Robinson-Crusoe-(羅賓遜漂流記)

1、 Comments on Defoeu Selected ReadingsDaniel DefoeDefoes Life u Defoes Wuborn in 1661, died in 1731uson of a London butcher named Foeuat 40, added the aristocratic prefix De-ua jack-of-all-trades as well as a writerua radical Nonconformist in religionua journalist and a pamphleteeruknew prison life (

2、for writing the pamphlet The Shortest Way with Dissenters) Defoes Life Verses:Hymn to the Pillory 枷刑頌 (1702)Fictions:Robinson Crusoe (1719) Captain Singleton辛格爾頓船長(zhǎng) (1720) Duncan Campbell (1720) Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) Colonel Jack (1722) Moll Flanders 摩爾弗蘭德斯 (1722) Journal of the Plague Year 大疫

3、年紀(jì)事 (1722) The History of the Devil (1726) Defoes W Comments on Defoeu Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel (before his time stories were usually written as long poems or dramas) u often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel; but whether

4、 or not he deserves that honor is an open question (Robinson Crusoe is largely an adventure story rather than the study of human character)BackgroundBackgroundRobinson Crusoe was partly based on was partly based on the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an 1

5、8th century Scottish sailor who spent 18th century Scottish sailor who spent almost five years alone on a desert island.almost five years alone on a desert island. T This novel is famous for its lovely details his novel is famous for its lovely details and its expression of belief in mansand its exp

6、ression of belief in mans ability when left alone in natureability when left alone in nature. Plot summaryCrusoe set sail on the sea voyage in 1651 against the wishes of his parents. After the tumultuous journey, his ship wrecked in a storm. His lust for the sea remained so strong that he set out to

7、 the sea again. This journey ends in disaster too and Crusoe became a slave. After 2 years of slavery, he was rescued by a captain of Portuguese, with whose help, Crusoe became an owner of plantation in BYears later, he joined an expedition to bring slaves from Africa. But he was shipwrecked, his co

8、mpanions all died, saved himself and three animals -the captains dog and two cats. Then he lived the lonely life in an isolated island. Years later, Crusoe saved a prisoner, named him Friday. Crusoe then taught him English and converted him a Christianity. Four years later, they were rescued and ret

9、urned to England. Crusoe lived on uninhabited for 28 Saving F Building a fenced-in 每個(gè)成長(zhǎng)中的青少年，尤其是每個(gè)成長(zhǎng)中的青少年，尤其是男孩子都應(yīng)該讀讀它男孩子都應(yīng)該讀讀它 。 盧梭盧梭魯濱孫漂流記魯濱孫漂流記笛福笛福魯濱孫漂流記一問世即風(fēng)靡全球又歷久不衰。至今已出了幾百版，幾乎譯成了世界上所有各種文字。據(jù)說除圣經(jīng)之外，魯濱孫漂流記是再版最多的一本書。在歐美國(guó)家是兒童的必讀書。魯濱孫漂流記魯濱孫漂流記生存問題生存問題生存，還是毀滅，生存，還是毀滅，這是一個(gè)值得思考這是一個(gè)值得思考的問題。的問題。魯濱孫及時(shí)調(diào)整悲觀

10、絕望的心態(tài)，決定在島上頑強(qiáng)地生存下去。吃喝吃喝住穿住穿是人是人生存生存所依所依賴的賴的物質(zhì)物質(zhì)條件。條件。物質(zhì)問題物質(zhì)問題計(jì)算時(shí)間、獲得的東西、缺乏的東西、打造木柵欄圍墻、每天覓食人沒有精神人沒有精神寄托，靈魂寄托，靈魂就無所依附就無所依附。精神問題精神問題寫日記，思考處境；得出經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，希望得到理解；安心于荒島生活 在海難中，同船的在海難中，同船的 11 11人中，死了十個(gè)，就人中，死了十個(gè)，就他一個(gè)人活著，這是上帝對(duì)他的特別關(guān)照。他一個(gè)人活著，這是上帝對(duì)他的特別關(guān)照。 從船上獲得大量維持生活的必需品，這是上從船上獲得大量維持生活的必需品，這是上帝對(duì)他的特別恩賜。帝對(duì)他的特別恩賜。 他日記本

