丘吉爾鐵幕演說英文版

1、TheSinewsofPeace（丘吉爾的鐵幕演說 1946.3.5）WestminsterCollege,Fulton,MissouriIamgladtocometoWestminsterCollegethisafternoon,andamcomplimentedthatyoushouldgivemeadegree.ThenameWestminsterissomehowfamiliartome.Iseemtohaveheardofitbefore.Indeed,itwasatWestminsterthatIreceivedaverylargepartofmyeducationinpoliti

2、cs,dialectic,rhetoric,andoneortwootherthings.Infactwehavebothbeeneducatedatthesame,orsimilar,or,atanyrate,kindredestablishments.Itisalsoanhonour,perhapsalmostunique,foraprivatevisitortobeintroducedtoanacademicaudiencebythePresidentoftheUnitedStates.Amidhisheavyburdens,duties,andresponsibilities-unso

3、ughtbutnotrecoiledfrom-thePresidenthastravelledathousandmilestodignifyandmagnifyourmeetinghereto-dayandtogivemeanopportunityofaddressingthiskindrednation,aswellasmyowncountrymenacrosstheocean,andperhapssomeothercountriestoo.ThePresidenthastoldyouthatitishiswish,asIamsureitisyours,thatIshouldhavefull

4、libertytogivemytrueandfaithfulcounselintheseanxiousandbafflingtimes.Ishallcertainlyavailmyselfofthisfreedom,andfeelthemorerighttodosobecauseanyprivateambitionsImayhavecherishedinmyyoungerdayshavebeensatisfiedbeyondmywildestdreams.Letme,however,makeitclearthatIhavenoofficialmissionorstatusofanykind,a

5、ndthatIspeakonlyformyself.Thereisnothingherebutwhatyousee.Icanthereforeallowmymind,withtheexperienceofalifetime,toplayovertheproblemswhichbesetusonthemorrowofourabsolutevictoryinarms,andtotrytomakesurewithwhatstrengthIhavethatwhathasbeengainedwithsomuchsacrificeandsufferingshallbepreservedforthefutu

6、regloryandsafetyofmankind.TheUnitedStatesstandsatthistimeatthepinnacleofworldpower.ItisasolemnmomentfortheAmericanDemocracy.Forwithprimacyinpowerisalsojoinedanawe-inspiringaccountabilitytothefuture.Ifyoulookaroundyou,youmustfeelnotonlythesenseofdutydonebutalsoyoumustfeelanxietylestyoufallbelowthelev

7、elofachievement.Opportunityisherenow,clearandshiningforbothourcountries.Torejectitorignoreitorfritteritawaywillbringuponusallthelongreproachesoftheafter-time.Itisnecessarythatconstancyofmind,persistencyofpurpose,andthegrandsimplicityofdecisionshallguideandruletheconductoftheEnglish-speakingpeoplesin

8、peaceastheydidinwar.Wemust,andIbelieveweshall,proveourselvesequaltothissevererequirement.WhenAmericanmilitarymenapproachsomeserioussituationtheyarewonttowriteattheheadoftheirdirectivethewordsover-allstrategicconcept.Thereiswisdominthis,asitleadstoclarityofthought.Whatthenistheover-allstrategicconcep

9、twhichweshouldinscribetoday?Itisnothinglessthanthesafetyandwelfare,thefreedomandprogress,ofallthehomesandfamiliesofallthemenandwomeninallthelands.AndhereIspeakparticularlyofthemyriadcottageorapartmenthomeswherethewage-earnerstrivesamidtheaccidentsanddifficultiesoflifetoguardhiswifeandchildrenfrompri

10、vationandbringthefamilyupinthefearoftheLord,oruponethicalconceptionswhichoftenplaytheirpotentpart.Togivesecuritytothesecountlesshomes,theymustbeshieldedfromthetwogiantmarauders,warandtyranny.Weallknowthefrightfuldisturbancesinwhichtheordinaryfamilyisplungedwhenthecurseofwarswoopsdownuponthebread-win

11、nerandthoseforwhomheworksandcontrives.TheawfulruinofEurope,withallitsvanishedglories,andoflargepartsofAsiaglaresusintheeyes.WhenthedesignsofwickedmenortheaggressiveurgeofmightyStatesdissolveoverlargeareastheframeofcivilisedsociety,humblefolkareconfrontedwithdifficultieswithwhichtheycannotcope.Forthe

12、mallisdistorted,allisbroken,evengroundtopulp.WhenIstandherethisquietafternoonIshuddertovisualisewhatisactuallyhappeningtomillionsnowandwhatisgoingtohappeninthisperiodwhenfaminestalkstheearth.Nonecancomputewhathasbeencalledtheunestimatedsumofhumanpain.Oursupremetaskanddutyistoguardthehomesofthecommon

