初三英語講座 詞匯和完形填空

1、初三英語講座詞匯和完形填空一、詞匯：根據(jù)教委日前公布的2005年中考改革方案，英語學(xué)科將充分貫徹“二期課改”的精神，實(shí)行“一綱多本”的考核原則，試卷不再出現(xiàn)分叉，目前使用三套不同教材的考生將使用完全相同的一張?jiān)嚲?。與此同時(shí)市教研室推出了最新修訂的初中英語教學(xué)基本要求與訓(xùn)練（考綱），指導(dǎo)同學(xué)們的英語學(xué)習(xí)。其中修訂的一個(gè)原則是提取常用、共有的單詞，讓使用不同教材的學(xué)生所增加的詞匯數(shù)基本相同(各增加200個(gè)左右)。05年考綱詞匯表中共有單詞1678個(gè),詞組354個(gè)。如何掌握和會運(yùn)用這些詞語是總復(fù)習(xí)中一項(xiàng)重要的任務(wù).上一講中談了如何擴(kuò)大詞匯量。這一講中就考綱中新增的部分詞組作用法示例。1. a cou

2、ple of 兩個(gè)；幾個(gè) two things related in some way; a few; several;I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they dont make a pair.I have a couple of things to do. / I waited a couple of hours. 2. be fond of 愛好 like, be full of love for, take pleasure inI am very fond of ice cream.She likes all her chil

3、dren, but shes especially fond of Peter.3compare with 與比較 to exam or judge (one thing) against another If you compare British football with American football, you will find many differences.4. deal with 處理 to treat; take action aboutHow do you deal with this problem?5. except for 除以外 leaving out; no

4、t includingExcept for one old lady, the bus was empty. (= She was the only person in the bus.)His composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.6. get rid of 擺脫-to free oneself from (something unwanted),How can we get rid of this unwelcome guest? How can we manage to make him leave?7. hold

5、ones breath 屏住呼吸 - stop breathing for a moment When a whale under water, it closes its nose and holds its breath. 7. keep in touch 接觸；聯(lián)系-connection so as to receive informationI have kept in touch with my host family in Australia by sending emails since I came back home.9. show off 炫耀 to behave so a

6、s to try to get people to admire one, ones abilitiesDont look at him! Hes just showing off.10. turn out 結(jié)果是，證明是 to happen to be in the endHis statement turned out to be false.What he said turned out to be true later.以上選自新列入考綱的十個(gè)詞組，同學(xué)們可通過句子準(zhǔn)確理解、掌握、運(yùn)用新增的詞組。并以此方法學(xué)習(xí)考綱中354個(gè)詞組。 二完形填空 完形填空是測試學(xué)生的語言知識、閱讀理解能力

7、和總體語言水平。在考卷中難點(diǎn)最集中、難度最高,是為了增加區(qū)分度而設(shè)計(jì)的試題。解這類題最能反映學(xué)生運(yùn)用語言的能力。它要求學(xué)生熟練掌握詞匯和語法知識，同時(shí)也要求學(xué)生具備較高的閱讀理解能力。掌握語言知識和發(fā)展語言能力是相互促進(jìn)、相輔相成的，因此只有增加了語言知識，才能為大量的閱讀鋪平道路；而在閱讀實(shí)踐中培養(yǎng)的語感和處理英語語句的技巧又可以增進(jìn)閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確性、提高英語語言水平。閱讀水平高，完形一定好；閱讀不好，完形就做不好。因此要用閱讀引領(lǐng)完形。1、如何提高閱讀能力？1）不斷擴(kuò)大詞匯量a) 利用詞綴來猜測詞義，如：im-、dis-、un-、-er、-ist等b) 利用上下文的語義聯(lián)系來推測詞義，如反

8、義關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系等。2）擴(kuò)大知識面，增加背景知識。利用自己原有的知識，提高理解能力。背景知識材料多樣，包括天文地理、風(fēng)土人情、政治歷史、人物傳略、科學(xué)技術(shù)等等。3） 把握閱讀技巧，閱讀可分為下列幾種：a) 略讀(skimming)，主要目地是了解文章大意。b) 尋讀(scanning)，主要目的是在文中查找所要信息。c) 細(xì)讀(careful reading)，主要是把握文章細(xì)節(jié)。d) 評讀 (critical reading)，主要是對所讀文章進(jìn)行評論?？傊粩嗵岣唛喿x理解能力是做好完形填空的關(guān)鍵。2、如何做好完形填空？完形填空是測試學(xué)生閱讀理解能力和語言知識的綜合性練習(xí)。由于初中生所學(xué)到的

