牛津譯林版八年級(jí)下冊(cè)b-現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1、L構(gòu)成Have/has +過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式、否定式和疑問(wèn)式:自7E式否定式疑問(wèn)式嚀 婁I haveYou have+ workedHe/She/It hasI have You have + not worked He/She/It hasHave IHave you+ worked?Have he/she/it雋 婁We You+have workedTheyWeYou +have not workedTheyHave weHave you+ worked?Have they現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定式和否定式有其縮寫形式：have”' vehas”' S.如：She swo

2、rked. =She has worked. I ' ve not worked. = I haven ' t worked.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定疑問(wèn)句形式為： Have you not worked? Have they not worked? Has he not worked?其縮寫形式為:Haven' tyou worked? Haven' they worked? Hasn' t he worked?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的簡(jiǎn)略回答形式為：Yes, I have. No, I have not/haven ' t.2.用法過(guò)去動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的影響等表示過(guò)去發(fā)

3、生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。在沒有具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示某一行為動(dòng)作在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成，而其結(jié)果或影響至今仍然存在。因此，現(xiàn)在完車時(shí)這一時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作同現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，也就是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果。例如：Someone has broken the window.（打破”這一動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但影響延續(xù)至今，其結(jié)果是窗子仍然是破的，The window is now broken.）I have lost my pen.（結(jié)果是： 我現(xiàn)在無(wú)鋼筆可用，I have no pen to use.）He' s locked the door擊果是：現(xiàn)在門鎖

4、上了，我們進(jìn)不去，Now the door is locked and we can ' t go in.）The party has started. （The party started and now it is going on.）I ' ve forgotten her name= I forgot her name.他今天還沒吃任何東西.（現(xiàn)在一定很餓了）我已經(jīng)吃過(guò)午飯了（現(xiàn)在不餓了） 過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)表示一個(gè)開始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常同for, since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于 How 10ng（多久）句型中，表示持續(xù)的

5、時(shí)間。例如：He has studied English for ten years.（可能繼續(xù)學(xué)下去）She has lived here since then.He has been in Nanjing since 2003.Miss Lin has worked in the factory since she came to the city. 你已經(jīng)住在這個(gè)房子里多久了？ 這個(gè)女孩已經(jīng)病了一個(gè)星期了?！咎崾尽縡_o_r_是介詞，后面只能跟單詞或詞組；s_in_c_e_是介詞或連詞，后面可以 跟單詞、詞組或句子。同recently等狀語(yǔ)連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常同表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包

6、括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如recently, today, this morning, this week, lately, up to now, so far, in thepast/last few months, since three years ag格。例如：I haven t seen him this week.I have been busy this morning.He has bought a new bike recently.同 often 等狀語(yǔ)連用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常同不明確指出具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如often, already, yet, never,ever,

7、always, once, twice, sometimes, just, for a long time, only twice。例如：Have you done your homework yet?我們已經(jīng)完成了工作。我從沒去過(guò)英國(guó)。將來(lái)某時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用在條件或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：He will come as soon as he has finished the homework.If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me.We shall wait

8、 here until the rain has stopped. have gone和 have beenhave gone和have been意義上不同，前者表示到某地去了，尚沒回來(lái)，現(xiàn)在不在這里 ”，后者表示“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)在已返回”。比較：She has gone toBeijing.（ 她現(xiàn)在不在這里，去北京了，可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)，也可能仍在途中 ）She has been to Beijing.（她以前至U過(guò)北京，現(xiàn)在已不在北京了）Where has he been?他已回來(lái)）Where has he gone?他現(xiàn)在不在這里）比較：have been to do sth 做過(guò)了某事h

9、ave gone to do sth 去做某事了have come to do sth 來(lái)做某事了 for 2004 還是 since 2004英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作是一時(shí)性的、短暫的 、不能延續(xù)的，所以，不能同for 和 since 等引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，也不可用于“ Howlong/Howmany+時(shí)間名詞”句中。因此，這類動(dòng)詞 可以單獨(dú)使用于完成時(shí)中，但不可同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)一起用于完成時(shí)中，包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)。這類動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave, arrive, join, receive, get, die, buy, borrow, choose, c

10、lose, fall, finish, kill, lend, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, sit down, stand up 等。比較：How long may I keep the book?Her grandmother has been deador five months.It is five months since her grandfather died.He has arrived.He arrived there three hours ago.It ' s threeurs since he arrived.

