英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞用法小結(jié)

1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞用法小結(jié).精品文檔.英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞用法小結(jié)重慶市奉節(jié)中學(xué) 何朝平 英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞的功能主要是把表語(yǔ)（名詞、形容詞、某些副詞、非謂詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句）和它的主語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的屬性、特征或狀態(tài)。它有自己的但不完全的詞義，不能在句中獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須和后面的表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成句子的謂語(yǔ)。它雖是虛詞，但是其用法是復(fù)雜的，而且不可忽視。許多英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者會(huì)因此出現(xiàn)這樣那樣的錯(cuò)誤，然而許多語(yǔ)法書卻沒作專門系統(tǒng)的介紹。因此，我們有必要小結(jié)一下英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞用法，以便大家參考。我想從以下四個(gè)方面歸納一下英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞的用法：I、常見系動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤及其成因；II、系動(dòng)詞分類

2、；III、系動(dòng)詞用法應(yīng)注意的8個(gè)問(wèn)題；IV、系動(dòng)詞與高考及其練習(xí)。 I、常見系動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤及其成因：學(xué)英語(yǔ)的中國(guó)學(xué)生在使用系動(dòng)詞時(shí)會(huì)碰到以下兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是有漏掉系動(dòng)詞的傾向性，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中無(wú)系動(dòng)詞，如：I afraid he wont come tomorrow(am)二是誤用系動(dòng)詞，如：His hair changed grey .(混淆了change 與turn，grow)His hands feel coldly.(feel本身作系動(dòng)詞與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的差別不清)這主要是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生沒有把英語(yǔ)中的系動(dòng)詞與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)分開來(lái)。二者結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別如下表，其后所接詞性不盡相同，成份也不同。 詞性成份類別形容詞名

3、詞少數(shù)副詞介詞短語(yǔ)-ed形式-ing形式不定式從句系動(dòng)詞表表表表表表表表實(shí)義動(dòng)詞賓狀狀狀賓或狀賓或狀賓II.系動(dòng)詞分類：一、根據(jù)系動(dòng)詞后所跟結(jié)構(gòu)，我們可以把英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞分為兩大類：完全系動(dòng)詞（其后只能跟表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，如be, seem）和半系動(dòng)詞（其后既可跟表語(yǔ)作系動(dòng)詞用法，也可跟賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用，如look） He looked sad at the news.（“看起來(lái)”，系動(dòng)詞用法） 例如：1） He looked sadly at the boy.(“看著”，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法) He looks a clever boy .（“看起來(lái)”，系動(dòng)詞用法） 2） He looks at a c

4、lever boy.（“看著”，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法） 在英語(yǔ)中，某一動(dòng)詞是多義詞，既有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法，又有系動(dòng)詞用法。學(xué)生務(wù)必弄清其二者區(qū)別。切忌把二者混為一談，這也是會(huì)考、高考常見考點(diǎn)。此類常見易混詞有： change listen look touch turn hear see become sound seem feel eat continue last remain continue stay taste keep remain leave二、根據(jù)系動(dòng)詞的意義，我們把英語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞分為四類：A五大感官系動(dòng)詞B狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞C動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞D雙謂語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞A五大感官系動(dòng)詞，描述一種感官性質(zhì)。由實(shí)義感官動(dòng)詞

5、變化而來(lái)，都是半系動(dòng)詞。1look“看起來(lái)像是”，后接adj.、n.、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式等。The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.這位女孩咬著嘴唇，看上去若有所思。2smell“聞起來(lái)”，后接adj.分詞。The flowers smell sweet.這些花氣味真香。3sound“聽起來(lái)”，后接adj.分詞。The music sounds sweet.這首詩(shī)聽起來(lái)真悅耳。4taste“嘗起來(lái)”，后接adj.分詞。The apples taste very good.這些蘋果很好吃。5feel“摸起來(lái)，給感覺”；“覺得”，后接adj./p

