CER項(xiàng)目工藝管道細(xì)則

1、Presidential candidates act strategically. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters. During the 1992 campaign, a sign on the wall of Clintons headquarters in Little Rock read, The Economy, Stupid. The slogan was the idea of James Carville

2、, Clintons chief strategist, and was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nations slow-moving economy, which ultimately was the issue that defeated Bush. As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were

3、 motivated largely by a desire for change.目 錄Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidates personal characteristics. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bushs approval rating reached 91 percent, the high

4、est level recorded since polling began in the 1930s. A year later, with the nations economy in trouble, Bush抯 approval rating dropped below 40 percent. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.The candidates strategies are shaped

5、by many considerations, including the constitutional provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number to its representation in Congress. Each state thus gets two electoral votes for its Senate representation and a varying number of electoral votes depending on its House represent

6、ation. Altogether, there are 538 electoral votes (including three for the District of Columbia, even though it has no voting representatives in Congress. To win the presidency, a candidate must receive at least 270 votes, an electoral majority.1. 工程概況Candidates are particularly concerned with winnin

7、g the states which have the largest population, such as California (with 54 electoral votes, New York (33, Texas (32, Florida (25, Pennsylvania (23, lllinois (22, and Ohio (21. Victory in the eleven largest states alone would provide an electoral majority, and presidential candidates therefore spend

8、 most of their time campaigning in those states. Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992, compared with Bushs 38 percent and Perots 19 percent; but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming 370 electoral votes, compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.2. 編制依據(jù)No on

9、e now living in the United States can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the Republican parties. It has been going on for more than a century, making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the world.監(jiān)理工作流程The American political system is a classical example of the two-pa

10、rty system. When we say that we have a two-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties. Usually about;i dozen parties nominate presidential candidates. We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties and a number of small parties, and the large part

11、ies are so large that we often forget about the rest. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5 per cent of the vote cast in national elections.4. 監(jiān)理工作控制要點(diǎn)The Democratic and Republican parties are the largest and most competitive organizations in the American community. They organize t

12、he electorate very simply by maintaining the two-party system. Americans almost inevitably become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go. Moreover, because the rivalry of these parties is very old, most Americans know where they belong in the system. As a con

13、sequence of the dominance of the major parties, most elected officials are either Republicans or Democrats. Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years, but thesystem has survived all assaults.How does it happen that the two-party

14、system is so strongly rooted in American politics? The explanation is probably to be found in the way elections are conducted. In the United States, unlike countries with a parliamentary system of government, we elect not only the President, but a large number of other officials, about 800,000 of th

15、em. We also elect congressmen from single-member districts. For example, we elect 435 members of the House of Representatives from 435 districts (there are a few exceptions, one member for each district. Statistically, this kind of election favors the major parties. The system of elections makes it

16、easy for the major parties to maintain their dominant position, because they are likely to win more than their share of the offices.One of the great consequences of the system is that it produces majorities automatically. Because there are only two competitors in the running, it is almost inevitable

17、 that one will receive a majority. Moreover, the system tends slightly to exaggerate the victory of the winning party. This is not always true, but the strong tendency to produce majorities is built into the system.5. 監(jiān)理工作方法及措施In over 200 years of constitutional history, Americans have learned much

18、about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other. At the level of presidential elections, the party in power has been overturned by the party out of power nineteen times, almost once a decade. In the election of 1860,

19、the political system broke down, and the Civil War, the worst disaster in American history, resulted. Our history justifies our confidence in the system hut also shows that it is not foolproof.The second major party is able to survive a defeat because the statistical tendency that exaggerates the vi

20、ctory of the winning party operates even more strongly in favor of the second party against the third, fourth, and fifth parties. As a result, the defeated major party is able to maintain a monopoly of the opposition. The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only p

21、arty that is likely to he able to overturn the party in power. It is able, therefore, to attract the support of everyone seriously opposed to the party in power. The second party is important as long as it can monopolize the movement to overthrow the party in power, because it is certain to come int

