Grammar虛擬語氣

1、 三種語氣三種語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣 陳述語氣：說明真實的事情或現(xiàn)實情況。如：陳述語氣：說明真實的事情或現(xiàn)實情況。如： She never looks for trouble How beautiful the school it is! 祈使語氣：表示請求、命令、警告等。如：祈使語氣：表示請求、命令、警告等。如： Dont be late again，please! 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣: 不是一個事實不是一個事實，而是一種假設、猜測、懷疑等，而是一種假設、猜測、懷疑等(在條件從句中在條件從句中)； 二是表示說話人的二是表示說話人的愿望、要求、命令、建議愿

2、望、要求、命令、建議等等 (在主語從句、在主語從句、 賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句等等)。 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣虛擬語氣分兩種：虛擬語氣分兩種：1.1.表假設類：用表假設類：用werewere型：型：推移時態(tài)推移時態(tài)的方法；的方法；2.2.表建議類：用表建議類：用shouldshould型型：（：（shouldshould）+ +動詞原動詞原形形的方法的方法 虛擬語氣的應用虛擬語氣的應用一、表假設類一、表假設類條件句可分為條件句可分為兩類兩類： 真實條件句真實條件句, , 非真實條件句。非真實條件句。 非真實條件句表示：非真實條件句表示：假設的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的假設

3、的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況情況，故采用虛擬語氣。，故采用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣用于非真實條件狀語從句虛擬語氣用于非真實條件狀語從句條件狀語從句謂語動詞形式條件狀語從句謂語動詞形式主句主句與與現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在事事實相反實相反動詞過去式動詞過去式（be動詞一律用動詞一律用were）主語主語+ would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形動詞原形與與過去過去事事實相反實相反過去完成式過去完成式（had + done）主語主語 + would/ should/ could/ might + have+done與與將來將來事事實相反實相反A: 動詞過去式動詞過去式B: were to + 動詞

4、原形動詞原形C: should + 動詞原形動詞原形主語主語 + would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形動詞原形 NoteNote：與將來事實相反從句中的與將來事實相反從句中的shouldshould可用于任何可用于任何人稱。主句中的人稱。主句中的shouldshould（本應該），（本應該），wouldwould（本會），（本會），couldcould（本能夠）（本能夠）, might, might（本可能）。（本可能）。 If I were you, I should study English. If you had come yesterday, you

5、would have met him. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. If it rained tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. Note 1：假設條件從句謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間與主句所假設的謂語假設條件從句謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間與主句所假設的謂語動詞不一致，叫做動詞不一致，叫做錯綜條件虛擬語氣錯綜條件虛擬語氣。在做這些題目時候。在做這些題目時候尤其要注意

6、每道題目的尤其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語提示語：時間狀語。絕大多數(shù)情況。絕大多數(shù)情況下，下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語，這是解題的，這是解題的關(guān)鍵關(guān)鍵。 If you had followed the doctors advice before, you would be quite all right now.（從句說的是過去（從句說的是過去, 主句指的是現(xiàn)在。）主句指的是現(xiàn)在。） If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. （從句說的是過去（從句說的是

7、過去, 主句指的是現(xiàn)在。）主句指的是現(xiàn)在。） If I had invited him, he would come tomorrow. （從句說（從句說的是過去的是過去, 主句指的是將來。）主句指的是將來。） If he had watered the flowers, they would not be dead now. （從句說的是過去（從句說的是過去, 主句指的是現(xiàn)在。）主句指的是現(xiàn)在。） Note 2:非真實條件狀語從句中的非真實條件狀語從句中的虛擬倒裝虛擬倒裝。條件從句中有。條件從句中有should, were, had 三個助動詞，可以把三個助動詞，可以把 if 省略，并將這三

8、省略，并將這三個詞提至句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。個詞提至句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。 If I were you， I would give it up. = Were I you, I would give it up. If you were not to give us a hand, we couldnt overcome the difficulties. = Were you not to give us a hand, we couldnt overcome the difficulties. If I had had time, I would have run round that lak