11、上列出的六大他日記本上列出的六大“好處好處”更體現(xiàn)了他更體現(xiàn)了他要頑強(qiáng)活下去的理由。要頑強(qiáng)活下去的理由。魯濱孫雖身陷絕境, 但他說服自己頑強(qiáng)的活著, 并打定主意在島上獨(dú)自生活一輩子, 這需要巨大的勇氣。可以看出他是一個(gè)非常熱愛生命、珍惜生活的人。他活著也許并非為了什么, 僅僅是因?yàn)樽约菏且粭l生命, 既然是生命就應(yīng)該善待它。況且他活的積極、主動(dòng), 活出了尊嚴(yán), 這樣的人值得活著。魯濱孫是一個(gè)珍惜生命，熱愛生活；意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，生存信念執(zhí)著；勇于創(chuàng)造，務(wù)實(shí)肯干的人。“在最不幸的處境之中，我們也可以把好處和壞處對(duì)照起來看，從而找到聊以自慰的事情。”可以概括為一個(gè)人在逆境中不要悲觀失望，而要努力看到積極的因

12、素，從而改變自己被動(dòng)的局面。 魯濱孫記錄時(shí)間, 是為了清楚地了解自己是怎么活著的, 可以活多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。這表明了他對(duì)生存下去充滿信心。 記敘了他制作日歷, 記錄時(shí)間, 從船上獲得物品, 艱難地打造木柵欄圍墻, 以及每天在島上各處尋找食物。這樣寫, 從一個(gè)側(cè)面體現(xiàn)了人類創(chuàng)造生活的艱難, 也表現(xiàn)了魯濱孫勤于創(chuàng)造、務(wù)實(shí)肯干的精神。 日記是為了記錄生活，撫慰心靈，而且要面對(duì)自我。魯濱孫記日記的行為，表明他作為一個(gè)文明人精神方面的需要，為了使自己的精神有所寄托，減輕心中的苦悶，便于深入思考當(dāng)前的處境。在荒島上，魯濱孫有理由相信上帝的存在（這部作品里多次提到圣經(jīng)及魯濱孫對(duì)上帝的祈禱，有了這個(gè)前提，魯濱孫就有了

13、活下去的精神支柱，活的有理由，有意義。 本文沒有生動(dòng)的故事，作者是通過心理描寫來刻畫人物性格表現(xiàn)作品主題的。 用第一人稱來寫，便于展現(xiàn)“我”的內(nèi)心世界,使作品更具真實(shí)感,縮小了作品和讀者之間的距離。壞處壞處 我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上, 沒有重見天日的希望。沒有重見天日的希望。 我現(xiàn)在被剔出來我現(xiàn)在被剔出來, 與世隔絕與世隔絕, 困苦萬(wàn)狀。困苦萬(wàn)狀。 我與人類隔絕我與人類隔絕, 仿佛一個(gè)隱士。仿佛一個(gè)隱士。 我沒有衣服穿。我沒有衣服穿。 我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防御力和手段。我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防御力和手段。 我沒有人可以說話我沒有人可以說話, 也沒有人來解除我的愁悶

14、。也沒有人來解除我的愁悶。 好處好處 但我還活著但我還活著, 沒有想我同船的伙伴們一樣沒有想我同船的伙伴們一樣, 被水淹死。被水淹死。 但我也從全體船員中被剔出來但我也從全體船員中被剔出來, 獨(dú)免一死獨(dú)免一死, 上帝既然用神力上帝既然用神力把我從死亡里救出來把我從死亡里救出來, 一定也會(huì)救我脫離這個(gè)境地。一定也會(huì)救我脫離這個(gè)境地。 但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食, 餓死在這不毛之地。餓死在這不毛之地。 但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里, 即使有衣服即使有衣服, 也穿不住。也穿不住。 但我所流落的島上但我所流落的島上, 沒有我在非洲看到的那種野獸。假使沒有我在非洲看到的那種

15、野獸。假使我在那里覆了舟我在那里覆了舟, 我又將怎樣？我又將怎樣？ 但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸附近但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸附近, 使我可以從里面取使我可以從里面取出許多有用的東西出許多有用的東西, 使我終身用之不盡。使我終身用之不盡。 壞處壞處 好處好處 我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上，沒有我陷在一個(gè)可怕的荒島上，沒有重見天日的希望。重見天日的希望。我現(xiàn)在被剔出來，與世隔絕，困我現(xiàn)在被剔出來，與世隔絕，困苦萬(wàn)狀?？嗳f(wàn)狀。我與人類隔絕，仿佛一個(gè)隱士。我與人類隔絕，仿佛一個(gè)隱士。我沒有衣服穿。我沒有衣服穿。我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防我沒有抵御野人和野獸襲擊的防御力和手段。御力和手段。我沒有人可以說