13、peoplefromthehorrorsandmiseriesofanotherwar.Weareallagreedonthat.OurAmericanmilitarycolleagues,afterhavingproclaimedtheirover-allstrategicconceptandcomputedavailableresources,alwaysproceedtothenextstep-namely,themethod.Hereagainthereiswidespreadagreement.Aworldorganisationhasalreadybeenerectedforthe

14、primepurposeofpreventingwar,UNO,thesuccessoroftheLeagueofNations,withthedecisiveadditionoftheUnitedStatesandallthatthatmeans,isalreadyatwork.Wemustmakesurethatitsworkisfruitful,thatitisarealityandnotasham,thatitisaforceforaction,andnotmerelyafrothingofwords,thatitisatruetempleofpeaceinwhichtheshield

15、sofmanynationscansomedaybehungup,andnotmerelyacockpitinaTowerofBabel.Beforewecastawaythesolidassurancesofnationalarmamentsforself-preservationwemustbecertainthatourtempleisbuilt,notuponshiftingsandsorquagmires,butupontherock.Anyonecanseewithhiseyesopenthatourpathwillbedifficultandalsolong,butifweper

16、severetogetheraswedidinthetwoworldwars-thoughnot,alas,intheintervalbetweenthem-Icannotdoubtthatweshallachieveourcommonpurposeintheend.Ihave,however,adefiniteandpracticalproposaltomakeforaction.Courtsandmagistratesmaybesetupbuttheycannotfunctionwithoutsheriffsandconstables.TheUnitedNationsOrganisatio

17、nmustimmediatelybegintobeequippedwithaninternationalarmedforce.Insuchamatterwecanonlygostepbystep,butwemustbeginnow.IproposethateachofthePowersandStatesshouldbeinvitedtodelegateacertainnumberofairsquadronstotheserviceoftheworldorganisation.Thesesquadronswouldbetrainedandpreparedintheirowncountries,b

18、utwouldmovearoundinrotationfromonecountrytoanother.Theywouldweartheuniformoftheirowncountriesbutwithdifferentbadges.Theywouldnotberequiredtoactagainsttheirownnation,butinotherrespectstheywouldbedirectedbytheworldorganisation.Thismightbestartedonamodestscaleandwouldgrowasconfidencegrew.Iwishedtoseeth

19、isdoneafterthefirstworldwar,andIdevoutlytrustitmaybedoneforthwith.Itwouldneverthelessbewrongandimprudenttoentrustthesecretknowledgeorexperienceoftheatomicbomb,whichtheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,andCanadanowshare,totheworldorganisation,whileitisstillinitsinfancy.Itwouldbecriminalmadnesstocastitadrifti

20、nthisstillagitatedandun-unitedworld.Nooneinanycountryhassleptlesswellintheirbedsbecausethisknowledgeandthemethodandtherawmaterialstoapplyit,areatpresentlargelyretainedinAmericanhands.IdonotbelieveweshouldallhavesleptsosoundlyhadthepositionsbeenreversedandifsomeCommunistorneo-FascistStatemonopolisedf

21、orthetimebeingthesedreadagencies.Thefearofthemalonemighteasilyhavebeenusedtoenforcetotalitariansystemsuponthefreedemocraticworld,withconsequencesappallingtohumanimagination.Godhaswilledthatthisshallnotbeandwehaveatleastabreathingspacetosetourhouseinorderbeforethisperilhastobeencountered:andeventhen,

22、ifnoeffortisspared,weshouldstillpossesssoformidableasuperiorityastoimposeeffectivedeterrentsuponitsemployment,orthreatofemployment,byothers.Ultimately,whentheessentialbrotherhoodofmanistrulyembodiedandexpressedinaworldorganisationwithallthenecessarypracticalsafeguardstomakeiteffective,thesepowerswou

23、ldnaturallybeconfidedtothatworldorganisation.NowIcometotheseconddangerofthesetwomarauderswhichthreatensthecottage,thehome,andtheordinarypeople-namely,tyranny.WecannotbeblindtothefactthatthelibertiesenjoyedbyindividualcitizensthroughouttheBritishEmpirearenotvalidinaconsiderablenumberofcountries,someo

24、fwhichareverypowerful.IntheseStatescontrolisenforceduponthecommonpeoplebyvariouskindsofall-embracingpolicegovernments.ThepoweroftheStateisexercisedwithoutrestraint,eitherbydictatorsorbycompactoligarchiesoperatingthroughaprivilegedpartyandapoliticalpolice.Itisnotourdutyatthistimewhendifficultiesareso