9、英語知識面還不夠廣，語言功底也比較淺，在做這類練習(xí)時(shí)往往沒把握。其實(shí)只要懂得做這類題目的方法和技巧，并不斷地在做這類練習(xí)時(shí)進(jìn)行總結(jié)，充分發(fā)揮自己的潛力，經(jīng)過不斷的訓(xùn)練，是能把這類練習(xí)做好的。完形填空分選擇填空和給首字母填空兩部分（或首字母不給）。選擇填空的每小題一般給四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)通常屬于一個(gè)范疇的詞類，干擾項(xiàng)也可以和空格前或后的文字相匹配，具有一定的干擾作用。做四選一選擇題時(shí)，可以從文章意思和語言結(jié)構(gòu)兩方面著手選擇正確的答案?？梢越柚~匯、句法、以及上下文來判斷什么是正確答案。如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)具有不同的詞義，則應(yīng)該根據(jù)上下文來判斷什么是正確答案。如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)是近義詞，應(yīng)著重從詞義辨別的角度

10、選擇答案；做給首字母填空題，打頭字母能起到一定的提示作用，但因范圍較廣所以這是較難得分的題目。解這類題的基本功是對所缺的單詞詞性判斷和大概意思的猜測。但僅僅判斷所缺詞在該句中的意思和語法特征，有時(shí)也未必能正確解題，有時(shí)需要通讀全文才能解題。無論做選擇填空還是給首字母填空都應(yīng)做到：1) 通讀全文，仔細(xì)閱讀文章的第一句和最后一句，基本把握語篇的大意。有時(shí)候選擇哪一個(gè)單詞要看到文章的后段才能確定，如果不把全篇內(nèi)容搞清楚，很可能會造成前后意思矛盾，甚至?xí)乖牡囊馑济婺咳?。因此，做題要顧及文章的整體性和合理性。2）分析句子的成分，確定所缺的詞在句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞趾驮撛~的詞性，把考慮選擇單詞的范圍縮小到

11、最低限度。如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、連接詞等，確保語法結(jié)構(gòu)的正確性。再根據(jù)上下文的意思確定該填入的詞。3）所選單詞要根據(jù)篇章內(nèi)容來定，不要不加思考照搬你所熟悉的句型和詞組。因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)從詞組或單句來看好像是準(zhǔn)確的，但從全句和全文來看卻是不合邏輯的。要注意這類題中往往會故意穿插一些非詞組的搭配，看學(xué)生能不能辨別，以此考查學(xué)生的閱讀能力。（值得注意的是近年來單純考核句型和詞組搭配完形填空有走弱、甚至出局之勢。）4）做完后一定要反復(fù)閱讀短文，檢驗(yàn)單詞填入后的句意和全文的意思是否相符，是否符合邏輯；再檢驗(yàn)空格內(nèi)填入的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，動詞的時(shí)態(tài)或形式，形容詞、副詞的原級、比較級和最高級等等是填對了。檢

12、查所填單詞有沒有拼寫錯(cuò)誤、語法毛病、邏輯矛盾。完形填空要求學(xué)生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和上下文的情景，作出符合情節(jié)和邏輯的正確判斷。所以對全文的正確理解是做好完形填空的關(guān)鍵。3完形填空訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)1) 選詞填空：四選一的形式，其一所要填的詞語均處于文章所提供的背景下，不僅要考慮一般語言規(guī)律，還必須考慮當(dāng)時(shí)的特定條件。其二所需要的是最佳答案，因此解題時(shí)注重對文章的理解，加強(qiáng)選項(xiàng)之間的比較，做出最合適的選擇。例1： English today is very different from the English spoken long long ago. _ the 12th century, the langu

13、age had already changed a lot.A. From B. In C. Until D By 做這道題的關(guān)鍵在于看清時(shí)態(tài)，就可以毫不猶豫地選擇D。 例2“Isnt it a nice day?” “Do you _1_ it will rain?” “I think its going to rain.” These are the common ways of _2_ conversation.1） A. think B. see C. say D. feel2) A. start B. begin C. talking D. starting1) 應(yīng)選A。 從后面的句

14、子I think 就能判斷出A是準(zhǔn)確答案。2) 當(dāng)同學(xué)們看到conversation 會考慮到 start conversation, 但這時(shí)一定要注意介詞 of 后應(yīng)跟動名詞 starting, 所以答案應(yīng)是D。 例3Karl Landsteiner first thought of naming blood types in 1900. He _ four types.A. make blood into B. put blood intoC. keep blood into D. store blood as做這題時(shí)，好多同學(xué)吃不準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用哪一個(gè)搭配，但只要你仔細(xì)辨別，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看起

15、來都是動詞原形，但其中B項(xiàng)的動詞put過去式、過去分詞是同一單詞，而這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該是過去時(shí)，所以B是正確答案。If the mother has another RH+ baby, the mothers blood will attack the babys blood. The baby may die or _.A. sickness B. illness C. ill D. become sick.這道題同學(xué)們會誤選C ill, 但如果能仔細(xì)看清情態(tài)動詞may, 就不難作出準(zhǔn)確的選擇 D become sick. 請看練習(xí)： The United States covers a l

16、arge part of the North _1_ continent, when this land first became a nation. After _2_ its freedom from England, it has 13 states. Each of the states has a star on the American flag. As the nation _3_, new states were formed and there were new stars on the flag. _4_ a long time, there were 48 states.

