美國生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的發(fā)展

1、學(xué)號：2007026067哈爾濱師范大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文題 目 美國生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的發(fā)展 學(xué) 生 盛冬雪 指導(dǎo)教師 陸春香 講師年 級 2007級 8 班專 業(yè) 英語教育系 別 英語教育系學(xué) 院 西語學(xué)院 哈 爾 濱 師 范 大 學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文開題報(bào)告論文題目 美國生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的發(fā)展學(xué)生姓名 盛冬雪指導(dǎo)教師 陸春香 講師年 級 2007級 8 班專 業(yè) 英 語 教 育2011年 3 月說 明本表需在指導(dǎo)教師和有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審查批準(zhǔn)的情況下，要求學(xué)生認(rèn)真填寫。說明課題的來源（自擬題目或指導(dǎo)教師承擔(dān)的科研任務(wù)）、課題研究的目的和意義、課題在國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢。若課題因故變動(dòng)時(shí)，應(yīng)向指導(dǎo)教師提出申請，提交

2、題目變動(dòng)論證報(bào)告。課題來源：導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下自擬題目。課題研究的目的和意義：目的： 通過研究美國生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的定義，引出美國生態(tài)文學(xué)的漸進(jìn)發(fā)展，認(rèn)清美國生態(tài)文學(xué)的發(fā)展各個(gè)階段：第一階段主要  研究自然與環(huán)境是怎樣在文學(xué)作品中被表達(dá)的。生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的第二階段把重點(diǎn)放在努力弘揚(yáng)長期被忽視的描寫自然的文學(xué)作品上，對美國描寫自然的文學(xué)作品的歷史、發(fā)展、成就，及 其風(fēng)格體裁等作了深入的探討和研究。生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的第三階段試圖創(chuàng)建一種生態(tài)詩學(xué)，通過強(qiáng)調(diào)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的概念，加強(qiáng)生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的理論建設(shè)。意義： 從20世紀(jì)中葉開始，以美國為首的西方發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)化國家開始進(jìn)入環(huán)境與生態(tài)問題日趨嚴(yán)重的時(shí)代。社會(huì)

3、生產(chǎn)方式的異化帶來的環(huán)境破壞的反作用開使威脅到人類社會(huì)賴以生存的生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)。這種狀況迫使人們開始反思資本主義工業(yè)化社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)方式。對事關(guān)人類本體生存的環(huán)境問題的思考超越生產(chǎn)與技術(shù)的層次，成為一種特定社會(huì)背景下的生態(tài)思潮。隨著它逐漸滲透進(jìn)西方社會(huì)文化領(lǐng)域，作為穩(wěn)定社會(huì)心理的文化開始出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的調(diào)整和變化，并進(jìn)而影響到人們的思維方式、價(jià)值觀念與審美觀念的發(fā)展與變化。當(dāng)代生態(tài)思想也由此開始蓬勃發(fā)展。所有這一切構(gòu)成了文學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域的生態(tài)批評產(chǎn)生所需的環(huán)境和土壤。在這種社會(huì)與文化背景下，美國生態(tài)批評的思想醞釀、萌生與蓬勃發(fā)展也就成為一種水到渠成的必然結(jié)果。國內(nèi)外同類課題研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢：國內(nèi)：由于生態(tài)環(huán)境問

4、題日益嚴(yán)重，生態(tài)批評自然而然的進(jìn)入文學(xué)討論范圍，國內(nèi)生態(tài)文學(xué)發(fā)展較晚。從朱自清的荷塘月色到姜戎的狼圖騰這個(gè)發(fā)展階段，我們可以看出國內(nèi)生態(tài)文學(xué)批評發(fā)展的蓬勃且有活力。國外：美國生態(tài)批評自20世紀(jì)70年代末開始萌發(fā)到現(xiàn)在只有二十幾年的時(shí)間，而且在最初的十幾年的發(fā)展相當(dāng)分散與緩慢，只是到90年代初期才得以確立為一種文學(xué)研究流派，開始迅速發(fā)展。也就是說，從上世紀(jì)90年代正式形成到當(dāng)今為止，美國生態(tài)批評真正確立以后的發(fā)展時(shí)間只有十幾年。就其發(fā)展的實(shí)際情況而言，美國生態(tài)批評現(xiàn)在還處于較快發(fā)展的時(shí)期。在這種狀況下，它仍具有相當(dāng)大的潛力，同時(shí)它要想使自身的生態(tài)批評研究日趨成熟，還需要不斷改進(jìn)自身的觀點(diǎn)與研究方