6、.p.The silk feels very soft.絲綢摸起來(lái)很滑。You will feel better after a nights sleep.睡上一晚，你會(huì)覺得好些。B狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：1be，“是”，屬完全系動(dòng)詞。I am a student.我是一個(gè)學(xué)生。2seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系動(dòng)詞。They seem quite happy.他們似乎很快樂。3appear,“顯得，看起來(lái)好像”，半系動(dòng)詞。He appeared tired and sleepy.他顯得疲倦而且好像要睡覺了。It appeared(to be)a true story.看來(lái)這是一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事。The ri

7、ver appears as if enveloped in smog.這條河好像籠罩在煙霧之中。Now it appears to me that he may play an important part in settling the problem.在我看來(lái)，他可能在解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題中起著重要作用。4keep, “保持的狀態(tài)”，半系動(dòng)詞，后接adj或介詞短語(yǔ)。Youd better go to bed and keep warm.你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。5remain,“仍是”，半系動(dòng)詞。 I remained silent. 我仍然緘默。6stay“保持（某種狀態(tài)）”，半系動(dòng)詞，后接a

8、dj.過(guò)去分詞。The window stayed open all the ve “證明是”，半系動(dòng)詞，后接adj.n.The treatment proved to be successful. 這種療法證明是成功的。C動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：都屬于半系動(dòng)詞，描述狀態(tài)變化過(guò)程。 1get“變成，變得起來(lái)”，后可接形容詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)。 The days are getting longer and longer. 白天變得越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)了。 The train didnt get going again. 火車還沒重新啟動(dòng)。 Its nothing to get excited ab

9、out. 沒啥可因此而激動(dòng)的。 My watch gets out of order. 我的表出毛病了。 2fall“進(jìn)入（某種狀態(tài)），成為”，后常接以下形容詞：asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.The old men, unable to express himself, fell silent.那位老人說(shuō)不清自己的意思，就不做聲了。My father fell ill and died.我的父親生病死了。3grow“漸漸變得起來(lái)，長(zhǎng)得” You will grow used to it.你逐漸會(huì)習(xí)慣的。Its growing warm.天氣漸漸暖和

10、起來(lái)了。 4turn“轉(zhuǎn)變成（新的與原來(lái)完全不同的色彩或性質(zhì)），變質(zhì)（色）”。 Maple trees turn red in autumn. 楓葉在秋天變紅了。It was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.今天早上是陰天，幸好已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)晴了。He has turned writer.他已成為一個(gè)作家。（注意：此時(shí)writer之前無(wú)冠詞a.） 5go，“變成（某種壞的狀態(tài)）” The telephone has gone dead.電話不通了。The tire went flat.輪胎癟了。The material h

11、as gone a funny colour.這料子的顏色變得奇怪了。The thieves must not go unpunished.決不能讓這些盜賊逍遙法外。 go之后常接的adj. 還有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey, naked等。. 6become“變成，成為（好壞均可的情況）”He became angry with me.他對(duì)我生氣了。It became dark.天氣晚了。They became good friends.

12、他們成了好朋友。I became interested in drawing.我開始對(duì)素描感興趣了。 7come，“變成為（已知的狀態(tài)），證實(shí)為”，后常接形容詞或前綴un-的過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，表示狀態(tài)或情況的變化。His wish to become a pilot has come true.他想當(dāng)飛行員的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。If you look into the matter, everything will come clear.如果你調(diào)查一下這事，一切都會(huì)清楚。My shoelaces have come undone.我的鞋帶松了。后面常接的形容詞還有：apart, dear（昂貴），nat

13、ural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（沒有粘?。瑄ntied（松開）。 8run,“變成”，后接adj.The well has run dry.這井已經(jīng)變干了。The price ran high.價(jià)格上升了。9make，“達(dá)到某種狀態(tài)后接形容詞，如sure, certain, merry, bold, freeWe must make certain of facts.我們一定要弄清事實(shí)。The Children make free with the apples.孩子們隨便吃蘋果。 D雙謂語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞 此類系動(dòng)詞既有系動(dòng)詞的功能，后接表語(yǔ)，又保留原實(shí)義動(dòng)

