動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上名詞化的結(jié)構(gòu)名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)主要是以英語名詞短語代替漢語一個句子,它可以避免人稱主語,從而防止句子結(jié)構(gòu)過于臃腫。法律英語常用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句。從句子特征來看,還是名詞結(jié)構(gòu)占優(yōu)勢,而不是從句或動詞的優(yōu)勢。（1）The buyer shall furnish ocean vessels for the transportation of the rice under this contract.（2）The buyers shall give the notice of the vessels name beforehand.（3）The storage of the rice

2、shall be done in the way stated.（4）A certificate is needed attesting the existence of such event.1.動詞的名詞化作為一種專用英語,簡潔和客觀是經(jīng)貿(mào)英語的靈魂,故在一般英語中用動詞表示的內(nèi)容,經(jīng)貿(mào)英語卻慣于將動詞名詞化,并由此產(chǎn)生一個名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),讓原來的施動意義隱含在結(jié)構(gòu)的深層里。把動詞名詞化,表述從“動”轉(zhuǎn)為“靜”,語言變得更為客觀;使用動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),可以替代一個從句甚至一個句子,語言變得更為簡潔。1.1動詞名詞化的基本形式就形態(tài)變化而言,經(jīng)貿(mào)英語動詞的名詞化通常有兩種:一是后綴派生法,即把-a

3、l, -sion, -tion, -ment等后綴分別加在不同的動詞詞尾,在句法研究中這種詞稱為動詞派生名詞(deverbal noun);二是零位派生法(zero derivation),也就是說不借助后綴直接由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,本文將這種詞稱為動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞(conversion noun)。例如:(1) the conclusion of difficult negotiations(2) the formulation of export sales contracts(3) the participation in GATT(4) the involvement in internati

4、onal economy and trade activities(5) a decline in industrial production and a marked upturn in inflation(6) the fall in the growth rate of the world economy1.2動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種形態(tài)動詞名詞化時,動詞原來所帶的客體和主體轉(zhuǎn)化為名的修飾語或附加成分后,就構(gòu)成了一個動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),常見的形式有兩種:一是動詞原來所帶的客體由一個介詞(其中及物動詞介詞of)或不定式符號to引導(dǎo),接在動詞派生名詞或動詞類名詞后面,形成一個后置修飾語,而主體往往以

5、名詞的格形式轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞派生名詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞的前置修飾語例如:(7) Recently China reduced tariffs substantially.(8) Chinas recent substantial reduction of tariffs(9) Ericsson studied the target market carefully.(10) Ericssons careful study of the target market(11) The new-to-export firm failed to treat international distributors o

6、n an equal basis with domestic counterparts.(12) the new-to-export firms failure to treat international distributors on a equal basis with domestic counterparts二是客體和主體均轉(zhuǎn)化為后置修飾語,客體在前,由一個介詞(其中及物動詞由介詞of)或不定式符號to引導(dǎo);主在后,通常由介詞by引導(dǎo)。例如:(13) Last year Hans Materials Co. Ltd. invested 625 project in China.(14

7、) the investment of 625 projects in China by Hans Materials Co. Ltd.(15) Companies involved in international trade use the host countrys materials, products, facilities and services.(16) the use of the host countrys materials, products, facilities and services by companies involved in international

8、trade(17) top management is committed insufficiently to overcome the initial difficulties and financial requirements of exporting.(18) insufficient commitment by top management to overcome the initial difficulties and financial requirements of exporting1.3動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯方法由于任何一種動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)都包含了一個動作意味很強(qiáng)的動詞派生名詞

9、或動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞,以及英漢兩種語言在用詞方面存在著一定的差異,即英語以名詞占優(yōu)勢,傾向于用名詞表達(dá)某些在漢語中常以動詞表達(dá)的概念,而現(xiàn)代漢語以動詞占優(yōu)勢,一個句子中常?？梢赃B續(xù)使用幾個動詞，因此在把經(jīng)貿(mào)英語中的動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)譯成漢語時,動詞派生名詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞往往需要根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,譯成漢語的動詞,結(jié)果原來的動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)就轉(zhuǎn)變成了一個漢語的動賓詞組或主謂詞組。1.3.1譯為動賓詞組在語義上,動詞派生名詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞表示動作或行為,修飾語表示動作或行為的對象,兩者間潛蘊著邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,這樣的動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)通?？梢宰g為一個漢語的動賓詞組。例如:(19)The introduct

