)company?！咀g文】結(jié)果以大比分贏(yíng)得比賽的是弗吉尼亞的一家小公司，名叫“公開(kāi)來(lái)源信息公司”，其明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)便是對(duì)電子世界的全面把握。3. 【分析】Here is

30、an exampleof a story為句子的主干。其后的which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句起插入語(yǔ)作用；介詞結(jié)構(gòu)of a story作定語(yǔ)修飾example，其中包含which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾story，該從句中又包含一個(gè)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句?！咀g文】譬如說(shuō)，我曾經(jīng)在一次護(hù)士集會(huì)上聽(tīng)到一個(gè)笑話(huà)，這個(gè)笑話(huà)很奏效，因?yàn)樗新?tīng)的人對(duì)醫(yī)生的看法都很一致。4. 【分析】該句的主語(yǔ)是The trend，in sports后置作其定語(yǔ)；此處的副詞though為插入成分；冒號(hào)后的內(nèi)容為reality的同位語(yǔ)?！咀g文】然而，體育領(lǐng)域的這種趨勢(shì)或許掩蓋了這樣一個(gè)沒(méi)有被認(rèn)識(shí)的事實(shí)：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，美國(guó)人的身高已經(jīng)停止了增長(zhǎng)。5.