11、It has been three hourssince he arrived.He has been away from Shanghaifor two weeks.It is two weeks since he left Shanghai.He has left Shanghai.She has joined the army.She has been in the armysince20004.It is three years since she joined the army.【提示】非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)有時(shí)可以同for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)連用，但表示的是某一動(dòng)作的目的或結(jié)果，而不是表示動(dòng)作

12、本身延續(xù)的時(shí)間。例如：She has come for two weeks她已經(jīng)來(lái)了，準(zhǔn)備住兩個(gè)星期。He has gone for three days他走了，要在三天后回來(lái)。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定式表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)過(guò)程，具有延續(xù)性，因此可以同for或since引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：I haven ' t received hetrer for a whole year.He hasn ' t bought any book since last month.for/since的特殊注意：在帶有for或since短語(yǔ)或since從句的句子中以及 How 10ng提問(wèn)的句子中

13、，謂語(yǔ)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(可持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作)，而不能用短暫性動(dòng)詞(在瞬間發(fā)生完畢的動(dòng)作)常見的短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換borrow/lendhave(has) keptbuyhave(has) had/owneddiehave(has) been deadbegin/starthave(has) been onfinishhave(has) been overopenhave(has) been openclosehave(has) been closedcatch a coldhave(has) had a coldfall illhave(has) been illfall asleep

14、have(has) been illbecomehave(has) beenleavehave(has) been away fromget marriedhave(has) been marriedjoinhave(has) been a member ofhave(has) been inmove/come/go to have（has） been in/at現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與表示特定過(guò)去時(shí)間的副詞連用，如ago, then, yesterday等，但一般過(guò)去時(shí)可以。例如：He worked here last year. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或

15、產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只限于表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作本身，與現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果無(wú)關(guān)。例如：He has been ill for a week.（現(xiàn)在仍然病著）He was ill for a week. （過(guò)去病過(guò)一個(gè)星期，現(xiàn)在好了）He has bought a house （現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，到說(shuō)話時(shí)仍然擁有那所房子）He bought a house five years agoL般過(guò)去時(shí)只說(shuō)明他五年前買過(guò)一所房子，現(xiàn)在不一定還擁有那所房子）I haven ' t written him for ages在仍沒有寫）I didn ' t write him for ages（f過(guò)去）現(xiàn)在完成

16、時(shí)可以同現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則不可。例如：It has been hot this summer.（說(shuō)話時(shí)仍然是夏天）It was hot this summer.（說(shuō)話時(shí)夏天已經(jīng)過(guò)去） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可與疑問(wèn)副詞when 連用；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則可以。例如：When did he come?already和yet的區(qū)別already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句；already有時(shí)也可用于疑問(wèn)句，表示 “驚訝，意外”的意思。例如：Hurry up, we are already twenty minutes late.I haven t heard from him yet.

17、Has class begun yet?Has class begun already?想不到）Have you sold the car yet?Have you sold the car already?（驚訝）【補(bǔ)充】ago和before的用法ago是副詞，表示從現(xiàn)在算起的若干時(shí)間以前，用于名詞詞組+ago”結(jié)構(gòu)；ago所在句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)； ago不可單獨(dú)使用，也不可用作連詞。before 作副詞用時(shí)，表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一事件算起的若干時(shí)間以前，所在句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去去完成時(shí)；before 還可以單獨(dú)使用，意為“以前 ”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，ago則沒有這種用法；be

18、fore還可以用作連詞，后接單詞、詞組或句子，ago則沒有這種用法。比較：She saw the film three days ago.（從現(xiàn)在說(shuō)起三天前）She told me that she had seen the film three days before.（從過(guò)去說(shuō)起三天前）I have seen her before.She had left before he arrived.課堂訓(xùn)練：一、用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。1. Ialready （see） the film. I （see） it last week.2. he （finish） his work today?

19、Not yet.3. My father just （come） back from work. He is tired now.4. Where s Li Ming ? He (go) to the teacher s office.5. I (work) here since I (move) here in 1999.6. So far I (make) quite a few friends here.7. How long the Wangs (stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I just (finish) my homework.9. He (go) t

20、o school on foot every day.10. you (find) your science book yet?11. If it (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.12. The students (read) English when the teacher came in.13. Look! The monkey (climb) the tree.14. My mother (come) to see me next Sunday.15. I've lost my pen. you (see) it anywhere

21、?二、單項(xiàng)選擇()1. How long have you here?A. comeB. gotC. arrivedD. been()2. My grandpa died .A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.000000003. Jane has to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.A. beenB. goneC. went D. never been4. It is ten years I last saw her.A. after B. si

22、nce C. for D. that5. -Who will go to the station to meet Lorry?6. I will. I her several times.A. metB. have met C. had met D. will meet6 . -What a nice dress! How long you it?-Just 2 weeks.A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had7 .-Do you know Lydia very well?-Yes, She and I friends sin

23、ce we were very young.A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned 8. The Smiths in China for 8 years.A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live9. -Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?- Sorry. He the Bainiao Park.A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go

24、to 10. -you ever to the US? - Yes, twice.A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going 句型轉(zhuǎn)換I have been to Macau before. (改為否定句)Ibeen to Macau before.He hasn t come to school because he was ill. (就劃線部分提問(wèn))he come to school?I bough a new bike just now. (用 just 改寫 )I just a new bike.We began to learn English three years ago改為同義句)We English three years5. He has never surfed, ?(改成反意疑問(wèn)句)6. They have been here since 2000. (對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))have they been here?The old man last year.He has for a year. (die) (動(dòng)詞填空)Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Miss Gao has an h