2017新課標(biāo)高考英語閱讀理解猜測詞意(詞義)解題策略(附帶答案)

1、paragraph?The underlined wordWhat does the phrase利用定義definition 或同義解釋利用構(gòu)詞法word-building利用語境和邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)語法知識(shí)猜測根據(jù)常識(shí)common sense判定重述舉例反義（同義第一部分已講）2017 屆新課標(biāo)高考英語閱讀理解猜測詞意（詞義）解題策略高考考情分析解讀：詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解題中的一種常見的題型。詞義猜測可以是對(duì)一個(gè)單詞的意義推斷，也可以是對(duì)一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞生義，也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。通過對(duì)近年新課標(biāo)全國卷分析統(tǒng)計(jì)來看，詞義猜測題一般有1

2、2 題?？疾橄鄬?duì)比較穩(wěn)定，但難度略有增加，需要在復(fù)雜的句式中通過上下文綜合分析才能得出答案。在詞義猜測題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來推測尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。2016 年全國卷設(shè)問形式例子：(1)What does the underlined word downside in Paragraph 4 prob？ ab(2ly0 1m6e年課標(biāo)an全國卷)(2)What does the underline phrase a pipe dream in Pa？ ra(g2r0a1p6h 年課標(biāo)全國卷3 mean)

3、(3)What does the word contributionhse last pa riangtraph refer to？ (2015 年課標(biāo)全國卷)常見的命題形式有：The underlined word in the second paragraph means Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the lastin Paracgarna bpehs2t be replaced by in Paragraph 1 mean?本學(xué)案結(jié)構(gòu)：單詞或短語意思猜測題4代詞

4、指代猜測題目句子猜測句意題目附：典故諺語知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備單詞或短語意思猜測題該題型著重考查考生根據(jù)上下文猜測詞義的能力，這也是一個(gè)從已知 得出 未知 的過程， 即利用上下文的已知部分（尤其是該詞或短語前后的句子）進(jìn)行推理，有時(shí)還需要依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)來猜測詞義。考查范圍涉及對(duì)某個(gè)生詞或短語的含義的猜測、對(duì)某個(gè)熟詞進(jìn)行生義的猜測或考查該詞能被哪個(gè)單詞或短語代替等。定義或者同義解釋：作者常常通過給某些詞匯下定義來幫助讀者理解詞義，尤其在一些科普類、社科類及與專業(yè)內(nèi)容相關(guān)的文章中，定義解釋作者所用詞的準(zhǔn)確含義。下定義時(shí)，作者通常使用信號(hào)詞，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean,

5、 refer to, known as 等等。利用同義解釋猜詞同義解釋形式多樣，有的利用下定義，有的利用or， that is（to say）， in other words， namely等引出后面的解釋，有的利用破折號(hào)、同位語（從句）、定語從句或同義詞、近義詞等引出后面的解釋。1) . Anthropology is the scientific study of man.2) .It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break easily.3) . This was a very domesticated bir

6、d that needed help or it would not survive.A. Having been abandonedB. Having been used to home lifeC. Having been used to life in the wildD. Having been weak and hungry4) . He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.5) . She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks E

7、nglish and French equally well.6) . Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.7) . The schools are reluctant to take time off even teachers with tickets for theEngland-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.The underlined word reluctan

8、t may probably meanA. kind B. unwillingC. freeD. careless同義詞（近義詞）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者為了避免語言的單調(diào)、重復(fù)，有時(shí)會(huì)使用意思相同或相近的詞。因此，考生只要讀懂上下文，知道其中一個(gè)詞的意思，就能猜出另外一個(gè)詞的意思。并列關(guān)系（同義關(guān)系）提示詞：and, also, asa s, the same as利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義。例如 .I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of

9、those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells( 干細(xì)胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor( 捐獻(xiàn)者 ) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we ve got 72 homost. S

10、o I am always conscious of time.題目 .Which of the following can replace the underlined word courier in Paragraph1?A. providerB. delivery man C. collectorD. medical doctor9) .Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him.10) .Mark Twain was not the author s real name; it was a pseudo

11、nym.11) .The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.12) .If you agree, write “ Yes” ; if you dissent, write No .13) .Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞 英語中有大量的單詞是通過合成或加前后綴構(gòu)成的，運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法判斷生詞