16、話，也沒有人來我沒有人可以說話，也沒有人來解除我的愁悶。解除我的愁悶。但我還活著，沒有想我同船的伙但我還活著，沒有想我同船的伙伴們一樣，被水淹死。伴們一樣，被水淹死。但我也從全體船員中被剔出來，但我也從全體船員中被剔出來，獨(dú)免一死，上帝既然用神力把我獨(dú)免一死，上帝既然用神力把我從死亡里救出來，一定也會(huì)救我從死亡里救出來，一定也會(huì)救我脫離這個(gè)境地。脫離這個(gè)境地。但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食，餓死在但我并未因?yàn)闆]有糧食，餓死在這不毛之地。這不毛之地。但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里，即使但我是在一個(gè)熱帶氣候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。有衣服，也穿不住。但我所流落的島上，沒有我在非但我所流落的島上，沒有我在非洲看到的那

17、種野獸。假使我在那洲看到的那種野獸。假使我在那里覆了舟，我又將怎樣？里覆了舟，我又將怎樣？但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸但上帝卻不可思議把我送到海岸附近，使我可以從里面取出許多附近，使我可以從里面取出許多有用的東西，使我終身用之不盡。有用的東西，使我終身用之不盡。FridayFriday is loyal to Robinson. he has no temper and he is outgoing ,kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father, whenever and whatever it is, Friday pr

18、efers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Robinson has saved a poor savages life and soul ,he feels very happy. in this lonely island ,it is Friday who release Robinson deep inner pressure. but he feels superior to Friday, he asks Friday to call himself “master”, that implies his ambition to d

19、ominate and colonize other savage tribes. excuse to colonization by the The book proved so popular that the name of the two main protagonists have entered the language. The term “Robinson Crusoe” is virtually synonymous with the word” castaway” and is often used as a metaphor for being rejected.Idio

20、ms from the Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as My man Friday, from which the term Man Friday originated, referring to a dedicated personal assistant, servant, or Everyone can be abandoned on the desert island like Robinson, the truth is even we are now living around in a hustle and b

21、ustle of large crowds, we still have a lot of moment to be alone, to work our own path of life all alone. but luckily, what Robinson Crusoe shows us is: solitude is not a horrible thing; the really sad thing is we can not stand on our own feet in the misery of that endless loneliness.Deeper meaning

22、He is considered one of the greatest fiction writers of 18th-century England. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute (careful and exact) details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and

23、plain, and sometimes long and rambling, while leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best. Adventures of Robinson C The story of Robinson Crusoe is

24、 well-known throughout the world. It tells of how Robinson Crusoe, an English mariner, having shipwrecked on an island, managed to struggle for live for 28 years there and rescued a black man, whom he named Friday, from the cannibals (person who eats human flesh). Later, Robinson got hold of a ship

25、and sailed home. The books “realistic” touch and ingenuity (originality) aroused great interest from the readers both in England and The story was based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, who was put ashore on an uninhabitated island and spent 5 years there. Defoe was probably familiar with several v

26、ersions of this tale, and added many incidents from his own imagination to his account of Crusoe, presenting it as a true story. The story starts with Robinson Crusoes running away from home. An inexperienced teenager and a young man full of bright fancies about the future, he naturally chooses goin

27、g to sea, because in those days it meant a chance to live a chivalrous life, to see the wonders of the world and to make a fortune. After many setbacks and adventures on the sea, he settles down in Brazil as a planter. But the call of the sea is so strong that he soon embarks on another voyage, this

28、 time, to Africa. Unfortunately a frightful storm blows the boat off its course and shipwrecks it near an Of all the ships crew Robinson alone escapes to the shore after strenuous efforts. After salvaging from the wrecked ship some stores of necessities such as bread, rice, barley, corn, planks, lea

