高中英語語法非謂語動詞講解

1、非謂語動詞l 概述 非謂語動詞，主要指在主句中表示一個動作但不能充當謂語，而是充當其他語法功能的詞。非謂語動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是有語態(tài)和時態(tài)的變化。l 非謂語動詞的三種形式非謂語動詞有三種：動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞。名稱形式用法不定式to do表目的、將來動名詞doing表主動及現(xiàn)在分詞done表被動及過去這三個基本形式的基礎(chǔ)上會有一些變化：1. 動詞不定式 時態(tài)構(gòu)成被動形式一般式完成式進行式完成進行式to doto have doneto be doingto have been doingto be doneto have been done-2. 動名詞 動名詞主動被動一般式doi

2、ngbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3. 分詞 l 動詞不定式的用法1. 動詞不定式的否定式not toShe decided not to be late again.2. 動詞不定式的完成式完成式表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在位于動詞表示的動作或狀態(tài)之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting.注意 若謂語為表示“愿望、打算、意圖”的動詞時，如hope, think, want, plan, expect, mean, intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本來想要或打算做某事，而實際上未能實現(xiàn)”。如：We m

3、eant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.3. 在It is/was + 形容詞+不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)中，若形容詞側(cè)重于評價人物的特性、特征，則構(gòu)成不定式符合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞應(yīng)為of 前面常用的形容詞有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。 It is very kind of you to help me. 區(qū)別It

4、 is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些動詞后， 可用it做形式賓語，然后加賓語補足語，最后加不定式作真正的并于。常見的動詞有find, think consider, feel, make等。They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 動詞+不定式作賓補ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等

5、。6. 只能用動詞+不定式作賓語口訣 決心學會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝； 主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。 decide/ determine, learn, want, expert/hope/with refuse, manage, care, pretend order, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help7. 在使役動詞make, have, let和感官動詞see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等詞后接不定式作賓補，不定式不帶to，表示做某事的全過程。當他

6、們轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)時，作為主語補足語的不定式必須帶to（五看三使兩聽一感覺一發(fā)現(xiàn)）Nobody saw him come in.She was seen to enter the room last night.注意get 也能當使役動詞，表示“使、讓、叫”之意，相當于have，但兩者也有所不同。have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth.使/讓/叫某人去做某事have sth. done = get sth. done 使/讓某事由別人去做have sb./sth. doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物開始行動起來Youd

7、better have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running.8. 在動詞help后，做賓補和賓語的不定式符號to帶不帶都可以。如;He helped her walk across the street.He often helps do some housework at home.9. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等動詞的英語后可與帶to be結(jié)構(gòu)，也可與省略。 如果不定式的動作發(fā)生在位于動詞以前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，這

8、些動詞也常用作被動語態(tài)后接不定式作主補。 He found the answer (to be) satisfactory. We considered him to have acted excellently.10. 當名詞被first, last, second以及only等詞修飾時，其后可用不定式作定語。且充當定語的不定式不含有將來意義或情態(tài)意義，卻經(jīng)常含有過去時意義。She was the first to come.11. 在下列固定詞組或短語之后要跟不帶to的不定式had betterhad bestwould rather(than)would soonerthancannot

9、 help butcannot butcannot choose but.may/might as welldo no more than12. wh-連接代詞、副詞后跟不定式構(gòu)成的短語，可在句子中做主語、賓語、表語，還可以做定語。（why和if后不能直接跟動詞不定式）它的作用相當于一個名詞性從句，通常在某些動詞(如tell, know, imagine, learn, decided, forget, remember, consider, understand等)后面做賓語，有時也用作主語、表語、同位語等。如：He didnt know how to answer her.When to

10、start has not been decided.I dont know who to ask advice from.Would you please advise me which to buy?Please explain (to me) where to begin and how to do it.They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.注意：按英語習慣，疑問詞why后面通常不接不定式。但在以why或why not 開頭的省略型疑問句中，其后可跟不帶to 的不定式。如：Why get upset just bec

11、ause you got a bad mark?You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday?When to start has not been decided.13. like（would like）, love（would love）, hope, hate, need, try, want, wish, plan, mean等動詞后used to, be going to結(jié)構(gòu)后 + to，代替整個不定式內(nèi)容。be glad, be willing, be happy等詞語后 - Would you like to go to the cin

12、ema? - Id love to.14. 在介詞but, except, besides, than, save等表示“除了”之意的詞前， 若有 實義動詞do時，常用無to的不定式作其介詞的賓語，若無實義動詞do，則用帶to的動詞不定式。He was not able to do anything but/except wait.He had no choice but to give in.15. 評論性動詞不定式 有些不定式常用來表示說話人對所談的內(nèi)容的態(tài)度和看法，即對句內(nèi)容的評論，故稱為評論性動詞不定式，也稱獨立不定式。綜合：so to speak 可以說，可謂to be exact