14、詞本身的含義。例如：The run rose red.太陽(yáng)升起紅艷艷。She stopped and stood quite still.她停下來(lái)然后一絲不動(dòng)地站著。The book lay open on the table.那書在桌子上打開著。The snow lay thick on the ground.雪厚厚地堆積在地上。He married young.他結(jié)婚很早。The window blew open.窗戶吹開了。The dog has broken loose.狗掙脫鎖鏈了。She blushed as red as a peony.她的臉紅得像一朵牡丹花。Lei Feng

15、died young.雷鋒早逝。The material has worn thin.這種布料已穿薄了。The weather continued calm.天氣仍然平靜。He continued silent.他繼續(xù)沉默不語(yǔ)。 III系動(dòng)詞用法應(yīng)注意的八個(gè)問(wèn)題 1系動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)分情況討論。 一般地說(shuō)，狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，而動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，而動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。但是在某些情況下，狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞也有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示兩個(gè)用途：一是表示一種短暫的、反常的狀態(tài)。如： He is being kind.他裝出和藹可親的樣子（一時(shí)而不能持久的性質(zhì)）二是表示一種探詢口氣，使語(yǔ)言客氣、生動(dòng)、親切。例如

16、：I hope you are keeping well.（語(yǔ)氣委婉）我希望你保持健康。Are you feeling any better?（語(yǔ)氣親切）你感覺好了些嗎？試比較：Your hand feels cold.（無(wú)意識(shí)的靜態(tài)性質(zhì)。）你的手摸起來(lái)冰涼。不可以說(shuō)：Your hand is feeling cold.()但可以說(shuō)：The doctor is feeling her pulse.（有意識(shí)的動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)作）醫(yī)生正在給她拿脈。The soup tastes good.（靜態(tài)性質(zhì)，無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)）這湯的味道不錯(cuò)。The cook is tasting the soup.（動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)作，有進(jìn)行時(shí)）廚

17、師在嘗湯的味道?？傊?，系動(dòng)詞有無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)隨系動(dòng)詞的意義或其語(yǔ)境變化而變化。我們?cè)诟攀瞿骋粍?dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，不能籠統(tǒng)地說(shuō)feel，smell無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)，應(yīng)指出其意義及其語(yǔ)用環(huán)境。例如smell的用法可見一斑。smell作“嗅覺”的能力時(shí)，雖是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，但指的是一種性質(zhì)的存在狀態(tài)不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，常與can, could, be able to連用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.駱駝能嗅出一英里外有水。指“嗅、聞”的動(dòng)作時(shí)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。The girl is smelling the flower.這姑娘正在聞那朵花。smell指

18、“含有氣味”，“發(fā)出氣味”等事物性質(zhì)時(shí)，半系動(dòng)詞，無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。The dinner smells good.這飯菜聞起來(lái)真香。2系動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與形容詞的比較級(jí)連用的問(wèn)題。某些含有變化意義的動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞如get, become, grow, turn等的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可與形容詞的比較級(jí)連用，表示漸進(jìn)過(guò)程，其意思是“越來(lái)越”。例如：He is growing taller and taller.他長(zhǎng)得越來(lái)越高了。Our life is getting better and better.我們的生活是越來(lái)越好了。The things are getting worse.情況是越來(lái)越糟了。 3所有半系動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)

19、語(yǔ)態(tài)要分情況討論。 英語(yǔ)中某動(dòng)詞在作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，二者不可混為一談。例如：不能說(shuō)：The apple is tasted good.（因?yàn)閠aste此時(shí)是系動(dòng)詞，“嘗起來(lái)”之意，指的是蘋果的性質(zhì)，無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）但我們可以說(shuō)：The apple is tasted by me.這蘋果被我嘗了一下。（taste此時(shí)指“嘗一嘗”這一動(dòng)作，有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）因此，在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí)之 ，要有意注意半系動(dòng)詞在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中到底是系動(dòng)詞用法還是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用法，要注意區(qū)分、識(shí)別。4瞬間動(dòng)態(tài)系動(dòng)詞能否與時(shí)間段連用的問(wèn)題英語(yǔ)中某些表示瞬間意義的系動(dòng)詞不能與“for+時(shí)間段，

