Unit11非謂語動詞(1)

1、輕輕家教-您的私人家庭教師Unit11 非謂語動詞（1）（一）非謂語動詞概述：非謂語動詞是指由動詞變化而成，仍具有動詞的性質與意義，但不作謂語動詞使用，而具有除謂語外其它語法功能。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式（the Infinitive）；動名詞（the Gerund）；現(xiàn)在分詞（the Present Participle）；過去分詞（the Past Participle）。（二）非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成：非謂語形式構成特征和作用時態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復合結構不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語前加notf

2、or sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done動名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語（三）非謂語動詞的句法功 句子成分非謂語 主語表語賓語補語定語狀語同位語不定式üüüüüüü動名詞üüü

3、（極少）üü現(xiàn)在分詞üüüü過去分詞üüüü（四）非謂語動詞的結構形式主動形式被動形式動詞不定式to doto be done現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doingbeing done現(xiàn)在分詞完成式having donehaving been done過去分詞done一、 分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1.分詞的時態(tài)：分詞一般式表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；或一個動作發(fā)生后，另一個動作緊接著發(fā)生。分詞的一般式常在書面語中用作背景的描寫。例如：Walking down the street, I ran into

4、 Lily.Hearing the news, I jumped with joy.Switching off the lights, I turned over and buried my head in the pillow.Living in the country, we had few social engagements.分詞完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us.Having passed my driving test, I was

5、 able to buy my first car.I was able to buy my first car, having passed my driving test.分詞一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的動作，但在說話人心中，用一般式把2個動作看做是幾乎同時發(fā)生，用完成式則強調2個動作的先后。例如：Looking at the door, she went out.Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the place very well.2）分詞的語態(tài)：分詞一般式的被動語態(tài)強調動作正在進行中。例如：The

6、 house being built will be our office building.Being surrounded, the rebel troops were forced to surrender.分詞完成式的被動語態(tài)強調先于謂語動詞。例如：Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy.過去分詞也表示被動，但沒有強調動作先后的含義。例如：The concert given by the symphony or

7、chestra was a great success.They are problems left over by history.Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.二、分詞的語法作用一）分詞作定語1） 分詞短語作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個分詞作定語時，放在背被修飾的名詞之前。例如：The man standing at the window is our teacher.Polluted air and water

8、 are harmful to peoples health.2)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，表示動作正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生，或表示某個經(jīng)常的動作或狀態(tài)。例如：The gentleman standing over there is our principal.A rolling stone gathers no moss. (滾石不生苔；轉行不聚財)3）分詞完成式不能做定語。表示發(fā)生在位于動詞之前的動作，用定語從句。如果是被動結構，直接用過去分詞。例如：The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.The

9、thief who took her bag has been arrested.The Town Hall completed in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作前置定語時的區(qū)別1） 現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語 表示正在進行的主動動作。例如：the rising sun=the sun that is rising 正在升起的太陽注意下列短語：a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 boiling water 沸水a(chǎn) falling star 流行 a waiting crowd 等待

10、的人群increasing demand 日益增長的需求 lasting peace 永久的和平 表示主動但不正在進行。例如：He is a promising student. 他是一個有前途的學生。注意下列短語：remaining days 剩下的歲月 a tiring day 勞累的一天an embarrassing position 窘境 guiding principle 指導原則neighboring country 鄰國 a walking dictionary 活字典2) 過去分詞作前置定語表示被動，且又是有已完成的含義。例如：The risen sun= the sun th

11、at has just risen 初生的太陽I dont like to eat fried eggs. 我不喜歡吃煎蛋。注意下列短語：Boiled water 開（過的）水 required courses 必修課Furnished room 有家具的房間 a written report 書面報告 表示主動，且有完成的含義（僅限于某些不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語）。例如：Where are the escaped prisoners？ 那些逃犯在哪里？注意下列短語：departed friends 離去的朋友 an arrived visitor 一位來客fallen leaves 落葉