12、的意義是一種 快速有效的解題方法。根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測詞義英語中的許多詞匯，特別是不斷出現(xiàn)的新詞 大多是通過構(gòu)詞法生成的。因此，掌握主要的構(gòu)詞法有助于猜測詞義。根據(jù)詞根、前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等猜測詞義。super-inter-mini-micro-someanti-co-post-pre-shippro- 表示“往前”progress'pr?ugresn./v. 進(jìn)步promote v.增進(jìn)，促進(jìn)，提高pre- 提前，領(lǐng)先predictvt. 預(yù)測preventvt. 預(yù)防；妨礙previewn./v. 預(yù)覽；預(yù)習(xí)3prevent記：預(yù)先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是預(yù)防Time

13、ly repetition will prevent you from forgetting words.及時(shí)重復(fù)才能預(yù)防忘記單詞。timely adv. 及時(shí)地repetition n. 重復(fù) per “每個(gè)，都，一直”personn. 人 percentn. 百分比persistv. 堅(jiān)持 persuade p?'sweidvt. 說服，勸服64記：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就re-表示“再次，重復(fù)，往回，”repeat n./v. 重復(fù)recallv.回想，記起；召回reportn./v 報(bào)告表示“往上”的前綴up-和ingrade n. 等級(jí)，級(jí)別，成績可以說服rewrit

14、e v. 重寫，改寫recover v. 重新獲得，恢復(fù)“向下”的前綴 deupgrade degrade increase n./v 上升 增加 decrease n./v 減少，減小in-除了表示“往上”，更重要的意思是“往里”都是“往里”的含義insidea.里面的import vt. 進(jìn)口記： port 港口，進(jìn)到（im-）港口來，叫進(jìn)口invite v. 邀請(qǐng)inkn. 墨水in-是“往里”， 那想想“往外”怎么說？往外ex-，eexport v./n 出口expand v. 擴(kuò)張 exitexperience n. 經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)vt.體會(huì) explainexhibitv. 展覽 ig

15、'zibit; eg-和它音近的im-， en-，v. 出口 'eksitv.解釋em-表示否定的前綴：un- unfair,unhappynon-nonsmoker （常用在 n. adj. adv. 前 ）in-inactive, inhuman, indirect （常用在 adj.）dis-disagree,disappearim-impolite,impossible（用在b,p,m 開頭的詞前）il-illegalir-irreal, irregular（B） . 表示錯(cuò)誤或失當(dāng)?shù)那熬Y:mis-misjudge, misdirect（ 誤導(dǎo) ）pro-Chinese

16、, pro-Americanantiwar, anti-Japanese war（C） . 表示向背的前綴:pro-(親，支持)anti-(阻止，抗)（D） . 表示程度、大小的前綴super-superstar,supermarket,superman, superpowerover-overhead, overeat, overusemini-minibus, miniskirt, mini-carunder-underground, underestimatesemi-（ 半，部分）semicircle, semiskilled,prewarpostwar（E） .表示時(shí)間的前綴prep

17、ost-fore-（前，預(yù)先）foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast（F） .表示方位的前綴：sub-subway, submarineinter-international,interclass（年級(jí)之間的）trans-（橫過，通過，超越，進(jìn)入）transplant,transatlantic （橫渡大西洋的）常見的后綴-ment 名詞性后綴，表“行為，結(jié)果或具體物”move v.移動(dòng)；搬家movement n.運(yùn)動(dòng)，活動(dòng)agree v. 同意 agreement n.同意，協(xié)議manage v.管理management n.管理-tion

18、 名詞后綴，表動(dòng)作，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)1.n.行動(dòng)action2.n.污染pollution3.n.人口population4.n.手術(shù)operation-ty 名詞后綴，加在形容詞后面,表示特性或情況1. n. 誠實(shí)honesty2. n. 安全safety3. n. 多樣；種類；變化variety4. n 焦慮anxiety5. n. 殘酷cruelty-able, 形容詞后綴有”能夠、有某種特性”的意思1. adj. 舒服的comfortable2. adj. 合適的suitable3. adj. 時(shí)尚的，時(shí)髦的fashionable4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的reasonable5