20、since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，how long until+時(shí)間,by + 時(shí)間，so far”等直接連用。例如：不能說(shuō)：He has become a teacher for 2 years.應(yīng)改為：He has been a teacher for 2 years.不能說(shuō)：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.應(yīng)改為：He has been a write since 3 years ago.或It is two years since he turned writer.不能說(shuō)：He got angry until his child came back ho

21、me.應(yīng)改為：He didnt get angry until his child came back home.5系動(dòng)詞能接幾種表語(yǔ)（從句）系動(dòng)詞除了接adj.n.prep.短語(yǔ)，某些adv.以外，還可接以下幾種表語(yǔ)形式：能接as if/as though表語(yǔ)從句的系動(dòng)詞有：look（看起來(lái)），smell（聞起來(lái)），sound（聽起來(lái)），feel（覺得）；appear（顯得），seem（似乎）。例如：It looks as if we are going to have snow.看樣子天要下雪了。He looked as if he had just stepped out of my b

22、ook of fairy tales.他看來(lái)好像剛從我的童話故事中走出來(lái)似的。She seemed as if (though) she couldnt understand why Laura was there.看來(lái)她好像不能理解為什么勞拉呆在那兒。It sounds to me as though theres a tap running somewhere.我好像聽到某處水龍頭流水的聲音。She felt as if her head were splitting.她仿佛覺得她的頭要裂開了。The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.那條河好像

23、籠罩在煙霧之中。It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了?？捎糜凇癐t+系動(dòng)詞+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work. 好像他在工作中犯了嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。 It appeared that he was talking to himself. 好像他在自言自語(yǔ)。能用不定式作表語(yǔ)的系動(dòng)詞有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.Her job is

24、 to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子們。He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父親。He looks to be a young girl of twenty.他看起來(lái)像是一個(gè)20歲的年輕姑娘。He didnt appear to dislike it.看不出他憎恨此事。My advice proved to be wrong.我的建議證明是錯(cuò)誤的。He will grow to like this work gradually.他會(huì)逐漸喜歡這個(gè)工作的。 能與there連用的系動(dòng)詞有：be, appe

25、ar, seem.There appeared to be only one room.那兒好像只有一個(gè)房間。There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎沒有必要走。 6能用兩種否定形式的系動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)：seem, appear.舉例說(shuō)明：It doesnt seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we cant get our money back. He seems not to be her father.= He doesnt seem to be her father. The baby doesn

26、t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.7后接作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞可構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)能構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)的系動(dòng)詞通常有兩個(gè)：第一個(gè)是常見的be(is, am, was等)；第二個(gè)是get，口語(yǔ)中常用。當(dāng)二者作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，它們均表示一種存在狀態(tài)，而不表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作；當(dāng)二者作助動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，后接作謂語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.來(lái)代替，但是并不是be系動(dòng)詞總是可以用get來(lái)代替。Get + P.P.系表結(jié)構(gòu)常用于以下兩種情況：1）表示偶然的、突發(fā)性的、意想不到的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果或狀態(tài)。Last night I

27、 got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到）The new car got scratched.新車給刮壞了。（表突發(fā)性）2）表示對(duì)自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。 John got wounded while playing football last Saturday. 約翰上周星期六踢足球時(shí)受了傷。 They got married last month.他們上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。另外，要注意區(qū)分系表結(jié)構(gòu)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。8幾組易混系動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別系動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別主要從兩個(gè)方面作比較，一是其意義，二是其結(jié)構(gòu)。1）get, bec