25、numeroustointerfereforciblyintheinternalaffairsofcountrieswhichwehavenotconqueredinwar.ButwemustneverceasetoproclaiminfearlesstonesthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandtherightsofmanwhicharethejointinheritanceoftheEnglish-speakingworldandwhichthroughMagnaCarta,theBillofRights,theHabeasCorpus,trialbyjury,an

26、dtheEnglishcommonlawfindtheirmostfamousexpressionintheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence.Allthismeansthatthepeopleofanycountryhavetheright,andshouldhavethepowerbyconstitutionalaction,byfreeunfetteredelections,withsecretballot,tochooseorchangethecharacterorformofgovernmentunderwhichtheydwell;thatfreed

27、omofspeechandthoughtshouldreign;thatcourtsofjustice,independentoftheexecutive,unbiasedbyanyparty,shouldadministerlawswhichhavereceivedthebroadassentoflargemajoritiesorareconsecratedbytimeandcustom.Herearethetitledeedsoffreedomwhichshouldlieineverycottagehome.HereisthemessageoftheBritishandAmericanpe

28、oplestomankind.Letuspreachwhatwepractise-letuspractisewhatwepreach.Ihavenowstatedthetwogreatdangerswhichmenacethehomesofthepeople:WarandTyranny.Ihavenotyetspokenofpovertyandprivationwhichareinmanycasestheprevailinganxiety.Butifthedangersofwarandtyrannyareremoved,thereisnodoubtthatscienceandco-operat

29、ioncanbringinthenextfewyearstotheworld,certainlyinthenextfewdecadesnewlytaughtinthesharpeningschoolofwar,anexpansionofmaterialwell-beingbeyondanythingthathasyetoccurredinhumanexperience.Now,atthissadandbreathlessmoment,weareplungedinthehungeranddistresswhicharetheaftermathofourstupendousstruggle;but

30、thiswillpassandmaypassquickly,andthereisnoreasonexcepthumanfollyofsub-humancrimewhichshoulddenytoallthenationstheinaugurationandenjoymentofanageofplenty.IhaveoftenusedwordswhichIlearnedfiftyyearsagofromagreatIrish-Americanorator,afriendofmine,Mr.BourkeCockran.Thereisenoughforall.Theearthisagenerousm

31、other;shewillprovideinplentifulabundancefoodforallherchildreniftheywillbutcultivatehersoilinjusticeandinpeace.SofarIfeelthatweareinfullagreement.Now,whilestillpursuingthemethodofrealisingouroverallstrategicconcept,IcometothecruxofwhatIhavetravelledheretosay.Neitherthesurepreventionofwar,northecontin

32、uousriseofworldorganisationwillbegainedwithoutwhatIhavecalledthefraternalassociationoftheEnglish-speakingpeoples.ThismeansaspecialrelationshipbetweentheBritishCommonwealthandEmpireandtheUnitedStates.Thisisnotimeforgeneralities,andIwillventuretobeprecise.Fraternalassociationrequiresnotonlythegrowingf

33、riendshipandmutualunderstandingbetweenourtwovastbutkindredsystemsofsociety,butthecontinuanceoftheintimaterelationshipbetweenourmilitaryadvisers,leadingtocommonstudyofpotentialdangers,thesimilarityofweaponsandmanualsofinstructions,andtotheinterchangeofofficersandcadetsattechnicalcolleges.Itshouldcarr

34、ywithitthecontinuanceofthepresentfacilitiesformutualsecuritybythejointuseofallNavalandAirForcebasesinthepossessionofeithercountryallovertheworld.ThiswouldperhapsdoublethemobilityoftheAmericanNavyandAirForce.ItwouldgreatlyexpandthatoftheBritishEmpireForcesanditmightwelllead,ifandastheworldcalmsdown,t

35、oimportantfinancialsavings.Alreadyweusetogetheralargenumberofislands;moremaywellbeentrustedtoourjointcareinthenearfuture.TheUnitedStateshasalreadyaPermanentDefenceAgreementwiththeDominionofCanada,whichissodevotedlyattachedtotheBritishCommonwealthandEmpire.ThisAgreementismoreeffectivethanmanyofthosew

36、hichhaveoftenbeenmadeunderformalalliances.ThisprincipleshouldbeextendedtoallBritishCommonwealthswithfullreciprocity.Thus,whateverhappens,andthusonly,shallwebesecureourselvesandabletoworktogetherforthehighandsimplecausesthataredeartousandbodenoilltoany.Eventuallytheremaycome-Ifeeleventuallytherewillc