5、法，在調(diào)整與改進(jìn)的基礎(chǔ)上向前發(fā)展。課題研究的主要內(nèi)容和方法，研究過程中的主要問題和解決辦法：主要內(nèi)容：生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的定義，生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的漸進(jìn)發(fā)展，生態(tài)文學(xué)批評發(fā)展的框架，生態(tài)文學(xué)批評的發(fā)展的三個(gè)階段。主要問題：在網(wǎng)上查到的相關(guān)資料較少，對此課題的認(rèn)識(shí)程度不夠，知識(shí)面較狹隘。因此在本課題的研究過程中有一 些問題，很難順理成章的完成本文。解決方法：向老師求助 上網(wǎng)查閱資料 去圖書館借取有關(guān)資料課題研究起止時(shí)間和進(jìn)度安排：1. 2010年12月1日至12月15日：選導(dǎo)師及撰寫論文方向。2. 2010年12月16日至12月31日：與導(dǎo)師商榷論文題目。3. 2011年1月1日至2011年3月15日：撰寫

6、并提交開題報(bào)告。4. 2011年3月16日至2011年4月25日：撰寫并提交畢業(yè)論文。5. 2011年4月26日至2011年5月7日：準(zhǔn)備并參加畢業(yè)論文答辯。6. 2011年5月8日至2011年5月12日：導(dǎo)師上交所有論文材料。課題研究所需主要設(shè)備、儀器及藥品：無外出調(diào)研主要單位，訪問學(xué)者姓名：劉瑩講師，任兵講師指導(dǎo)教師審查意見： 此論文選題新穎，研究資料充足有力，符合時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要和本科生畢業(yè)論文的基本要求，同意開題。指導(dǎo)教師 陸春香 （簽字） 2011年3月 16日教研室（研究室）評審意見：理論教研室主任 王靜 （簽字） 2011年3月 16日系（部）主任審查意見：英語系（部）主任 王麗婭

7、 （簽字） 2011年3月 16日 GRADUATION PAPERFOR BACHELOR DEGREE HARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY     TITLE: The Development of American Ecological CriticismSTUDENT: SHENG Dong-xueTUTOR: LU Chun-xiang (Lecturer)GRADE: Grade 2007MAJOR: English EducationDEPARTMENT: English Education Departm

8、entCOLLEGE: Faculty of Western Languages and Literatures   May, 2011HARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY The Development of American Ecological CriticismSHENG Dong-xueAbstract :Ecological criticism was born in the United States in the 1990s. It has experienced three stages from the beginning up to today. A

9、s a literary and cultural criticism, the main task of ecological criticism is to review the human culture , to explore the human cultural criticism, and ideological cultue, to study how social development patterns affect even decide human knowlege on the nature , and how those patterns lead to the d

10、eterioration of environment and ecological crisis. Its main idea is to reveal the literary works which reflect the cultural thoughts of ecological crisis, also to explore the roots of its ecological aesthetics and literature artistic performance.Key Words: Ecological criticism;Three stages; Ecologic

11、al crisis 1.The Definition of the Ecological Criticism The concept of Ecocriticism appeared in the 1970s. Generally speaking, ecological criticism is neither a kind of pure literature criticism, nor a kind of patternizing methodology. It's a approach of modern criticism which includes ecological

12、 philosophy, ecological aesthetics, ecological ethics background and mutual harmony about life. The concept is a kind of instruction of reaching humanity . To avoid ambiguity, we might call ecological criticism as "ecological literature criticism". In American academic field, ecological li

13、terature criticism had many names, mainly ecocriticism,ecological criticism,environmental literary criticism,ecological literary criticism, green- cultural studies, environmental literary etc. No matter what the name is, its study object is consistent and steady, namely to explain the embodiment of

14、nature in literary works, to discover the relationships between human cultural and natural environment. The first collected paper on ecological literature criticism of United States-The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology .One of the editor , Cheryll Glotfelty has given the defin

15、ition of ecological literature criticism "the study of the relationship of literature and natural environment ". This definition looks simple, but actually contains very rich content. Ecological literature criticism breaks the previous tradition which states that the literary theory resear

16、ch "anthropocentric",and advocates "ecocentric or earth-centered", changeing the ecological literature criticism discussion from "writer, text and the world in the relationship" to"the human society" then extends to the whole "ecological system". Thu

17、s making literature as a kind of human culture form beyond the "humanistic" concept. Based on the investigation of etymology, the Greek etymology "oikos" is the original word of "ecological criticism" (ecocriticism) . "Oikos" in Greek means "people's