28、ome, go, turn, grow“變成”；get： “變得”口語(yǔ)。后接形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式作表語(yǔ)，但不能與名詞直接連用。Become：“變成，成為（好壞情況均可）。”后接形容詞、名詞、過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，不能與不定式連用。Go： “變成（某種由好到壞的情況）”，后接形容詞、過(guò)去分詞、名詞作表語(yǔ)。Turn： “轉(zhuǎn)變成”強(qiáng)調(diào)與原來(lái)不同的、新的變化，如變質(zhì)、變色等。后接形容詞、不帶冠詞的名詞作表語(yǔ)，后不接不定式。Grow： “逐漸變得”，強(qiáng)調(diào)其變化過(guò)程。后接形容詞、分詞、不定式，不可直接跟名詞。 以上詞的例子見前面相關(guān)詞例。 2）look, seem, appear“好像”

29、 三者作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)在意義上的區(qū)別：look：“好像，看起來(lái)”，一般用于非正式場(chǎng)合，側(cè)重指從本身外表特征上由視覺得到的印象。seem ：“似乎，好像”，指說(shuō)話人內(nèi)心的估計(jì)與判斷，有一定依據(jù)，接近于實(shí)際情況。Appear：“顯得，好像”，常用于正式文體中，指某事物或人給他人的表面印象，有時(shí)含有實(shí)質(zhì)上并非如此之意。例如：He looks like his father. （指其長(zhǎng)相看起來(lái)相像） He seems like his father. （指說(shuō)話人從個(gè)性方面得到的判斷） He appears like his father.（指他的外貌、衣著給他人的印象）三者作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)列表分

30、析三者之后所接成份（可帶者打“”，不可接著打“”）。結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)象Adj., n,like + n.不定式It+系+asIf(as though)Sb/sth+系+as if（as though)It+系+thatthere+系LookSeemAppear例句見前面相關(guān)詞例。3）keep, remain, stay“保持狀態(tài)”keep系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)“保持狀態(tài)”，后接adj.或介詞短語(yǔ)其后常見：alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy,firm in ones stand等。Have you kept well all

31、these years?這些年來(lái)你身體好么？I hope it will keep fine.我希望天氣繼續(xù)好下去。In order to keep fit, all students go in for sports.為了保持健康，所有學(xué)生都參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。Wed better keep in touch.我們最好保持聯(lián)系。remain，系動(dòng)詞“仍然存在狀態(tài)”，后接adj.，過(guò)去分詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)某種狀態(tài)前后無(wú)變化。The door remained closed.門仍然關(guān)著。Kosovo intensity remained high.科索沃局勢(shì)仍然高度緊張。Peter became

32、 a judge but John remained a fisherman.彼得當(dāng)了法官，而約翰依舊是漁民。Your room remains like this.你的房間依舊是這樣子。stay，作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)“保持狀態(tài)”，后接形容詞、分詞。That fellow stayed single.那個(gè)小伙子仍保持單身。The door stayed closed.門一直關(guān)著（無(wú)比較的持續(xù)狀態(tài)）Its easy to stay hidden.躲起來(lái)很容易。Please stay seated.請(qǐng)繼續(xù)坐著。 后常接的形容詞有：calm, clean, healthy, tight, young, op

33、en, awake, still, warm, fine, as high as,?？膳ckeep互換。如：Stay/keep calm(clean, fine, healthy, awake等) IV.系動(dòng)詞與高考及其練習(xí) 1.系動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)于單項(xiàng)選擇題中 The story sounds_(MET 89) A. to be trueB. as trueC. being trueD. trueThose oranges taste_(MET 91) A. goodB. wellC. to be goodD. to be well-Are you feeling_? -Yes, Im fine no

34、w/(NMET92) A. any wellB. any betterC. quite goodD. quite better-Can I join the club, Dad. -You can when you _a bit older.(NMET 94) A. getB. will getC. getD. will have got -Do you like the material? -Yes, it _very soft.(NMET 94) A. is feelingB. feltC. feelsD. is feltI love to go to the seaside on Sum

35、mer. It_ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.(NMET 96) A. doesB. feelsC. getsD. makesCleaning women in big cities usually get _by the hour.(NMET 98) A. payB. payingC. paidD. to payWhy dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ for several days. A. be stayedB. stayC. be stayingD. have stayed(以上七題答案分別如下：1.D, 2.A, 3.B, 4.A, 5.C, 6.B,