37、ome-theprincipleofcommoncitizenship,butthatwemaybecontenttoleavetodestiny,whoseoutstretchedarmmanyofuscanalreadyclearlysee.Thereishoweveranimportantquestionwemustaskourselves.WouldaspecialrelationshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheBritishCommonwealthbeinconsistentwithourover-ridingloyaltiestotheWorldOr

38、ganisation?Ireplythat,onthecontrary,itisprobablytheonlymeansbywhichthatorganisationwillachieveitsfullstatureandstrength.TherearealreadythespecialUnitedStatesrelationswithCanadawhichIhavejustmentioned,andtherearethespecialrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSouthAmericanRepublics.WeBritishhaveourtwe

39、ntyyearsTreatyofCollaborationandMutualAssistancewithSovietRussia.IagreewithMr.Bevin,theForeignSecretaryofGreatBritain,thatitmightwellbeafiftyyearsTreatysofarasweareconcerned.Weaimatnothingbutmutualassistanceandcollaboration.TheBritishhaveanalliancewithPortugalunbrokensince1384,andwhichproducedfruitf

40、ulresultsatcriticalmomentsinthelatewar.Noneoftheseclashwiththegeneralinterestofaworldagreement,oraworldorganisation;onthecontrarytheyhelpit.Inmyfathershousearemanymansions.SpecialassociationsbetweenmembersoftheUnitedNationswhichhavenoaggressivepointagainstanyothercountry,whichharbournodesignincompat

41、iblewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNations,farfrombeingharmful,arebeneficialand,asIbelieve,indispensable.IspokeearlieroftheTempleofPeace.Workmenfromallcountriesmustbuildthattemple.Iftwooftheworkmenknoweachotherparticularlywellandareoldfriends,iftheirfamiliesareinter-mingled,andiftheyhavefaithineachothersp

42、urpose,hopeineachothersfutureandcharitytowardseachothersshortcomings-toquotesomegoodwordsIreadheretheotherday-whycannottheyworktogetheratthecommontaskasfriendsandpartners?Whycannottheysharetheirtoolsandthusincreaseeachothersworkingpowers?Indeedtheymustdosoorelsethetemplemaynotbebuilt,or,beingbuilt,i

43、tmaycollapse,andweshallallbeprovedagainunteachableandhavetogoandtrytolearnagainforathirdtimeinaschoolofwar,incomparablymorerigorousthanthatfromwhichwehavejustbeenreleased.Thedarkagesmayreturn,theStoneAgemayreturnonthegleamingwingsofscience,andwhatmightnowshowerimmeasurablematerialblessingsuponmankin

44、d,mayevenbringaboutitstotaldestruction.Beware,Isay;timemaybeshort.Donotletustakethecourseofallowingeventstodriftalonguntilitistoolate.IfthereistobeafraternalassociationofthekindIhavedescribed,withalltheextrastrengthandsecuritywhichbothourcountriescanderivefromit,letusmakesurethatthatgreatfactisknown

45、totheworld,andthatitplaysitspartinsteadyingandstabilisingthefoundationsofpeace.Thereisthepathofwisdom.Preventionisbetterthancure.AshadowhasfallenuponthescenessolatelylightedbytheAlliedvictory.NobodyknowswhatSovietRussiaanditsCommunistinternationalorganisationintendstodointheimmediatefuture,orwhatare

46、thelimits,ifany,totheirexpansiveandproselytisingtendencies.IhaveastrongadmirationandregardforthevaliantRussianpeopleandformywartimecomrade,MarshalStalin.ThereisdeepsympathyandgoodwillinBritain-andIdoubtnotherealso-towardsthepeoplesofalltheRussiasandaresolvetoperseverethroughmanydifferencesandrebuffs

47、inestablishinglastingfriendships.WeunderstandtheRussianneedtobesecureonherwesternfrontiersbytheremovalofallpossibilityofGermanaggression.WewelcomeRussiatoherrightfulplaceamongtheleadingnationsoftheworld.Wewelcomeherflagupontheseas.Aboveall,wewelcomeconstant,frequentandgrowingcontactsbetweentheRussia

48、npeopleandourownpeopleonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.Itismydutyhowever,forIamsureyouwouldwishmetostatethefactsasIseethemtoyou,toplacebeforeyoucertainfactsaboutthepresentpositioninEurope.FromStettinintheBaltictoTriesteintheAdriatic,anironcurtainhasdescendedacrosstheContinent.Behindthatlinelieallthecapitals