18、dwelling place", and"criticism"is evaluation. When they get together it means" the evaluation of the person's residence or the colony ". In addition, the "ecological" (eco-) in Latin etymology means "family or housekeeping" (huose). Obviously, No matt

19、er from the perspective of Greek or Latin etymology the word "ecological" points to people's living homes. We now call "ecological" not only represents nature, but also provides mankind shelters. From the word-formation method, "ecological criticism" is made up by &

20、quot;ecological" and "critiicism". "Ecology"is a academic term created by German biologist Emst Haeckel in 1866, it represents the ecology, and "criticism" refers to the literary criticism. Thus, The first half of "ecological criticism" is about the natur

21、e, while the latter part belong to the human culture content. Literally the words structure can tell the difference between the special feature: "ecological criticism" depending on the nature and humans explores the connection between interdisciplinary cultures. 2.The Gradual Development o

22、f the United States Ecological Literature Criticism From the beginning of the middle 20th century, the US-led western industrialized countries enters into a period in which the environment and ecological problems that has become serious. This situation forced people to consider the social product mo

23、de of capitalist industrialization.Seriously, the destruction of environment and technology on human body beyond a certain level, has become a social context of the ecological trend. And it gradually penetrate into the western society culture field. The stable social psychological culture began to a

24、ppear corresponding adjustment and change, and affected people's way of thinking, values and aesthetic concept of development and change. The contemporary ecology idea is also starting a vigorous development. All this constituted literature research in the field of ecological criticism is to pro

25、duce a desired environment and soil. In this society and culture background, American ecological criticism ideas brewing initiation and vigorous development has become the inevitable result of formality.2.1 The Prophase Brewing of American Ecological Criticism In the late 20th century,The environmen

26、tal awareness of the western developed countries' people had grown. In the United States, the leader of western industrialized countries , the environmental issues of social concern has already become the focus of the news, covering environmental themeand become the focus of the public. Like the

27、 ecological critics Cheryll Glotfelty said, if you browse the newspaper headlines of the same period, you will see such content: oil spill, leading pollution, toxic waste pollution, unprecedented extinction, the protest, the ozone hole, expanding the predictions of global warming , acid rain, o

28、verburden erosion, the destruction of tropical forests, the fire, Yellowstone national park, Pacific beaches are washed the medical waste, famine, drought, flood. The United Nations held special meetings on environment and development. The President of the United States claimed that the 1990s was en

29、vironmental age. The USA magazine is no doubt has statement of "Suffer Threats of the Earth's" which shows the highly focus on the ecological criticism. These facts or events show such topics. environmental damage caused serious consequences, and ecological environmental awareness, anx

30、iety and positive environmental action,etc.The whole American society has had a broad impact,because of the ecological change and cultural change. American ecologists Barry Kanmans points out," The issue caused by environmental crisis is too deep and too common. They call for a national debate.

31、" At this era background and cultural atmosphere, the environmental consciousness of people and ecological thinking will reflect that the humanities and social science research have important influence. Thought transition period from1960s to 1970s , also under the background of the environmenta

32、l crisis of social science field, some of the subjects, such as ethics, history, law and politics gradually responds the western culture, sport culture of contemporary atmosphere, with the ecological thoughts resources,and the designer tries to combine ecological thinking in their field of study: &q

33、uot;greening" transformation. From the perspective of their own subject development, when the disciplines found in the past faces new environment, it becomes not suitable even harmful, than "a common sense conversion" is quietly in these field. Facing the other social subject of this

34、trend, the literature research field from ecological to literary research transformation thought is still underway. Green, roves as the early 1990s established term by American ecological criticism advocates the situation which expresses that hope literature research responds as soon as possible and

35、 the hope that desperation produces the ecological criticism to shorten the time ideological ferment. Ecological thinking and literary research are combined by the real need brewing time, but beyond that it still has some objective factors which are also under the influence. For example, a new metho

36、d of literary studing in the development process often needs to break the traditional study methods, and needs to get rid of some of the barriers of some old thought-form. Literature about the environment and ecological researchers should not only relies on the ecological philosophy, but also the na

37、tural science knowledge, such as "Walden" and "Silent Spring," these classic readings and ecological thinkings may involves some biology or biological ecology content.Even by the plight of many objective factors influenced by the literature research in the field of "greening

38、", the rapid germination in American literature research field appeared a few "greening" the clue. According to the United States active advocation of the ecological criticism, America's first environmental research and literature professor Cheryll Glotfelty did installment of the