10、ion of precious metals (i.e., gold and silver)to pay for goods can be considered the forerunner of the foreign exchange market.采用貴重金屬(即黃金和白銀)支付商品可以看成是外匯市場的先驅(qū)。(20)Attendance to various kinds of trade talks and use of information and data gathered by GATT can help China to work out a more correct trad

11、e policy.參與各種貿(mào)易會談和利用關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定收集的信息和數(shù)據(jù)能幫助中國制定更為正確的貿(mào)易政策。(21)Restoration of its signatory party status in GATT will add Chinas initiative in world affairs, especially in world trade.恢復(fù)中國關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定的締約國地位將增加中國在國際事務(wù),尤其是在世界貿(mào)易中的主動權(quán)。(22)Another impediment to the free flow of goods between nations is the possibl

12、e introduction of artificial barriers to trade, such as tariffs or quotas.阻止商品在國家間自由流通的另一個障礙是可能設(shè)置人為的貿(mào)易壁壘,如關(guān)稅或配額。(23) The Chinese government announced a unilateral reduction of customs duties on225products.中國政府宣布單方面降低225項產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅。(24) Much of the remainder of the GATT is designed to prevent evasion of t

13、he tariff obligations of articleby the use of no tariff barriers.關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定還制定了一些別的條款,它們中的大多數(shù)是為了防止設(shè)置非關(guān)稅壁壘以逃避第二條款所規(guī)定的關(guān)稅義務(wù)。(25) In the 1980s China had numerous restrictions on the utilization of foreign capital by the tertiary industry.20世紀(jì)80年代,中國對第三產(chǎn)業(yè)利用外資施加了許多限制。(26) The greatest benefits the accession

14、 to WTO will bring to China area great push to the reforms and opening drive in the country but there is also a real challenge.加入世貿(mào)組織帶給中國的最大利益是可以極大地推進(jìn)改革和開放的進(jìn)程,當(dāng)然也會帶來真正的挑戰(zhàn)。1.3.2譯為主謂詞組當(dāng)動詞派生名詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞的邏輯主語出現(xiàn)在動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)中時,其表示方法通常有四種:1)使用邏輯主語的-s屬格形式;2)使用邏輯主語的限定物主代詞形式,如your, their等,對動詞派生名詞或動詞轉(zhuǎn)類名詞加以限定;3)把邏輯主語放

15、在邏輯賓語后面,中間用一個介詞連接;4)邏輯主語直接用作前置修飾語。這樣的動詞名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)一般譯為漢語的主謂詞組。例如:(27) It follows that the birth of the Euro will not affect European enterprises exploration of the Chinese market.因此,歐元的誕生不會影響歐洲企業(yè)開發(fā)中國市場。(28) One of the features of Beijings utilization of foreign capital in1993 was the substantial increase

16、in investment from world famous transnational corporations.1993年北京利用外資的一大特點是世界一些著名的跨國公司的投資增長巨大。(29) Im glad to hear your positive assessment of the US economy.我很高興得知你對美國經(jīng)濟(jì)作出了肯定的評價。(30) Critics argue the problem was their common dependence on a distorted or immature form of capitalism, now described

17、pejoratively as a “crony capitalism”, but previously extolled as “The Asian Model”.批評家們認(rèn)為,問題出在它們共同依賴于一種扭曲的資本主義形態(tài),即現(xiàn)在被貶稱為“密友資本主義”,或曾經(jīng)被頌揚為“亞洲模式”。 (32) Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in1992, government trade agreements and investment protection agreements have been signed.自從1992年兩國建立了外交關(guān)系以來,兩國間已簽署了許多政府貿(mào)易協(xié)定和投資保護(hù)協(xié)定。(33) It is estimated that Chinas wheat import will increase from 2 million tons to 5 million tons, which will result in losses about5.5billion yuan to Chinese farmers every year.據(jù)估計,中國的小麥進(jìn)口會從現(xiàn)在的200萬噸增加到500萬噸,其結(jié)果是中國農(nóng)民每年要遭受大約55億元的損失。(34) Sin