49、oftheancientstatesofCentralandEasternEurope.Warsaw,Berlin,Prague,Vienna,Budapest,Belgrade,BucharestandSofia,allthesefamouscitiesandthepopulationsaroundthemlieinwhatImustcalltheSovietsphere,andallaresubjectinoneformoranother,notonlytoSovietinfluencebuttoaveryhighand,inmanycases,increasingmeasureofcon

50、trolfromMoscow.Athensalone-Greecewithitsimmortalglories-isfreetodecideitsfutureatanelectionunderBritish,AmericanandFrenchobservation.TheRussian-dominatedPolishGovernmenthasbeenencouragedtomakeenormousandwrongfulinroadsuponGermany,andmassexpulsionsofmillionsofGermansonascalegrievousandundreamed-ofare

51、nowtakingplace.TheCommunistparties,whichwereverysmallinalltheseEasternStatesofEurope,havebeenraisedtopre-eminenceandpowerfarbeyondtheirnumbersandareseekingeverywheretoobtaintotalitariancontrol.Policegovernmentsareprevailinginnearlyeverycase,andsofar,exceptinCzechoslovakia,thereisnotruedemocracy.Turk

52、eyandPersiaarebothprofoundlyalarmedanddisturbedattheclaimswhicharebeingmadeuponthemandatthepressurebeingexertedbytheMoscowGovernment.AnattemptisbeingmadebytheRussiansinBerlintobuildupaquasi-CommunistpartyintheirzoneofOccupiedGermanybyshowingspecialfavourstogroupsofleft-wingGermanleaders.Attheendofth

53、efightinglastJune,theAmericanandBritishArmieswithdrewwestwards,inaccordancewithanearlieragreement,toadepthatsomepointsof150milesuponafrontofnearlyfourhundredmiles,inordertoallowourRussianalliestooccupythisvastexpanseofterritorywhichtheWesternDemocracieshadconquered.IfnowtheSovietGovernmenttries,byse

54、parateaction,tobuildupapro-CommunistGermanyintheirareas,thiswillcausenewseriousdifficultiesintheBritishandAmericanzones,andwillgivethedefeatedGermansthepowerofputtingthemselvesuptoauctionbetweentheSovietsandtheWesternDemocracies.Whateverconclusionsmaybedrawnfromthesefacts-andfactstheyare-thisiscerta

55、inlynottheLiberatedEuropewefoughttobuildup.Norisitonewhichcontainstheessentialsofpermanentpeace.ThesafetyoftheworldrequiresanewunityinEurope,fromwhichnonationshouldbepermanentlyoutcast.ItisfromthequarrelsofthestrongparentracesinEuropethattheworldwarswehavewitnessed,orwhichoccurredinformertimes,haves

56、prung.TwiceinourownlifetimewehaveseentheUnitedStates,againsttheirwishesandtheirtraditions,againstarguments,theforceofwhichitisimpossiblenottocomprehend,drawnbyirresistibleforces,intothesewarsintimetosecurethevictoryofthegoodcause,butonlyafterfrightfulslaughteranddevastationhadoccurred.TwicetheUnited

57、StateshashadtosendseveralmillionsofitsyoungmenacrosstheAtlantictofindthewar;butnowwarcanfindanynation,whereveritmaydwellbetweenduskanddawn.SurelyweshouldworkwithconsciouspurposeforagrandpacificationofEurope,withinthestructureoftheUnitedNationsandinaccordancewithitsCharter.ThatIfeelisanopencauseofpol

58、icyofverygreatimportance.InfrontoftheironcurtainwhichliesacrossEuropeareothercausesforanxiety.InItalytheCommunistPartyisseriouslyhamperedbyhavingtosupporttheCommunist-trainedMarshalTitosclaimstoformerItalianterritoryattheheadoftheAdriatic.NeverthelessthefutureofItalyhangsinthebalance.Againonecannoti

59、maginearegeneratedEuropewithoutastrongFrance.AllmypubliclifeIhaveworkedforastrongFranceandIneverlostfaithinherdestiny,eveninthedarkesthours.Iwillnotlosefaithnow.However,inagreatnumberofcountries,farfromtheRussianfrontiersandthroughouttheworld,Communistfifthcolumnsareestablishedandworkincompleteunity

60、andabsoluteobediencetothedirectionstheyreceivefromtheCommunistcentre.ExceptintheBritishCommonwealthandintheUnitedStateswhereCommunismisinitsinfancy,theCommunistpartiesorfifthcolumnsconstituteagrowingchallengeandperiltoChristiancivilisation.Thesearesombrefactsforanyonetohavetoreciteonthemorrowofavict