13、精確地說to be sure 無可否認，誠然to make things(matters) worseThe dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.Hes in his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exact.表真誠：to be fair to be (perfectly) frank to be honest to do sb justice to tell (you) the truth表總結(jié)：to be brief to conclude to cut/make a long story shor

14、t to sum up表讓步: not to mention to say nothing of to put it mildly to put it another way to say the least 不夸張的說表順序：to begin with to start with16. 不定式的主動形式表示被動意義1) 不定式作定語與被修飾名詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，并且不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。 I have two letters to answer.2) 有些結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式表達被動意義，卻用主動形式，因為可以在句子中找到不定式這個動作的發(fā)出者。 Give her some books to

15、 read. Would you bring me a bench to sit on? The morning air is so good to breathe. 注意： 用做定語的不定式為“動詞+介詞”時，介詞不能省略。如： a piece of paper to write on a nice place to live in3) 某些動詞的不定式與be連用時，常見的有to blame，to rent等。如：The house is to rent.He is to blame for not driving carefully.17.l 動名詞的用法1. 動名詞的否定式 not+動名

16、詞2. 動名詞的完成式完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。He was praised for having done a good deed.3. 動詞+介詞構(gòu)成的短語，其后跟動名詞做賓語be/get used tofeel likeinsist ondevotetoput offlook forward tosucceed inget down toset aboutgive up4. 只能用動名詞做賓語的動詞口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想； 避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認完成就欣賞； 禁止想象才冒險，不禁介意準逃亡。 consider, suggest/advise, look f

17、orward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape5. 可置于名詞前作定語，表示被修飾的名詞的用途和性能a waiting cara waiting rooma sleeping boya sleeping bag6. 動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)由形容詞性的物主代詞/名詞所有格+動名詞構(gòu)=動

18、名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句子中可作主語、賓語、表語等。物主代詞和名詞所有格是動名詞的邏輯主語。Do you mind my/me smoking here?I insisted on my husband/husbands paying the bill.1) 在口語和非正式英語中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)不用在句首，常用人稱代詞賓格代替物主代詞，用米歌詞普通格代指所有格。如:There are many reasons for animals dying out.2) 如果動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)在句首，就必須用形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格。如：His smoking caused the fire in the fo

19、rest.3) there be的動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)為there being如：Whats the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?7. 動名詞做主語的句型 a waste (of)It is/was no(little) good /use + -ing hardly any good/use worthwhile /worth ones while no way no sense inThere is/was no point in + -ing no use/good (in) nothing worse than8. 動詞+不定式或動名詞后意義

20、差別大的：try to do doingremember/ forget/ regret to do doingmean to do doingcant help (to) docant help doingbe afraid to dobe afraid of doingbe sure to dobe sure of doing9. need, want, require做需要講的時候，用動名詞表示被動意義，也可用不定式的被動式The gate needs/wants/requires mending. = to be mended.l 分詞的用法1. 分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般說來，分詞在句中

21、都有其邏輯主語，分詞做狀語時，其邏輯主語通常就是主句的主語或賓語。如果分詞的邏輯主語不在句中，則分詞前可加上其自己的邏輯主語，由名詞或代詞主格充當，置于分詞前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。它不是句子，因為沒有實際的主語和謂語。它可以放于句首或句尾，做時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語等。The meeting being over, they went home.There being no bus then, he had to walk home.1) 表示伴隨情況、原因等的分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前有時可以加上without或with構(gòu)成“with/without+名詞（或代詞）+分詞”結(jié)

22、構(gòu)，如：With prices going up so fast, we cant afford luxuries.He kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.2) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以由“名詞（或代詞）+不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語”構(gòu)成。Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.He came into the classroom, book in hand.2. 分詞做狀語 過去分詞常用作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情

23、況，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。 一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語。Asked why he was late, he went red.Given more time, we could have done it better.3. 分詞做狀語與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)）做狀語的區(qū)別 分詞與獨立主格均可作狀語。但分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語；而獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語時，前面的名（代）詞就是這個結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯上的主語，它和句子的主語不保持一致性。如：Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.4. 英語中有一部分分詞短語，它獨立存在，沒有自己的邏輯主語。這些分詞短語已成為固定的習慣用語，常被看做句子的插入語，常見的有：generally speakingstrictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speakingconsideringjudging from/bytalking all/everything into