17、 In 1959 two _5_ stars were added to the flag, standing for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.Indians were the first of the land and a great number of people came from England. It is _6_ that reason that the language of the U.S. is from England and why its culture and customs are more _7_ those of

18、 England than any other country in the world.1. A) America B) Americas C) American D) Americans2. A) win B) won C) winning D) have won3. A) grew B) grows C) growing D) have grown4. A) In B) From C) For D) Though5. A) another B) many C) other D) more6. A) on B) in C) because D) because of7. A) as B)

19、like C) as if D) because of(答案：CCACDDB) 注意：第1題 American 修飾continent 作定語；第2題介詞after 后應(yīng)跟動名詞 winning; 第3題 掌握時(shí)態(tài)，不難作出選擇grew;第4題一段時(shí)間用介詞for; 第五題two more stars (注意搭配：another two stars)；第6題because of 后接名詞 that reason (注意：because后接句子)；第7題 more like (更像)。2. 首字母填空完形填空的首句一般都是完整的，其目的是為了給我們一個(gè)整體思路。所以同學(xué)們應(yīng)重視短文的首句。同學(xué)們

20、應(yīng)先通讀一遍，得到一個(gè)整體概念。接下來邊看邊做，要考慮語義搭配、固定句式、時(shí)態(tài)、詞組等各方面；有的單詞還應(yīng)從上下文的啟示中找到答案。最后一定要通讀全文，進(jìn)行復(fù)查。例1 Today we can enjoy music from far away, music of long ago, and music of h_ and now.這句句子初一讀很多同學(xué)都覺得無從入手，有的同學(xué)想到了history, 但我們從long ago 對應(yīng)后面的now, 就應(yīng)從 far away 來考慮與之相對應(yīng)的單詞，我們就不難想到應(yīng)該是 here。We can hear great music from all o

21、ver the world on recordings and at c_.這里同學(xué)們想到了concert, 但卻很容易忽略它的復(fù)數(shù)形式concerts, 希望前面的recordings 能起到提示作用。Music is important to e_ of us.這一空格同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意的是 of sb. 前是不能用every 和everyone，所以必須填 each。 例2Mr. Smith was a blacksmith in a small town. He was very absent-minded.One day he went to visit a friend w_ lived

22、 not far from the market. They had dinner t_ and talked and talked, for Jackson liked t_ very much. The clock s_ twelve then one, two and s_ Johnson kept on talking. But by this time the friend was f_ very tired and kept looking at the clock on the wall. At last he said, “ Jackson, my dear friend, I

23、 dont want to be impolite, but you see, I have to go to the market at six tomorrow morning and I must go to bed now.” Jackson said in s_ “ I thought you were in my house. 第一格 who ,引導(dǎo)定語從句； 第二格 together, have dinner together；第三格 talking； 這里要注意 ：like doing sth.； 第四格 .struck (strike struck struck) 這個(gè)空格要

24、注意用過去式；第五格still, 仍然在講；第六格 feeling, 要注意 動詞was 后接現(xiàn)在分詞feeling； 第七格in surprise 注意名詞，很多同學(xué)會誤用surprised。例三: ( 區(qū)模擬考題)We just wanted to say thank you for putting us up b_ we caught the plane last week.put up 接待；為提供食宿；供膳宿 thank sb. for doing sth. 為某事而感謝某人。所以這一格填 because 顯然不對的。（because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句主句是過去時(shí)，從句還應(yīng)是過去完

25、成時(shí)）。這一格應(yīng)該是 before.We m_ to get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. We even tried to get on an e_ flight, but it wasnt possible.第一格 managed 這里相當(dāng)于succeeded in doing sth. 后一格錯(cuò)誤率較高，很多同學(xué)想到early, 卻沒想到比較級，想要趕上前一航班（我們航班的前一班）。The weather was fantastic(好極了).The sun didnt stop s_ all the time we were

26、there.這一個(gè)的錯(cuò)誤在于單詞拼寫：shineshining,不少同學(xué)都雙寫詞尾：shinning.(把現(xiàn)在分詞的去e 加 ing 和重讀閉音節(jié)雙寫詞尾搞混在一起，所以掌握基本功是重要的。)Anyway were looking forward to _ from you, and hope to see you soon.look forward to 期待,盼望, 這里to 是介詞，所以應(yīng)填hearing. hear from sb.= receive a letter from sb.例四（2004年中考卷完形填空）： Christopher and Jeff had known ea

27、ch other since childhood. One day, Jeff told his friend that he had fallen in love and planned to get married the n_1_ months. He asked Christopher to lend him $ 1,000 for the wedding party, and promised to pay him back a month later when he started his new job. Christopher knew that Jeff was not ve

28、ry good with money, but he s_2_ agreed. As they were old friends, they didnt put anything in writing.A month later, Christopher hadnt heard from Jeff or received any money, s_3_ he phoned him. Jeff was very apologetic and said he would surely pay him back within a month. Six weeks later, Christopher tr