9、e again. = Had I had time, I would have run round that lake again. If there should be a flood, what should we do? = Should there be a flood, what should we do? Note 3: 含蓄條件句含蓄條件句(用介詞或副詞等表示條件用介詞或副詞等表示條件without（如（如果沒有）果沒有）, but for（要不是因為）（要不是因為）, otherwise（否則）（否則）But for/ Without your help, I couldnt

10、have succeeded.= If it hadnt been for your help, But for water, it would be impossible to live in thedesert.= If it were not for water, Without your encourgement, I wouldnt have kept on.= If it hadnt for your encourgement, I was busy that day. Otherwise, I would have gone there with you. = If I hadn

11、t been busy, I would have gone there with you. We dont know his telephone number; otherwise we would telephone him.= If we knew his telephone number, we would telephone him. He was at home at that moment; or he would not have escaped the punishment.= If he hadnt been at home at that moment, he would

12、 not have escaped the punishment. Note 4:錯綜語氣（從句用虛擬，主句用陳述語氣）錯綜語氣（從句用虛擬，主句用陳述語氣）Eg. If there should be an earthquake, what will you do? =Should there be an earthquake, what will you do?Ask her to leave a message if she should come. = Ask her to leave a message should she come.He _ you more help, even

13、 though he was very busy.A. might have given B. might giveC. may have given D. may have given注意：注意： but:但是，前虛后實，前實后虛但是，前虛后實，前實后虛He could have given you more help, but he was busy.= He could have given you more help if he had not been busy.（前虛后實）（前虛后實）A2.2.虛擬語氣用于特殊固定句型虛擬語氣用于特殊固定句型1）I wish (that) .2)

14、If only .3) would rather (that) .4) Its (high/ about) time (that) .5) as if/ though .6) 情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞 + have done 1） I wish (that) . 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在wish表示愿望的賓語從句中：表示愿望的賓語從句中： A. 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在: 動詞過去式（動詞過去式（be動詞用動詞用were）。）。 B. 過去：過去：had + done或或 could/would/should/might have done C. 將來將來: would, could (少用少用should , migh

15、t) + 動詞原形動詞原形e.g. The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not been to it. I wish that he didnt work here. I wish I were a millionaire. We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. 注意注意wish本身的時態(tài)不影響從句中虛擬語氣本身的時態(tài)不影響從句中虛擬語氣的謂語動詞形式。以的謂語動詞形式。以wish/wished時間為準如：時間為準如： The girl wished that she were a

16、 singer They wished that they would travel around the world some dayI wish that I _ with you last night.A. went B. have done C. could go D. could have goneD2) If only !表示愿望表示愿望, “要是要是就好了就好了”，= I wish (that) .該句也叫無主句條件句該句也叫無主句條件句e.g. If only I knew his name (for the moment)! If only we had followed y

17、our advice (before)! If only I could see him again (as soon as possible)! If only I were her friend!3) would rather (that) . 表示愿望表示愿望, 謂語動詞謂語動詞指指過去過去用用過去完成時過去完成時形式，形式， 指指現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在或或?qū)韺碛糜眠^去過去時時形式形式。e.g. Id rather she hadnt done that. Id rather you painted the wall green next time. Id rather you paid me n

18、ow.4) Its (high/ about) time (that) .謂語動詞用過去式，或謂語動詞用過去式，或 “should + 動詞原形動詞原形（should不能省略）不能省略）” 來表示，意為來表示，意為 “（現(xiàn)在）（現(xiàn)在）該該”。 It is high time we had supper/ should have supper.=It is time for us to have supper. It is ( high) time we began/ should begin our class.=Its high time for us to begin our class.

19、=Its high time for class.5) as if/ though .虛擬語氣在由虛擬語氣在由as if（though）引導的）引導的方式狀語方式狀語從句和從句和表語從句表語從句中中（常放在（常放在look, sound , smell, feel, act , speak, talk 等動詞后），等動詞后），其動詞形式與其動詞形式與wish賓語從句賓語從句的形式相同。的形式相同。e.g. They talked as if they had been friends for years. She looks as if she would cry. She loves the

20、 baby as if it were her own son. I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday. Note: 如果從句中的情況往往是可能發(fā)生的或可被設如果從句中的情況往往是可能發(fā)生的或可被設想為真實的，想為真實的，as if (as though) 從句也可用陳述語氣從句也可用陳述語氣。e.g. It looks as if our side is going to win.6)情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞 + have doneshould/ ought to (not) have done sth.need (no