12、an escaped prisoner 一個逃犯returned students 歸國留學生 faded flowers 凋謝的花retired workers 退休工人 a sunken ship 一艘沉船 過去分詞用在表示情緒的詞語中。 例如：He gave a satisfied smile. 他給了個滿意的微笑注意下列短語：a frightened glance 驚恐的掃視a worried look 愁容an excited scream 激動的尖叫聲the intended effect 預期的效果his embarrassed manner 他尷尬的舉止a puzzled/ a

13、n embarrassed expression 困惑的/尷尬的表情但是： relaxed/relaxing environment 放松的環(huán)境【考題鏈接】1. Don't use words， expressions， or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known2. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came o

14、ut in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written3. Mr. Smith， _ of the _ speech， started to read a novel.A. tired； boring B. tiring； bored C. tired； bored D. tiring； boring4. The Olympic Games， _ in 776 B.C.， did not include women players until 1912.A. first play

15、ing B. to be first playedC. first played D. to be first playingKeys：ABAC二 ）分詞作表語1) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質或特征，?？捎胿ery修飾；過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。例如：The news is very inspiring. You shouldnt try to stand up if you are badly hurt.2） 下列表示變成、保持、感覺等意義的動詞有系動詞的特征，可與某些現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞構成主系表結構：Appear, become, come, feel, go, grow, go

16、, lie, look, remain, rest, stay, sit, stand接現(xiàn)在分詞：come running/hurrying in get going/chatting/movinglook tempting/promising remain standing/listeninglie dying sit waiting stand looking接過去分詞：appear disappointed/amazed/touchedbecome annoyed/interested/acquaintedcome untied/undone/unwrapped/unfastened/u

17、nstitchedfeel troubled/distressed/puzzled/upset/exhaustedgo unnoticed/unpunished/uncorrected/undetected/unrecordedgrow used/excited/frightenedlook/seem startled/concerned/troubledremain unfinished/unconvinced/unsolvedget absorbed/caughtlie woundedstay seated/unarmedrest assured【考題鏈接】1. The pilot ask

18、ed all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing.A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating2. -I'm very _ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. - Mm. It does have a _ smell. A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. please

19、d; pleasant Keys：CD三）分詞作賓語補足語1）接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的有以下2類動詞第一類包括feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, notice, observe等感官動詞。例如：We saw the teacher making the experiment.Did you notice the man leaving the house?說明：在以上感官動詞后，既可用現(xiàn)在分詞構成復合賓語，也可用不帶to 的不定式構成復合賓語，但兩者的含義是有差別的。 Feel/hear/listen to/watch doing主語+ +賓

20、語+ something See/look at/notice/observe do 用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語表示動作正在發(fā)生（即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結束，或是一個反復進行的動作）。例如：I saw the girl crossing the street. 我看到那女孩在橫穿馬路。I saw the young mother slapping her child.我看到那個年輕的母親反復打她的孩子。用不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語描述某個單一的動作，或表示動作發(fā)生了（即全過程結束了）。例如：We saw a young mother slap her child in the superma

21、rket.我們看到那個年輕的母親在超市打了一下他的孩子。I saw the girl cross the street and run away. 我看到那個女孩穿過馬路跑了。第二類包括discover, find, smell, catch, get, have, keep, leave, send, set, start等表示發(fā)現(xiàn)、聞到、致使的動詞。例如：I discovered Mr. Jack sitting near the fires, reading a book.We could smell the dinner cooking in the next room.The vic

22、tory sent our spirits rising.2） 接過去分詞作賓語補足語的有以下3類動詞：第一類包括see, hear, watch, find, feel, consider等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動詞。例如：I saw them assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.I considered this problem settled.第二類包括get, have, keep, leave, make, 等表示使役、致使的動詞。例如：I try to make myself understood.Please kee

