中西翻譯理論整理匯總

1、翻譯理論整理匯總翻譯腔（translationeses）是在譯文中留有源語言特征等翻譯痕跡的現(xiàn)象，嚴重的翻譯腔使譯文讀起來不夠通順。出現(xiàn)翻譯腔有時是很難免的。形成翻譯腔有以下幾個原因：1）英漢語言本身的不同，包括句型結構等，在翻譯時如果不能做到自由轉換就會有種不是地道目標語的感覺。2）英漢文化的不同，不同的文化背景下，單詞或習語有時會出現(xiàn)偏差甚至零對等（zero-correspondence）。有時只講詞對詞的反應就會出現(xiàn)翻譯腔。3）譯者自身水平。奈達的功能對等就要求譯者注重譯文對讀者的影響，好的譯文讓讀者感覺是母語的寫作、實現(xiàn)功能的對等。Venuti主張同化和異化的結合，通過同化讓讀者獲得相

2、識的反應，通過異化使讀者領略異國語言和文化。譯者應該提高自己翻譯水平，在翻譯策略上實現(xiàn)功能對等，從而盡量避免翻譯腔的出現(xiàn)。1. 中國的翻譯理論家 嚴復、茅盾、魯迅、朱光潛、傅雷、錢鐘書1） 嚴復 信、達、雅faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness2） 茅盾 他也主張“直譯”，反對“意譯”，他認為漢語確實存在語言組織上欠嚴密的不足，有必要吸引印歐語系的句法形態(tài)。但是矛盾與魯迅觀點同中有異，他認為“直譯”并不是“字對字”，一個不多，一個不少。因為中西文法結構截然不同，純粹的“字對字”是不可能的。3） 魯迅 魯迅的“寧信而不順”是“凡是翻譯，

3、必須兼顧兩面，一當然是力求易解，一則保存著原作風姿”，這是魯迅的基本思想。針對當年那種“牛頭不對馬嘴”的胡譯、亂譯以及所謂“與其信而不順，不如順而不信”的說法（梁秋實），提出了“寧信而不順”這一原則，主張直譯，以照顧輸入新表現(xiàn)法和保持原作的風貌。他還認為，翻譯一要“移情”、“益志”，譯文要有“異國情調(diào)”，二要“輸入新的表現(xiàn)法”，以改進中文的文法，在當時主要表現(xiàn)為改進白話文。必須強調(diào)的是，魯迅其實是主張翻譯要通順，又要忠實的。只是二者不可兼得的情況下，“寧信而不順”。4） 林語堂 他是在中國議學史上第一個最明確地將現(xiàn)代語言學和心理學作為翻譯理論的“學理剖析”的基礎的。了解翻譯的三條標準：忠實、通

4、順和美。5） 朱光潛 他的翻譯標準是：第一，不違背作者的意思；第二，要使讀者在肯用心了解時能夠了解。6） 傅雷的“神似說”（spirit alikeness） 傅雷對翻譯有兩個比喻，一是“以效果而言，翻譯應該像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似”。二是就手法而言“以甲國文字傳達乙國文字所包含的那些特點，必須像伯樂相馬，要得其精而忘其粗，在其內(nèi)而忘其外”。7） 錢鐘書的“化境”說（sublimation） 所謂“化境”（sublimation），是指原作在譯文中就像“投胎轉世”，軀體換了一個，但精魄依然故我。換句話說，譯本對原作應該忠實得讀起來不像譯本，因為作品在原文里絕不會讀起來想翻譯出的東西的

5、：“文學翻譯的最高理想可以說是化，把作品從一國文字轉換成另一國文字，既能不因語文習慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風味，那就算得入于化境”。2. 國外的翻譯理論家1） John Dryden Metaphrase(逐詞譯), turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into another. Paraphrase(釋譯), or translation with latitude, where the author's words are not so strictly fo

6、llowed but his sense. Imitation(擬議), where the translation assumes the liberty, bot only to vary fro the words and the sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion. 2） Alexander Fraser Tytlera. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.b. That th

7、e style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. 3） Eugene A. Nida Nida: translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-languag

8、e message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所謂翻譯，就是從語義到文體在譯語中用最切近而又最自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原語的信息。 Reproducing the message; Equivalence rather than identity; A natural equivalent; The closest equivalent; The style; Dynamic equivalence is to describe it as &q

9、uot;the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message". This type of definition contains three essential terms: 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message; 2) natural, which points roward the receptor language, and 3)closest, which binds the two orientations toge

10、ther on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. 4） Peter Newmark 1. Semantic translation: "is personal and individual follows the thought processes of the author, tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact", e

11、xpressive (literary) texts tend more toward the semantic method of translation. 語義性翻譯：屈從原語文化和原作者，翻譯原文的語義，只在原文的內(nèi)涵意義構成理解的最大障礙時才加以解釋。屬超額翻譯。 2. Communicative translation: on the other hand, "attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language

12、 are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership". Informative and non-literary texts require communicative translation. 交際性翻譯：譯作所產(chǎn)生的效果應力求接近原作，首先終于譯語和譯文讀者，即使原語屈從譯語和譯語文化，不給讀者留下任何疑點和難懂之處，屬欠額翻譯。5） Skopostheory 德國目的論 1. Translation Studies returns the attention to the Receptor side. Sko

13、postheory begins by seeing translation as a purposeful "action", which lead to "a result, a new situation, and possibly to a 'new' object". The aim of the translational action and the way in which it is realized is not random, but must be "negotiated with the client

14、who commissions the action". The ends justify the means. 2. As Vermeer insists: "if therefore follows that source and target texts may diverge from each other quite considerably not only in the formulation and distribution of the content but also as regards the goals which are set for each

15、". 6） Holmes He divides Translation Studies into two major branches, "Pure" and "Applied", and then sun-divides the " Pure" into two further sub-branches: "Theoretical" and "Descriptive" Translation Studies. Translation Methods:1. Word -for word

16、 translation This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word transla

17、tion is either to understand the mechanics of the source language of to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process. 2. Literal translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As

18、a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved. 3. Faithful translation A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It "transfers" cultural words and preserves the

19、degree of grammatical and lexical "abnormality"(deviation from SL and norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL write. 4. Semantic translation Semantic translation differs from "faithful translation" only

20、 in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on "meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultura

21、l words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between "faithful" and "semantic" translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator's intuitive empathy with the original. 5. Adaptation This tis the "freest" from of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedi