初三英語(yǔ)詞形變換專題指導(dǎo)

1、英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法一 . 轉(zhuǎn)化：指由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性的構(gòu)詞形式。1. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞：book （ n 書 v 預(yù)定）；seat （ n 座位 v 使就位；落座）；water （ n 水 v 澆水）2. 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：try （ v 嘗試 n 嘗試）；look （ v 看 n 表情）； dream （ v 做夢(mèng) n 夢(mèng)）3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞：dirty （ adj 臟的 v 弄臟）；slow （ adj 慢的 v 放慢；減慢）；right （ adj 正確的 v 糾正）；dry （ adj 干的 v 變干）；free （ adj 自由的 v 解放；使自由）；4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：dear

2、 （ adj 昂貴的 n 喜歡的人 / 物）；quiet （ adj 寂靜的 n 寂靜） 5. 其它詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化情況：Our classroom faces south. （ south： n 南方；南面 adv 向南；朝南）6. 當(dāng)英語(yǔ)詞匯轉(zhuǎn)化時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)化后的詞的讀音常有變化。二 . 合成：指由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上本身有獨(dú)立含義的詞合在一起組成一個(gè)有具體意義的新詞的構(gòu)詞形式。1. 合成形容詞的常見構(gòu)詞形式： 數(shù)詞 + 名詞a five - year plan （五年計(jì)劃）；first-class products （一級(jí)品）；second-hand goods （二手貨） 數(shù)詞 + 名詞 +eda th

3、ree - legged bench （三條腿的登子）；a one - eyed camel （一只眼的駱駝） 數(shù)詞 + 名詞 + 形容詞a 20-year-old lady （一位 20 歲的女士）；a 1，000-metre-long bridge （一座 1000 米長(zhǎng)的橋） 名詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving （熱愛和平的）；meat-eating （食肉的）； history-making （創(chuàng)造歷史的） 名詞 + 過去分詞heart-broken （傷心的）；man-made （人造的）； water-covered （被水覆蓋的） 形容詞 + 名詞 +edabsent-m

4、inded （漫不經(jīng)心的）；blue-eyed （藍(lán)眼睛的）； kind-hearted （和善的） 形容詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞bad-looking （相貌丑陋的）；fine-sounding （動(dòng)聽的）；easy-going （容易相處的） 形容詞 + 名詞short-term （短期的）；part-time （兼職的）；high-class （高級(jí)的）；large-scale （大規(guī)模的） 副詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working （努力工作的）；far-reaching （深遠(yuǎn)的）；ever-lasting （永恒的） 副詞 + 過去分詞well-developed （高度發(fā)達(dá)的）；wel

5、l-known （著名的）；well-trained （訓(xùn)練有素的） 其他構(gòu)詞形式的合成形容詞all-round （全面的）；face-to-face （面對(duì)面的）；thank-you （感謝的）；out-of-date （過時(shí)的）2. 合成名詞的常見構(gòu)成形式： 名詞 + 名詞silkworm （蠶）；footprint （腳?。?；newspaper （報(bào)紙）；glasshouse （溫室）；bedroom （臥室） 名詞 + 動(dòng)名詞handwriting （書法）；sun-bathing （日光?。籹ight-seeing （觀光） 形容詞 + 名詞shorthand （速記）；hotli

6、ne （熱線）；blackboard （黑板） 動(dòng)名詞 + 名詞waiting-room （候車室）；sleeping-pill （安眠藥）；writing-desk （寫字臺(tái)）；reading-room （閱覽室） 動(dòng)詞 + 名詞pickpocket （扒手）；post office （郵局）；playground （操場(chǎng)）；break-water （防波堤） 動(dòng)詞 + 副詞get-together （聯(lián)歡會(huì)）；break-through （突破）；take-off （起飛）；lookout （崗哨） 副詞 + 動(dòng)詞downfall （垮臺(tái)）；overthrow （推翻）；outbreak

7、（爆發(fā)）；income （收入；所得） 其他構(gòu)成形式的合成名詞well-being （福利）；good-for-nothing （無用之人）；by-product （副產(chǎn)品）；touch-me-not （含羞草）；self-improvement （自我完善）；self-criticism （自我批評(píng)）注意：合成詞如果出現(xiàn)復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)通常在其后加 -s 或 -es ，如 by-products， reading-rooms， 但應(yīng)特別注意： passers-by， lookers-on 等詞語(yǔ)是在其表達(dá)該詞中心含義的詞上加 -s 或 -es .3. 合成動(dòng)詞及其他合成詞類：overthrow （

8、推翻）；sleep-walk （夢(mèng)游）；undergo （經(jīng)歷）；everything （一切）；furthermore （而且）；forever （永遠(yuǎn)）；maybe （也許）三 . 派生：指由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴和（或）后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞的構(gòu)詞形式。1. 前綴：一般而言，前綴只改變?cè)~的含意，并不改變?cè)~的詞性，有些前綴如 en- ， under- 等卻使原詞改變了詞性，如 force （ n 力量） enforce （ v 加強(qiáng)）；rich （ adj 富有） enrich （ v 使富裕）；line （ n 線） underline （ v 在之下畫線）。前綴   

9、 含義            詞根                  派生詞dis-     不         like （喜歡）     

10、0;   dislike （不喜歡）un-      不         fair （公平）         unfair （不公平）il-    不；無       legal （合法的）      illegal （非法的）i

11、n-    不；非      correct （正確的）     incorrect （不正確的）im-      非        possible （可能的）    impossible （不可能的）ir-    不；非      regular

12、 （規(guī)則的）     irregular （不規(guī)則的）non-   無；非      smoker （煙民）        non-smoker （不吸煙者）en-      使        courage （勇氣）       enco

13、urage （鼓勵(lì)）fore-  前；預(yù)先     head （頭）           forehead （前額）inter- 在之間   national （國(guó)家的）   international （國(guó)際的）kilo-    千         meter （米）  

14、60;       kilometer （千米）mid-   在中間      autumn （秋天）      mid-autumn （中秋）mis-   錯(cuò)誤地       understand （理解）   misunderstand （誤解）over- 在上，過分；超過  head （頭） 

15、    overhead （在頭頂上的）re-   再；重；又     build （修建）       rebuild （重建）2. 后綴：通常情況下，后綴不但改變?cè)~，還改變?cè)~性，常見的后綴有動(dòng)詞后綴、副詞后綴、形容詞后綴和名詞后綴。動(dòng)詞后綴：后綴       含義        詞根  

16、0;           派生詞 -en       變得   wide （寬的）    widen （加寬；變寬） -ify      使     beauty （美）    beautify （使漂亮） -ize/ise  使  

17、60;  real（的）       realize （實(shí)現(xiàn)） 副詞后綴：后綴      含義                詞根                

18、0;     派生詞-ly    在狀態(tài)中      happy （高興；幸福） happily （高興地；幸福地）-ward   朝方向/地方  back （后）          backward （向后；朝后）形容詞后綴：后綴          

19、0; 含義                   詞根                  派生詞-able/-ible 可的；能的       comfort （舒服）  

20、   comfortable （舒適的）-al/-ial    屬于的；有特點(diǎn)   practice （練習(xí)）    practical （實(shí)際的；可行的）-ed         有特性的           interest （興趣）    interested （感興趣的）-ful&#

21、160;       充滿的             harm （傷害；損傷）  harmful （有害的；致傷的）-ish        有屬性的           self （自己）    &#

22、160;   selfish （自私的）-ive        有傾向的           create （創(chuàng)造）      creative （創(chuàng)造性的）名詞后綴：后綴          含義      &

23、#160;         詞根                    派生詞-ance/-ence 指行為、狀態(tài)     perform （表演）      performance （演出；表演）-dom   

24、;     指性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)     free （自由的）       freedom （自由）-er/or      指人的身份       work （工作）         worker （工人）-ess     &#

25、160;  指人的身份       host （招待；主持）   hostess （女主人）-ese        表示國(guó)籍         China （中國(guó)）        Chinese （中國(guó)人）-ian      

26、60; 指人的身份       music （音樂）        musician （音樂家）詞形變換解題指導(dǎo)出題方向1. 出題量最大，也是最難把握的方向同詞根不同詞類之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換 ?？嫉南嗷マD(zhuǎn)換詞類有四種：名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞 名詞 à 動(dòng)詞、形容詞 動(dòng)詞、形容詞 à 名詞 動(dòng)詞 à 形容詞 形容詞 à 動(dòng)詞 形容詞 à 副詞 副詞 à 形容詞 做這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換需要平時(shí)大量的積累，建立詞根詞綴的概念，

27、多掌握常用的詞綴，靈活變通2. 最基本題型，必考方向名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞 名詞考察方向：1. 復(fù)數(shù) 代詞考察方向：1. 賓格 2. 形容詞性、名詞性物主代詞轉(zhuǎn)換 3. 反身代詞可能出現(xiàn) 數(shù)詞考察方向：1. 基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞的拼寫與互換 2. 分?jǐn)?shù)可能出現(xiàn)3. 簡(jiǎn)單題型，多練即可把握比較級(jí)最高級(jí) 需要掌握：1. 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化方式 2. 比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的辨識(shí)關(guān)鍵詞4. 較難題型，多次轉(zhuǎn)換，反義理解 有時(shí)候詞類之間需要越級(jí)變換，要仔細(xì)斟酌詞類間的修飾關(guān)系，確保答案的正確性 較難題目不僅會(huì)越級(jí)變換，還需要添加反義，這需要更耐心細(xì)致地解題，分析題意解題技巧1. 形容詞修飾名詞、代詞性成分；部分名詞也可

28、以修飾名詞2. 動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞需要副詞修飾，副詞也可以修飾整句話3. 系動(dòng)詞后一般使用形容詞，系動(dòng)詞后尤其需注意添加形容詞，這點(diǎn)易和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用副詞修飾混淆4. 扎實(shí)掌握名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞的基本知識(shí)5. 注意做完需要通讀一下，檢查反義及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)問題考點(diǎn)解析一、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)類1規(guī)則變化:（1）一般情況加-s, 如: girls, books, pens, bags, boys, days等。（2）以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾加-es, 如: buses, boxes, watches, brushes等。（3）以o結(jié)尾的名詞，無生命的名詞多加-s，有生命的名詞多加-es。（4）以輔

29、音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞, 變y為i加-es, 如: city cities, storystories（5）以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變f或fe為v加-es。如:leafleaves, knifeknives, shelfshelves等。（roofroofs）2不規(guī)則變化的名詞要熟記： manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, deerdeer footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice, JapaneseJapanesepeoplepeople, sheepsheep, ChineseChinese 二、名詞變形容詞類1在動(dòng)詞或名詞后加后綴-ful,

30、 如：carecareful; useuseful; thankthankful; forgetforgetfulhelphelpful; beautybeautiful; wonderwonderful 2在名詞后加-y, 如：lucklucky, cloudcloudy; windwindy; noisenoisyrainrainy; sunsunny, snowsnowy; healthhealthy3在名詞后加-y, 如：friendfriendlylovelovelydaydaily4方位名詞加-ern，如：easteastern westwesternsouthsouthern n

31、orthnorthern6在名詞后加-less, 變成否定含義的形容詞。如：useuselesshopehopelesscarecareless三、形容詞加后綴變成名詞1形容詞加-ness變成名詞，如：happyhappinessillillness weakweaknesskindkindnessgoodgoodnesscarelesscarelessness2形容詞加-ty變成名詞，如：safesafetydifficultdifficulty3形容詞加-th變成名詞，如：truetruthwarmwarmth youngyouth 4形容詞加-ence / ance變成名詞，如：impo

32、rtantimportancedependentdependence differentdifference四、形容詞變副詞類 形容詞修飾名詞、代詞等作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)；副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞作狀語(yǔ)。1一般形容詞詞尾加-ly變成副詞，如： slowslowlyclearclearlyquickquickly; realreallyquietquietlycarefulcarefullysuddensuddenly2以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的，要變y為i加-ly，如：easyeasilyhappyhappilyheavyheavilyluckyluckilybusybusilyangryangril

33、y; 3以元音字母加輔音字母e結(jié)尾的重讀開音節(jié)，直接加-ly，如：politepolitelysafesafelywidewidely4以元音字母e結(jié)尾，去e加-ly，如：truetruly5以輔音字母加-le結(jié)尾，去e加-y，如：terribleterriblypossiblepossibly6形容詞與副詞同形，如：fastfastearlyearlyhighhigh;hardhard7形容詞與副詞異形，如：goodwell8注意：hard作形容詞時(shí)意思是“困難的；硬的；生硬的”等；作副詞時(shí)意思是“努力地”。hardly是否定副詞，意思是“幾乎不”。既是形容詞又是副詞hard a hard

34、question/a hard stone work hard / study hard/ rain hard early an early train get up early late be late for class come late for school deep a hole deep large dive deep into the sea high a high mountain jump high long It takes a long time. It takes too long. far My home is far from school. jump far st

35、raight a straight line go straight along五、動(dòng)詞變名詞類1動(dòng)詞加-er變成名詞，如： workworkerfarmfarmerteachteachersingsingerspeakspeakerplayplayerreadreaderdrivedriverwritewriter rideriderdancedancer runrunner; winwinnercookcookerwashwasher2動(dòng)詞加-or 變成名詞，如：visitvisitorinventinventoroperateoperatorconductconductor3動(dòng)詞加-ti

36、on 變成名詞，如： operateoperationinventinventionliberateliberation六、基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞類 主要掌握好1-12和20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90及21、22、23這幾個(gè)序數(shù)詞的形式： onefirst twentytwentieth twosecond thirtythirtieth threethird forthfortieth fourfourth fiftyfiftieth sixsixth sixtysixtieth sevenseventh eightyeightietheighteighth ninetynineti

37、ethnineninth twenty-onetwenty-firsttententh twenty-twotwenty-secondeleveneleventh twenty-threetwenty-thirdtwelvetwelfth七、形容詞與副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)類1形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)構(gòu)成（1）單音節(jié)詞與部分雙音節(jié)詞規(guī)則變變化： 一般詞尾加er, est； 如：fast faster fastest 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加-er, -est；如：easy easier easiest 以一個(gè)元音加一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母再加-er, -est；

38、如： hot hotter hottest 以e結(jié)尾加-r，-st；如：finefiner, nicenicer（2） 部分雙音節(jié)詞或以形容詞加-ly變成的副詞和多音節(jié)詞，在其前加more, most 變成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。如：interestingmore interesting，most interestingbeautifulmore beautiful，most beautiful slowlymore slowly，most slowlyquicklymore quickly，most quickly（3）不規(guī)則變化：goodbetterbest wellbetterbestmanym

39、oremost muchmoremost littlelessleast farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest. illworseworst bad/badlyworseworst oldolder/olderoldest/eldest2原級(jí)： as形容詞或副詞的原形as “和一樣”，not as / so形容詞或副詞的原形as “和不一樣”。 八、人稱代詞變化類要熟練掌握和運(yùn)用主格、賓格、形容詞性物主代詞及名詞性物主代詞。九、常見的反義詞1動(dòng)詞buy selltake bringremember forgetdie livelove hate rise fa

40、llask answer start finish miss catchpull push go come lend borrow2形容詞little much short tall / longright left / wrongfree busy full empty few manygood bad white blackcareful carelessdead living cheap expensiveclean dirtyeasy difficult wet dry same differentopen closed strong weaklight heavy 精選強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1.

41、Would you mind making a little less _? They are having a meeting at the moment. (noisy)2. The Smiths live on the _ floor of the building. (nine)3. All the great _ are respected（尊敬）by the world. (invent)4. My pet is a _ cat. She is very lovely. (male) 5. Ill do my homework more _ next time. (care)6.

42、When you study a foreign language, its important to make a good _. (begin)7. Everyone knows such kind of books is _ to children. They shouldnt be sold at any bookstore. (harm)8. In the past punishment（懲罰）was decided by the university. The student had no _ but to accept it. (choose)9. Our teacher tol

43、d us the _ story I had ever heard at yesterdays class meeting. (sad)10. The _ Lesson is very difficult but very important. You must learn it by heart.(twelve)11. They looked very _ in the idea. (interest)12. After they got on the bus, they found two _. (sit)13. Help _ to the fish, everyone. (you)14.