29、d and gunpowder, an axe and two saws, which he later manages to bring to the island with a self-made raft. After several futile attempts to leave the island, Robinson settles himself down to a hard and lonely life. He grows crops, domesticates animals and builds comfortable homes himself. His life t

30、akes a turn for the better when he saves from the hands of savages a young Negro, whom he names Friday. Robinson teaches him English and educates him in such a way that Friday soon becomes a loyal servant and an indispensable help to him. Finally they are picked up by an English ship and return to E

31、ngland. Thus ends the first part of the In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a nave and artless （simple, innocent） youth into a shrewd and hardened (strong-minded) man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robin

32、son single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against

33、 the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class and his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the ha

34、rd-working, sturdy (不屈的) middle class. 37Life on the islandCharacters of RobinsonRobinsons companionsTools and foodCrusoe Visits the WreckThe FootprintCrusoe Saves Friday fromthe Cannibals Plot overviewBackgroundPu Defoes masterpiece u consisting of three volumes, only the first one very popular, pu

35、blished in hundreds of editions and scores of languagesu based on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk, a captain lived alone in an island for 5 yearsu creating a visual picture that manifests how human history has developed from the primitive to the feudal and then to the capitalistic in the 18th c

36、enturyAbout Robinson Crusoe ua glorification of bourgeois qualities of individualism, private enterprise, and even of laboruits details told in a simple, straightforward style, adding to the realistic effect of the storyustarting the tradition of realistic description and presenting authentic detail

37、s which are important for the later development of the novel.About Robinson Crusoe u at the early stage, an individual laborer, and then a master, until at last an exploiter, a colonizer.u an image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th centuryu an embodiment of the spirit of individual enterpris

38、e and colonial expansion.u a man struggling against nature and human fate, with indomitable will . The hero: Robinson CrusoeThe hero: Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is loyal to Robinson. He has no temper and he is outgoing, kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a

39、 child to father. Whenever and whatever it is, Friday prefers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Friday Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Friday Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Fridays behavior s behavior doesndoesnt dis

40、appoint him, Fridayt disappoint him, Friday proves proves his loyalty. Robinson has saved a his loyalty. Robinson has saved a poor savagepoor savages life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is s life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is Friday who Friday

41、who releaserelease Robinson deep inner pressure. Friday Robinson deep inner pressure. Fridays appearance s appearance makes Robinson not so confused. He becomes makes Robinson not so confused. He becomes positivepositive to life . to life . In fact, everyone living in noisy society will have the fee

42、ling of loneliness, In fact, everyone living in noisy society will have the feeling of loneliness, Robinson is a member in the real society and he is the model of ourselves. Robinson is a member in the real society and he is the model of ourselves. Friday is the Friday is the inner true egos inner t

43、rue egos in our hearts. He leads us to find the directions in our hearts. He leads us to find the directions and helps us to overcome the difficulty.and helps us to overcome the difficulty.Friday Characteristic of the style and language simple language, concise description, and well-knit plot Featur

44、es of Daniel Defoes novels Daniel Defoe is remembered chiefly, for his novels. The central idea of his novels is that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes and Daniel Defoes intent

45、ion is that the readers should regard his novels as true stories. For this reason, he deliberately avoids all arts, all fine writings, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible (似乎真實(shí)的) events. Daniel Defoes novels all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narrati

46、ves, everything in them giving the impression of Theme Characterization of Crusoe Defoe traces the development of Crusoe from a nave and artless youth into a clever and hardened man tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. Crusoe is a hero with undaunted will and power. Crusoe represents a

47、typical of the English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development, practical, religious and mindful of his own profits. Crusoe is condemned as an image of a colonist, for he supports Negro-slavery and teaches the first word “master” to Friday. Friday Writing Robinson Crusoe Click to add titl

48、e in here Click to add title in here Click to add title in here Crusoe save a prisoner, naming his new companion Friday after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English.Last part:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is extremely grateful and becomes Robinsons devot

49、ed servant. He learns some English and takes on the Christian religion. For some years the two live happily. Click to add title in here Part 5:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Then, another ship of savages arrives with three prisoners. Together Crusoe and Friday are able to save two of the

50、m. One is a Spaniard; the other is Fridays father. Their reunion is very joyous. Both have come from the mainland close by.Click to add title in here Following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here With the help of his new workers, Crusoe increases his agricultural capacity. After a few months,

51、 they leave to bring back the rest of the Spaniards men. Crusoe is happy that his island is being peopled.What will happen next following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Before the Spaniard and Fridays father can return, a boat of European men comes ashore. There are three prisoners. Whil

52、e most of the men are exploring the island.What will happen next following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Crusoe saves them. He learns from one that he is the captain of a ship whose crew mutinied. Robinson says he will help them as long as they leave the authority of the island in his h

53、ands, and as long as they promise to take Friday and himself to England for free. So they fight with their enemies wisely. following:Robinson Crusoe Click to add title in here Friday is loyal to Robinson. He has no temper and he is outgoing, kindhearted. Friday to Robinson is what a child to father.