19、. adj. 可信賴的，可靠的v. 信賴 relyreliable6. adj. 大量的；可觀的考慮 動(dòng)詞是？considerable adj.大量的，可觀的7. adj. 穩(wěn)定的stable adj. 穩(wěn)定的記：s-音似“死”； -table 桌子。一個(gè)死的桌子，肯定是很穩(wěn)定的。8. adj 可用的，可得到的available adj 可用的，可得到的-ish 為形容詞和名詞后綴。1. adj. 愚蠢的foolish2. adj. 自私的selfish記憶：一條自私的魚3. n. 垃圾rubbish4. n. 英語English-ful 形容詞后綴1. adj. 鮮艷的，多姿多彩的2. ad

20、j. 高興的，愉快的3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的4. adj 有意義的，意味深長的5. adj. 奇妙的，極好的，精彩的5. adj. 英國的，英國人的Britishcolourfulcheerful delightfulhopefulmeaningfulwonderful1 .動(dòng)詞變名詞：-ationsatisfaction,education,realization-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-alarrival, refusal-eetrainee(受訓(xùn)者), employee-erteacher, worker-orvisito

21、r, sailorwrong-doer 做錯(cuò)事情的人補(bǔ)充學(xué)習(xí)over- : too much overcrowded(1)Overwork may cause diseases.(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.2 .en- 動(dòng)詞前綴enable, endanger, enrich3 .重要后綴-ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en 等4 .合成詞For them, playing well and winning are often life-an

22、d-death affairs.Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. At any rate, my love for

23、Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army.I was sent overseasduring the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(解釋意思)He is a man with broad shoulders.We will shoulder the resp

24、onsibilities at any time.So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you p leasure Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsetsyou.Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles

25、you.( trouble 詞性與意義？) 真題演練 A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.利用語境及邏輯關(guān)系猜詞利用上下文語境和前后句之間的并列、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比、解釋、定義和舉例等關(guān)系來猜測詞義。同時(shí)要特別留心某些詞語，如 or， that is， in other words， including， although，but， even if， on the other hand， on the contrary， other than， rather than， more

26、 than， instead of 等。利用上下文線索猜測詞義(1)重述作者為了使某一難詞或術(shù)語的含義更清楚，通常會(huì)使用常用、簡明的詞或詞組對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋，這就是重述。重述部分通過逗號(hào)與句子的其他部分隔開(有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、 分號(hào)或括號(hào))或用信號(hào)詞引導(dǎo)。常見的信號(hào)詞有：or, namely, that is, in other words, thatis to say, to be more exact, to put in another way 等等。 典例 In the library, I found my way into the “ Children's Room. ”

27、 I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.(2) 舉例作者常常會(huì)通過對(duì)某一難詞給出具體的例子，幫助讀者理解該詞的詞義。舉例常用的信號(hào)詞有：such as, such .as, fo

28、r example, for instance, like, including, especially 等。 典例 Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.1) . Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, d

29、rives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.2) . You can take any of the periodicals : The World of English, English Learning, or Reader Digest.(3)對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折法：根據(jù)反義詞或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系猜測詞義。有時(shí)作者會(huì)用表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞連接意思相反的兩個(gè)詞或句子，這時(shí)就可根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測詞義。表示對(duì)比或反義的信號(hào)詞/詞組常見的有：（whether） .or, unlike, but,yet, however

30、, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, onthe other hand，but, however, although , though ， while（ 然而 ）, rather than, instead of等標(biāo)志詞。 典例 If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, youcan attend an upbeat group fitness

31、class that'll keep your workout on track.73 The underlined word “ upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “ ” .A cheerfulB averageC seriousD temporary舉例：He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a

32、hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, accordingto Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.Though Tom s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friend

33、s.She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.對(duì)比 Time is something from which we can t escape. Even if we ignore it, it s still going by,ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is,

34、Who s in charge? We can allow time to sitli pb eb yo uarnednlemt y. Orwe can take control of it and make it our ally.? The underlined word ally most likely means somebody or something that is .A. your slave and serves youB. your supporter and helps youB. under your control and obeys you D. under you

35、r influence and follows you（ 4）因果關(guān)系法：根據(jù)前后句因果關(guān)系猜測詞義。Signal words: because， since ,so, such that, so that, for, ect.I could see nothing because the light was too faint .I feel that since you are my superior（ 上司） ， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you whatto do .The word “ presumptuous”is closest