23、p me informed of the latest developments.She will get the fence mended.第三類包括 declare, like, need, order, want, wish等表示要求、希望、命令的動詞。例如：He declared the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games closed.I should like the matter (to be) settled immediately.The commander ordered the army unit (to be) reorganized.I dont w

24、ant any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.Do you wish your breakfast (to be) brought to your room?【考題鏈接】1. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it _ often enough.  A. explaining          B. to explain   

25、0;    C. explain         D explained2. When I opened the door， I found the ground covered by fallen leavesA. covered B. to be covered C. covering D. having been coveredKeys: DA四）分詞作狀語分詞或分詞短語作狀語，可以表示時間，原因，結果，條件，讓步，方式等，例如：Hearings the news, t

26、hey all danced for joy. (時間)Heated, water changes into steam. (時間或條件)Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)Filled with excitement, this is more than a novel about war at sea.(原因)Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. (結果)United, we stand, divided, we fall.(條件)Exercising ever

27、y morning, you will improve your health.(條件)Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.(讓步)The children run out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.(方式)簡單概括為： _, 主句。Not knowing his address, I made him a call. 主 _, 句 The bridge, built 10 years ago, is renovated. 主句，_. The children run out of

28、 the room, laughing and talking merrily 注意1：狀語從句改為分詞結構從句主語與主句主語一致，從句為主動語態(tài)，用現(xiàn)在分詞。As we turned the corner we saw the hospital in front of us.Turning the corner, we saw the hospital in front of us.It rained three days on end, so that it completely ruined our holiday.It rained three days on end, complet

29、ely ruined our holiday.She will be unable to answer your questions because she is not qualified. Not being qualified, she will be unable to answer your questions.After I have seen my brother, I felt much relieved.Having seen my brother, I felt much relieved.Since I havent met him, I cannot tell you

30、what he is like.Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like.從句主語與主句的主語一致，從句為謂語為：be + 過去分詞，改為簡單句用過去分詞。If the fabric is treated gently, it could last for years.Treated gently, the fabric could last for years.As she is exhausted by the journey, he soon felt asleep.Exhausted by the journey, he

31、 soon felt asleep.If they had been given better condition, the flowers could grow better.Given better condition, the flowers could grow better.從句主語與主句的主語不一致，用帶邏輯主語的分詞短語。As there is nothing else to do, we left.There being nothing else to do, we left.He rushed into the room, his face was covered with

32、sweat.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.Becaues John had run a red light, the police fined him.John having run a red light, the police fined him.注意2：分詞與不定式作狀語的區(qū)別1. 目的狀語通常用不定式，可放在句首或句末，分詞通常不能用作目的狀語。分詞可表示伴隨狀況，不定式不能表示伴隨狀況。2. 作結果狀語時，不定式常和tooto，only to, enough to, so as to 等搭配，有時則表示出乎意

33、料的結果，常表示一種自然結果，有時可由thus引起。例如：I consider him too lazy to be a good student.I went to his house, only to find him was out.The boy is always telling lies, thus losing all of his friends.He dropped the cup, breaking it into pieces.3. 分詞常用語表示方式或伴隨情況的狀語中，這類句子?？筛膶憺椴⒘芯?。不定式表示伴隨僅用于獨立結構中。例如：He walked down the

34、hill, singing(= and sang)softly to himself.We divided the work, he to clear the window and I to sweep the floor.【考題鏈接】1. _the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. Given     B. To give       C. Giving   

35、0;  D. Having give2. 16. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,_ all four people on board.A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to killKeys: AB【練習A】Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the words in the brackets 1The story was so _ that nearly everybody was _ to tea

36、rs（move）2We are _ in the novel which is very _ （interest）3I am _ about the resultI have never spent a more _ day（worry）4We were all _ out when we got to the top of the hillWe never thought the climb was so _ （tire）5His kind words were very _ Though we had lost the match，we were _ and were determined

