語言學(xué)第2章習(xí)題

1、Chapter2：PhonologyI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.2. Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.3. Aphoneisaphone

2、ticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.4. EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.5. Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.6. Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsou

3、ndswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.8. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.9. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulati

4、onandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,a

5、ndthelengthofthevowels.13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentc

6、ategories.17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.19. Therulesgoverningthephon

7、ologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. Areferstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.22. Aphoneticsdescribesthew

8、ayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.23. Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,theyareallbsounds.24. Ofallthespeechorgans,thetisthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.25. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticula

9、tionorintermsofpofarticulation.26. Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas.27. Sfeaturesarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.28. Th

10、erulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsrules.29. Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledntranscription.30. Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentencera

11、therthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi.31. Pisadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.32. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theoc

12、avityandthenasalcavity.33. Tarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.34. Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressandsstress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatements

13、below.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35. Ofallthespeechorgans,theis/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords36. Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingaresounds.A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal37. isavoicedalveolarstop.A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/38. Theassimilationru

14、leassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copyingWfeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones.A.identicalB.sameC.exactlyalikeD.similar39. Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistributionC.theal

15、lophonesD.minimalpair40. Thesound/f/is.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative41. Avowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle42. Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningovera

16、sequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled.A. phoneticcomponentsB. immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures43. A(n)isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.soun

17、dC.allophoneD.phoneme44. Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophonesSuggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisesI. DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:16. F17.T18.F19.T20.TII. Fillineachofth

18、efollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21. Aspiration23.bilabial24.tongue25.place26. stop27.Sonation31. Phonology32.oral33.Tone34.sentenceIII. Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

19、IV. Definethetermsbelow:45. phonology46.phoneme48. internationalphoneticalphabet49. intonation50.phonetics51.auditoryphonetics52.acousticphonetics53.phone54.phonemiccontrast55.tone56.minimalpairV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:57. Ofthet

20、womediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.61. InwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornotS

21、uggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercisesIV. Definethetermsbelow:45. phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.46. phoneme:Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphonem

22、e;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.47. allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.48. internationalphoneticalphabet:Itisastandardiz

23、edandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.49. intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.50. phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurint

24、heworldslanguages51. auditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearerspointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.52. acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.5

25、3. phone:Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.54. phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonem

26、iccontrast.55. tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.56. minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.V. Answerthefollowingquestionsascompre

27、hensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:57.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting1) Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.2) Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.3) Speechisalwaysthewayi

28、nwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels1) Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackintermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.2) Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsinto

29、fourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.3) Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.4) TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyand

30、phonetics?Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticular

31、language;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.1) ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchasimportandimport.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:blackbirdisaparticula