36、 in meaning to ” .A full of respectBrude and too confidentC lacking in experienceD too shy and quiet詞語再應(yīng)用1) . The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting2) . My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until

37、 he gets to know you.a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly3) . The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow 。4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.5) .The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. So

38、metimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.因果 Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlif

39、e exists.? What do the underlined words pack out what you pack in probably mean? A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.B. Take away everything you bring in.C. Carry all the necessary food.D. Look after your personal belongings.再如：真題演練 典例 There are also varieties developed to suit specific local cond

40、itions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.30 What does the underlined phrase “ a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?A A practical

41、 idea.B A vain hope.C A brilliant plan.D A selfish desire. 典例 This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second storie

42、s into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood- frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.63 The underlined word “ hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “ ” A changeB liftC repairD decorate根據(jù)語法知識(shí)猜測詞義在英語句子中，同位語或同位語從句、定語從句等都起著解釋說明、補(bǔ)充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜測詞義的線索。典例 Some 2,

43、500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.65 What does the underlined word “ tyrannies” in Paragraph 2

44、 refer to?A Countries where their people need help.B Powerful states with higher civilization.C Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D Governments ruled with absolute power.根據(jù)生活常識(shí)斷定生活常識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)：根據(jù)自身的直接或間接的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，運(yùn)用自己已有的常識(shí), 以及英美國家的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、社會(huì)生活等將生詞推測出來。1) . Pruning is important because it encourages th

45、e growth of tender shoots( 嫩芽) , or young leaves of trees.The word pruning meansA. Regular cutting of the plantsB. Frequent wateringC. Regular use of chemicalsD. Growing the plants high in the mountain2) . Husband： It resa lly cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about l

46、ighting the fireplace?a). dying b). frozen c). hurt3) . The objects around you are visible because they interact with light .Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light， bouncing it away from itsoriginal path.Others absorb light ， stopping it dead in its

47、 tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it ， so you can see it easily.The underlined word dead in Paragraph 3 means _ A silentlyB graduallyC regularlyD completely4) . My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it

48、a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn t fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model.I realized this a day later， when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventyfive dollars less than I

49、had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed_off for the night.Fortunately ， I didn t get any channels showing anllight movies or Iwould never have gotten to bed. signed off in Paragraph 1?Which of the following can best replace the ph

50、raseA ended all their programsB provided fewer channelsC changed to commercialsD showed allnight movies代詞指代猜測題代詞指代題要求考生依據(jù)語境的邏輯關(guān)系，判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對(duì)象，包括考查it（指動(dòng)物、無生命的事物、特定的事件或人）， they/them（指代人、 物、事件的復(fù)數(shù)名詞）， he/she等人稱代詞的指代意義，以及指示代詞this， that， these， those等在文章中的指代意義，以考查考生對(duì)文章中敘述的特定的人、物、事件的再認(rèn)能力。常見的命題形式

51、有：The word it/they in the last sentence refers to W_h_a_t_d_o_e_s_ . that/those/them in Paragraph 3 refer to?Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure， providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses ， professional guides and lots o

52、f support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.What does the underlined wordThey refer to?A Flooded waters.B Wildlife journeys.C Safari camps.D Unique rides.直接要求考生指出代詞所指的具體內(nèi)容 例 However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it mor

53、e practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing.? In Paragraph 2, the underlined word that refers to .A. being good at somethingB. setting a practical goalC. putting in more timeD. succeeding in life間接考

54、查考生對(duì)代詞指代內(nèi)容的把握因?yàn)榇~在上下文或上下句中起語義的銜接作用，在解答某些細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，如果不弄清代詞的指代內(nèi)容，就很難選出正確的答案。解題中，考生需要利用代詞的回指或預(yù)指來理清上下句的銜接關(guān)系，從而找到問題的答案。It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was w

55、here Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse.? When did Lisa become conscious again?A. When the train was leaving.B. After she was back on the platform.C. After the police and fire officials came.D. When a man was cleani

56、ng the blood from her head.Twain s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography （自傳 ） about how much he loved what were called niggers hows in his youth mostly with white men performing in black-face and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as repre