54、 Whenever and whatever it is, Friday prefers to sacrifice himself to protect Robinson. Although Robinson has tested Friday many times, Fridays behavior doesnt disappoint him, Friday proves his loyalty. Robinson has saved a poor savages life and soul, he feels very happy. In this lonely island, it is

55、 Friday who release Robinson deep inner pressure. Fridays appearance makes Robinson not that confused. He becomes positive to life . Friday L/O/G/ORobinson Crusoe I had been telling him how the devil was gods enemy in the hearts of men, and used all his malice and skill to defeat the good designs of

56、 providence, and to ruin the kingdom of Christ in the world, and the like. “Well,” says Friday, “but you say, god is so strong, so great, is he not much strong, much might as the Devil? “ “Yes, yes,” says I, “Friday, god is stronger than the devil, God is above the devil, and therefore we pray to Go

57、d to tread him down under our feet, and enable us to resist his temptations and quench his fiery darts. “ ”But”, says he again, “if god much strong, much might as the devil, why god no kill the Devil, so make him no more do wicked? “Robinson Crusoe 我又告訴他，在人們心里，魔鬼是上帝的敵人。他一貫心我又告訴他，在人們心里，魔鬼是上帝的敵人。他一貫心存

58、惡意，使盡陰謀詭計(jì)來破壞上帝善良的計(jì)劃，試圖毀滅存惡意，使盡陰謀詭計(jì)來破壞上帝善良的計(jì)劃，試圖毀滅世界上的基督天國(guó)等等。世界上的基督天國(guó)等等。 于是，星期五說：你說，上帝是強(qiáng)大的，偉大的，他不是于是，星期五說：你說，上帝是強(qiáng)大的，偉大的，他不是比魔鬼更強(qiáng)大、更有力嗎？比魔鬼更強(qiáng)大、更有力嗎？ 是的，是的，我說，星期五，上帝比魔鬼更強(qiáng)大，上帝高是的，是的，我說，星期五，上帝比魔鬼更強(qiáng)大，上帝高于魔鬼。因此，我們應(yīng)該祈禱上帝，使我們有力量把魔鬼于魔鬼。因此，我們應(yīng)該祈禱上帝，使我們有力量把魔鬼踩在我們的腳下，并使我們有力量抵制他的誘惑，撲滅他踩在我們的腳下，并使我們有力量抵制他的誘惑，撲滅他的火箭

59、。的火箭。 可是，星期五又問，可是，星期五又問，;既然上帝比魔鬼更強(qiáng)大、更有力，既然上帝比魔鬼更強(qiáng)大、更有力，為什么上帝不把魔鬼殺死，免得他再作惡事呢？為什么上帝不把魔鬼殺死，免得他再作惡事呢？ Robinson Crusoe I said, god will at last punish him severely; he is reserved for the judgment, and is to be cast into the bottomless-pit, to dwell with ever lasting fire. 上帝最終將嚴(yán)懲魔鬼，魔鬼必定受到審判，并將被投入無上帝最終將嚴(yán)懲魔鬼，魔鬼必定受到審判，并將被投入無底的深淵，經(jīng)受地獄之火的熬煉，永世不得翻身。底的深淵，經(jīng)受地獄之火的熬煉，永世不得翻身。 Robinson Crusoe he returns upon me, repeating my Words, “RESERVE, AT LAST, me no understand; but, Why not kill the Devil now, not kill great ago? “ 他用我的話回問我：最終、必定，我不懂。但是，為什么他用我的話回問我：最終、必定，我不懂。但是，為什么不現(xiàn)在就把魔鬼殺掉？為什么不老早就把魔鬼殺掉？不現(xiàn)在就把魔