21、t) have done sth.could (not) have done sth.would (not) have done sth.might (not) have done sth.Eg. It is too late. We should have set out earlier. 二、表建議類二、表建議類(Should型型):名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣 （一）（一） 凡是涉及到凡是涉及到“一堅持（一堅持（insist/insistence），二命令），二命令（order/order， command/command ），三要求），三要求（demand/demand

22、，require/requirement， request/request),四建四建議（議（propose/proposal，advise/advice suggest/suggestion，recommend/recommendation)等等命令、請求、建議、要求、愿望命令、請求、建議、要求、愿望”等意義動詞或名詞在名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣，必須使用等意義動詞或名詞在名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣，必須使用(should) do 結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)。 1、在賓語從句中、在賓語從句中e.g. I suggested that we (should) carry out the plan . The comm

23、ander ordered that his men (should) take over the city before he arrived. The students required that they (should) have a day off.2、在主語、表語、同位語從句中、在主語、表語、同位語從句中We received the order that we (should) start out now. It is my teachers demand that we (should) do my best this .We suggest that you (should)

24、 be there on time. = Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time = It is our suggestion that you (should) be there on time. = It is suggested that you (should) be there on time. She advised that the patient should be sent to hospital at once The capital ordered that the troop should stop to

25、 have a rest 注意點：注意點： suggest 表達表達“暗示暗示”、“表明表明”之意時，從句應該之意時，從句應該用陳述語氣。如：用陳述語氣。如： His pale face suggested that he was ill The mans words suggest that his son is in poor healthinsist 當當“堅持說堅持說”、“堅決認為堅決認為”講時用陳述語氣。講時用陳述語氣。如：如：He insisted that Tom broke the window.（二）（二） necessary, important, natural, str

26、ange surprising等名詞性從句中等名詞性從句中(表驚奇，惋惜，表驚奇，惋惜，理應如此等）的虛擬語氣理應如此等）的虛擬語氣 結(jié)構(gòu)：結(jié)構(gòu)：It is necessary, important, natural, strange, surprising，no wonder that 主語主語 + (should) + do.e.g. It is necessary that he (should) give us a talk on the subject. It is important that we (should) learn all our lessons well. It i

27、s natural that the young (should) respect the old.（三）（三）由連接詞由連接詞 in case, lest（唯恐，以免；擔心唯恐，以免；擔心 ）, for fear that（以免，免得）引導的目的狀語從句（以免，免得）引導的目的狀語從句, 謂語動詞謂語動詞要用要用 should + 動詞原形的動詞原形的虛擬形式虛擬形式; so that（目的）（目的）, in order that 引導的目的狀語從句中引導的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用謂語動詞要用 may/ might, can/ could + 動詞原形的動詞原形的虛擬虛擬形式。形式。 e

28、.g. He took his raincoat with him in case（lest, for fear that) it should rain. The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell （墻上（墻上裝有襯墊的牢房）裝有襯墊的牢房）lest he (should) injure himself. She listened carefully in order that/ so that she might discover exactly what he wanted. Note: in case 引起的從句中謂語有時也可以不用虛引起的

29、從句中謂語有時也可以不用虛擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形式。擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形式。e.g. Take your umbrella in case it rains.虛擬語氣分兩種：虛擬語氣分兩種：1.表假設類：用提前時態(tài)的方法表達；表假設類：用提前時態(tài)的方法表達；2.表建議類：用（表建議類：用（should）+ 動詞原形表達。動詞原形表達。一、假設類一、假設類:1.在條件狀語從句中在條件狀語從句中2. 特殊句型特殊句型: 1) 在在wish表示愿望的賓語從句中表示愿望的賓語從句中; 2)在由在由If only 引導的表示愿望的句子中引導的表示愿望的句子中; 3)在由在由 would r