44、 What we have had is just part of the truth. We should try to get _ information about it. (far)15. A _ sight stopped them from going forward. (frighten)16. He seemed very _. He got a D in the English test. (happy)17. Before you start this work, you should try to realize its _. (important)18. March 8

45、 is _ Day. (woman)19. This book belongs to you. Where is _? (me)20. The visitors are _ students. (main)21. Do you know about the _ of the book? (write)22. Can you show me your _ of coins? (collect)23. To my _, I got full marks for maths last week. (surprised)24. In this new housing estate there stan

46、d a lot of high and magnificent _. (build)25. In winter, most of the rivers and lakes are _. It becomes a world of ice. (freeze)26. Then he slowly walked _ the house. (pass)27. Do you know who is the _ of the English contest? (win)28. Peter is very _. Im sure he will come to take care of your baby w

47、hen hes asked to. (help)29. The Yangtze River is the _ longest river in the world. (three)30. _ to meet all of you here. (please)31. Now more and more gardens are being built in our _. (neighbour)32. Its very important for us to learn English _. (good)33. Both our teacher and my mother are satisfied

48、 with my _. (honest)34. Oliver Twist ate the cake _. (hungry)35. Of all the boys, Li Ming studies _. (hard)36. We are all pleased to hear that the _ went on very well. ( operate)37. The children in this kindergarten have been trained to take care of _ though they are only six years old. (they)38. Co

49、uld you tell me who will give us a _ on childrens education? (speak)39. These modern machines work . (automatic)40. This cartoon film is _ than the one I saw last Saturday. (fun)41. Will you please tell me how much the _ is? (post)42. The twin sisters used to be _ in Hollywood. (act)43. Actions spea

50、k more _ than words. (loud)44. I am _ about my schoolwork because I haven't worked hard this term. (worry)45. Your pet dog is so _ that all of us like to play with it. (love)46. It has been snowing _ for a whole day. (heavy)47. We have been told the _ of the case. (true)48. Have you made your _

51、yet? (decide)49. People from Italy are called _. (Italy)50. I _ where he comes from. (wonderful)51. The weather in April is _, so youd better take more clothes with you. (change)52. Ferries come and go on the river as _ as boats. (quick)53. Listen, everybody, we will meet at the _ of the cinema at 4

52、 pm. (enter)54. You cannot eat so much fast food, because it is _. (health)55. It is reported that three _ have been put into prison. (Canada)56. Time flies _ and never returns. (swift)57. We saw her running _ the street just now. (cross)58. Do English people shake hands as often as _? (Germany)59.

53、We all know that theres no _ thing on the moon. (live)60. In order to make the trip _ for his children, Mr. Green kept the name of the destination (目的地) a secret. (excite)61. A _ team from China will arrive in America next week. (medicine)62. This morning I lost my handbag and this afternoon I fell

54、off my bike and broke my leg. I think it is an _ day. (luck)63. Many students are not able to pay their college _. (expensive)64. British people eat a large number of . (potato)65. She seems an _ girl. (honesty)66. We tried all sorts of _, but they were all useless. (medical)67. The digital (數(shù)碼) cam

55、era is one of the _ of the modern science. (wonderfully)68. I wouldnt do business with such a _ man. (fool)69. Carl looks much _ than before. (health)70. I was _ to meet Jane in a foreign country. (surprise)71. The mother was _ to the brave man who had saved her son. (thank)72. I happened to meet a

56、group of _ on my way home yesterday. (France)73. The little boy can run a marathon in _ than three hours. (little)74. I was told that my class teachers daughter would leave _ school this July. (second)75. Its a _ to have a picnic with all the family members. (please)76. The lost calculator has been

57、returned to its _. (own)77. Be sure to let me know whenever you are in _. ( dangerous)78. The completion (完成) of the big bridge made every one of us _ and happy. (exciting)79. The _ is not so good as we expected. (perform)80. What a _ day it is today! Shall we go to have a picnic in the countryside?

58、 (sun)81. The tall _ is one of my fathers best friends. (art)82. Have you decided to take the headmasters _? (advise)83. Even _, he lost his job. (bad)84. Please answer the _ questions. (follow)85. Many people became after the fire. (home)86. The of the restaurant is quite good. (serve)87. _ speakin

59、g, the computer has become an important part of our life. (general)88. I thought the _ was quite dull at yesterdays party. (recite)89. The _ of the river is still a secret. (long)90. No one knew why the baby kept . (cry)91. Life today is becoming harder and busier, so everyone should have his own wa

60、y of _. (relax)92. In _ to hard work, we need some good ways to succeed. (add)93. I am fond of _ fiction. (scientist)94. Its _ of you to make such a decision. (wisdom)95. Quite a few _ houses have been built for the tourists around the lake. (wood)96. The passenger plane landed at last after flying in the storm for about one hour. (safe)97. My family have been to Beijing _ to climb the Gre