37、 to train harder（encourage）6There is a _ expression on his face and I am _ what to do（puzzle）7Ten years later，Mother and daughter met again，_ tears came into their eyes（excite）8Greatly _ by his words，the boy went up to his teacher，and said “sorry”（touch）9He was so _ at seeing a tiger that he stood s

38、till（terrify）10I am not _ with either of the two pictures（satisfy）參考答案：1moving；moved 2interested；interesting 3worried；worrying 4tired；tiring 5encouraging；encouraged 6puzzled；puzzled 7excited 8touched 9terrified 10satisfied True or false1. Entering the house, a letter was found on the desk. 2. Playin

39、g in the forest, a snake suddenly bit the little in the arm. 3. Hearing the news, tears blurred her eyes.Keys: FFF【練習B】Multiple choice1. On a _ morning the little match girl was found_ at the corner of the street.A. freezing; freezing B. freezing; frozen C. frozen; frozen D. frozen; freezing2. Jack

40、was a lazy boy, I often caught him_ in class.A. sleeping B. slept C. to sleep D. sleep3. His words left me _ what he was driving at.A. to wonder B. wondering C. wondered D. wonder4. Your explanation left me even more_.A. to confuse B. confuse C. confused D. confusing5. I wont have you _ to your moth

41、er like that.A. to talk B. to talking C. talked D. talking6. I wont have my instruction _ in this way.A. disobey B. disobeying C. disobeyed D. to disobey7. W e cant get the car _. We need someone _ us.A. to go; to help B going; to help C. going; helping D. gone; helping8. He sat _ her _ the chair.A.

42、 to watch; to climb B. watching; to climb C. watching; climb D. watching; to climbing9. He managed to make himself _ with his _ English.A. understand; breaking B. understand; broken C. understood; breaking D. understood; broken10. I will keep you _ of how our business is going on.A. inform B. inform

43、ing C. to inform D. informed11. I m please to see the problem _ so quickly.A. settled B. having been settled C. be settled D. settle12. The lady _ an experience diamond necklace looked.A. with; worrying B. wore; worried C. worn; worrying D. wearing; worried13. _ very small, computers are widely used

44、.A. To be B. Having been C. For being D. Being14. _ in the fog, we were forced to spend two hours in the house.A. To lose B. Losing C. Lost D. Having lost15. She had said little so far, responding only when_.A. speaking B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to 16. The idea for the new machine came to M

45、r. Baker_ to his invention.A. while he was devoted B. while devoting C. while devoting himself D. while devoted17. With exams _-, its a good idea to review your class notes.A. approaching B. approached C. approach D. to be approach18. _, the new medicine is now in mass production.A. With the solved

46、problem B. With this problem being solved C. With the problem solved D. With this problem to solve 19. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seated B. seating C. having been seated D. seated20. After a few rounds of talks, both side

47、s regarded the problem _.A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled Keys: BABCD CBCDD ADDCB AACDD【練習C】Translation1. 街道上小店縱隊排列 2. 他是個很有前途的學生。3. 那個站在窗戶旁邊的人是我們的英語老師。4. 我看到那女孩在橫穿馬路。5. 他匆忙趕到車站，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。Keys：1. The street is lined with small shops 2. He is a promising student. 3. The

48、 man standing at the corner is our English teacher. 4. I saw her crossing the street. 5. He hurried to the station, only to find that the train had gone.Multiple choice 【真題鏈接 北京上海分詞高考真題】北京1._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C

49、. To suffer D. Suffered2. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen3. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having

50、waited D. To have waited4. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise_.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 5. There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic GamesA. add B. to add C. adding D. added6. _ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters un

51、less we chained our dog.A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten7. It s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _ the answers ready will be of great help.A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having上海1. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information.A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope2._ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding3. The _ boy was last seen _ near the East Lake.A. missing; playing B. missing; play C. missed; played D. missed; to play4.