30、ather that-clause 引導的表示愿望的句子中引導的表示愿望的句子中; 4)在由在在由在 It is (high) time (that) 引導的定語從句中引導的定語從句中; 5)在由在由as if（though）引導的方式狀語從句和表語從句中）引導的方式狀語從句和表語從句中;二、二、建議類：建議類：1. 在在“要求，命令，請求，建議要求，命令，請求，建議” 的賓語從句中的賓語從句中2. 在主語從句中在主語從句中:1) “要求，命令，請求，建議要求，命令，請求，建議” 動詞為被動語態(tài)的從句中；動詞為被動語態(tài)的從句中；2) Its necessary /strange/ natura

31、l/ important + that-clause 中中;3.在在 in case, lest , for fear that（以免，免得）（以免，免得）, so that（目的）（目的）, in order that 引導的目的狀語從句中引導的目的狀語從句中.歸歸 納納一、虛擬氣用于條件狀語從句一、虛擬氣用于條件狀語從句條件狀語從句條件狀語從句主句主句與現(xiàn)在事與現(xiàn)在事實相反實相反動詞過去式動詞過去式（be動詞一律用動詞一律用were）主語主語+ would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形動詞原形與過去事與過去事實相反實相反If + 主語主語 + had -ed主語

32、主語 + would/ should/ could/ might + have -ed與將來事與將來事實相反實相反A: 動詞過去式動詞過去式B: were to + 動詞原形動詞原形C: should + 動詞原形動詞原形主語主語 + would/ should/ could/ might + 動詞原形動詞原形 Note：與將來事實相反從句中的：與將來事實相反從句中的should用于可用于用于可用于任何人稱，但主句中的任何人稱，但主句中的should通常用于第一人稱，通常用于第一人稱，would可用于任何人稱，同時也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動詞可用于任何人稱，同時也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動詞could（可能

33、）（可能）, might（也許）。（也許）。假設類假設類: Note 1：錯綜條件虛擬語氣。錯綜條件虛擬語氣。在做這些題目時候尤在做這些題目時候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語。絕大多數(shù)情。絕大多數(shù)情況下，況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語。 Note 2: 假設條件虛擬倒裝。條件從句中有假設條件虛擬倒裝。條件從句中有should, were, had 三個助動詞可以把三個助動詞可以把 if 省略，并將這三個詞提省略，并將這三個詞提至句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。至句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。 Note 3: 含蓄條件句含蓄條件句(用介詞或副

34、詞等表示條件用介詞或副詞等表示條件- without, but for, or, otherwise等。等。 Note 4: 錯綜語氣（從句用虛擬，主句用陳述語氣）錯綜語氣（從句用虛擬，主句用陳述語氣）非真實條件狀語從句非真實條件狀語從句 1）在）在wish表示愿望的賓語從句中：表示愿望的賓語從句中： A. 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在: 動詞過去式（動詞過去式（be動詞用動詞用were）。）。 B. 過去：過去：had + -ed C. 將來將來: would, could, might + 動詞原形。動詞原形。 2) 在由在由If only 引導的表示愿望的句中，引導的表示愿望的句中，意為意為“要是要是就好了

35、就好了”，其動詞形式與其動詞形式與wish賓從的賓從的形式相同。形式相同。 3) 由由 would rather 引導的表示愿望的句子中引導的表示愿望的句子中，謂語動詞謂語動詞指指過去過去用用過去完成時過去完成時形式形式; 指指現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在或?qū)碛没驅(qū)碛眠^去式過去式形式。形式。 二、虛擬語氣特殊句型二、虛擬語氣特殊句型假設類假設類: 4) 在由在由 It is (high) time (that) 引導的定語引導的定語從句中從句中，謂語動詞用謂語動詞用過去式過去式，或，或 “should + 動動詞原形詞原形”（should不能省略）不能省略） 來表示，意為來表示，意為 “（現(xiàn)在）該（現(xiàn)在）該”。 5)在由在由as if（though）引導的方式狀語從句）引導的方式狀語從句和表語從句中和表語從句中（常放在（常放在look, sound , smell, feel, act , speak, talk 等動詞后），等動詞后），其動詞形式與其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。賓語從句的形式相同。 Note: 如果從句的情況往往是可能發(fā)生的或如果從句的情況往往是可能發(fā)生的或可被設想為真實的，可被設想為真實的，as if (as though) 從句也可從句也可用陳述語氣用陳