39、 development of the American ecological criticism. Chosing this period division is out of such a consideration: American ecological criticism in the environmental crisis is under the background of which the literary criticism genre appears, so the early period of ideological ferment definition is no

40、t from this particular background, and it didn't stop this particular background of the previous decades, or even hundreds of years during which people regarded ideological achievements as the important idea resources ecological criticism. When American literature research field in the environme

41、ntal crisis was under pressure entering in the 1970s, some scholars of literary research in the contemporary is under the background of environmental crisis which have a brewing of ecological consciousness literature research methods. What is further development, to what extent is unknown. The futur

42、e development tendency and research status is mentioned. At the same time, the researchers did not form the tacit understanding and cooperation between unites clearly, even in the name of research. Then, in the brewing process of the idea has initially ecological thinking consciousness and literatur

43、e research are often referred to various studies under the name or theme. As Cheryll Glotfelty said this is for the classification, these names including "American research, local characteristics, rural thought, border, human ecology, science and literature, literature of the natural scenery of

44、 natural, literature", and so on. In addition, the researchers almost have no mutual references between the locals, which explains their mutual understanding between no exchanges. In other words, these early environmental and ecological consciousness with the literature research and thought exp

45、loration, and these scholars, are still in their exploration of all times. Although these previous studies and scholars has not formed collaboration , but undeniable, their thoughts is literature research in the field of ecological criticism ideological trend of the final establishment of earlier th

46、ought matting, which based on the ecological thinking from the ecological perspective . Ecological critics David Mazel traces from traditional ecological criticism of the United States angle, trying to trace a century forward from literary criticism of environmental awareness. As for American ecolog

47、ical criticism depicting a "traditional" or "history", and making this valuable traceability to "early ecological criticism of a century" is important. Indeed, the early ideas of brewing and preparing for American ecological criticism production speaking is indispensabl

48、e, like ecological critic Lawrence says, "if no relevant gerne thought and green reading, it cannot be discussed as green literature". In short, this period is American literature research domain, constituting the ecological criticism of American born with the ideological ferment preparati

49、on stage.2.2 The Germination of American Ecological Criticism In the 1970s, American ecological criticism was in the preparation stage, and ideological ferment literary research field though had not appeared this literature research term "ecological criticism". But it had the ecological co

50、nsciousness of literary criticism and ecological thinking for "ecological criticism" this literary criticism term appear ready thought matting, based on the ecological perspective for the literary research collaborative development completed preparations for the thought. In the first stage

51、, based on the thought of ecological consciousness ,literature research began the uniform name towards the direction of literary research genres gradual development. With the research of the appearance of the name of "ecological criticism" the ecological consciousness literature research a

52、ctivities began to gather, and finally"ecological criticism" as the uniform name, "American ecological criticism" finally established the premise. After the brewing in the 1970s, American literature research field development based on the ecological perspective in the literature

53、research activities in the 1970s have iconic progress. American ecological criticism pioneer William Rueekert create and first used this term "ecological criticism" , use this term based on the ecological perspective named literary criticism methods. Thus, "ecological criticism"

54、as a formal literature research term began to enter into people' perspective."Ecological criticism" before, some scholars have tried another kind of name of ecological consciousness literature with research activities. In 1974, the United States biological ecologists and comparative li

55、terature scholar, ecological criticism pioneer Jospeh Meeke based on ecological perspective named "of literary studies, and literary ecology" published a monograph survival comedy:"literature ecology".Meeke in this early writing ecological criticism of literature from the perspec

56、tive of a kind of ecology, try to reading from the new way of human influence on environment of literary ecology perspective research. In his view, the "human is the only thing on earth's literary creatures. if literary creation is an important characteristic of mankind, then we should care

57、fully for its research, honest, to find it on human behavior and natural environment influence, so as to determine it in the human clubs and survival. If really plays the role of a word - what? Is it a kind of activity that makes us better adapt to the world ? Or make us alienate the world from the

58、activity? Continued evolution and natural selection's point of view, the literature on human survival for contributions to human extinction whether it was the 'contribution'?" These are densely engaged in "literature ecology" jumping-off place. Meanwhile, Meeke also based

59、on ecological view of literature's tragedy and comedy model for the most enlightening new comprehension and interpretation, "in the context of literary ecology" show today's human had to face the environmental problems relates to the ultimate survival. Like ecological critics of this early, green ecological criticism of the significance to explore, this evaluation of literary ecology research : its meaning w