22、o power sooner or later.1. 工程概況本工程是陶氏化學(xué)（張家港）有限公司6000噸/年環(huán)氧樹脂技改項(xiàng)目，建設(shè)地點(diǎn)為張家港市揚(yáng)子江國際化學(xué)工業(yè)園區(qū)，設(shè)備安裝工作主要分布在工藝裝置區(qū)，總計(jì)設(shè)備為15臺，其中罐2臺、泵類設(shè)備3臺、換熱器1臺、過濾器4臺、加熱箱1臺、電子城1臺、固體加熱系統(tǒng)1套、電動(dòng)葫蘆移位1臺、電動(dòng)推車1臺。2 編制依據(jù)2.1 批準(zhǔn)的監(jiān)理規(guī)劃2.2 業(yè)主提供的施工設(shè)計(jì)文件、圖紙2.3 GB50231-1998機(jī)械設(shè)備安裝工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范2.4 GB50236-1998現(xiàn)場設(shè)備、工業(yè)管道焊接工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范2.5 GB50275-1998壓縮機(jī)、風(fēng)機(jī)、泵安

23、裝工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范2.6 GB50126-1989工業(yè)設(shè)備及管道絕熱工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范2.7 HG20201-2000工程建設(shè)安裝工程起重施工規(guī)范2.8 HG20203-2000化工機(jī)器安裝工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范（通用規(guī)范）2.9 GB50185-1993工業(yè)設(shè)備及管道絕熱工程質(zhì)量檢查評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2.10 HGJ229-1991工業(yè)設(shè)備管道防腐工程施工及驗(yàn)收規(guī)范3. 監(jiān)理工作流程圖協(xié)助完成監(jiān)理工作總結(jié)協(xié)助完成監(jiān)理檔案資料參與單位、單項(xiàng)工程驗(yàn)收參與單位（子單位）、單項(xiàng)工程預(yù)驗(yàn)收按設(shè)計(jì)要求、施工規(guī)范、統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織分項(xiàng)分部（子分部）工程驗(yàn)收分項(xiàng)工序施工巡檢關(guān)鍵工序、部位、對象跟蹤檢查隱蔽工程檢查工程材料/

24、構(gòu)配件/設(shè)備報(bào)驗(yàn)審核工程操作人員上崗證審核工程檢測儀器審核熟悉施工圖及相關(guān)規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)3.1 材料/構(gòu)配件/設(shè)備驗(yàn)收控制流程圖否是監(jiān)理拒絕簽認(rèn)并書面通知承包商限期撤場投入使用是否合格？監(jiān)理平行檢驗(yàn)或見證取樣否承包商另找建材供應(yīng)商是承包商采購是否合格？項(xiàng)目監(jiān)理機(jī)構(gòu)審查承包商提交樣品、技術(shù)資料和質(zhì)量證明3.2 工序交接檢驗(yàn)流程否是否是進(jìn)行下道工序監(jiān)理工程師簽署質(zhì)檢合格意見是否合格？實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)監(jiān)理工程師現(xiàn)場檢查返修是否合格？承包商自檢、專職初驗(yàn)工序施工完畢3.3 隱蔽工程檢驗(yàn)流程可否申報(bào)申報(bào)分包工程隱蔽監(jiān)理工程師復(fù)驗(yàn)簽證施工單位自驗(yàn)收并認(rèn)可3.5 靜設(shè)備安裝監(jiān)理工作流程 配合基礎(chǔ)驗(yàn)收熟悉圖紙 監(jiān)理技術(shù)準(zhǔn)

25、備 配合設(shè)備開箱驗(yàn)收 一次灌漿 設(shè)備就位初平檢測 設(shè)備檢測 設(shè)備就位精平檢查 二次灌漿 鋼結(jié)構(gòu)安裝檢測設(shè)備成品保護(hù)檢查 設(shè)備清垢及密閉 零部件安裝檢測前檢查和壓力容器試壓交付驗(yàn)收 3.6動(dòng)設(shè)備安裝監(jiān)理工作流程配合基礎(chǔ)驗(yàn)收熟悉圖紙 監(jiān)理技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備 配合設(shè)備開箱驗(yàn)收 設(shè)備就位精平檢查 一次灌漿 設(shè)備就位動(dòng)平檢查 二次灌漿 設(shè)備分體組合等安裝檢查 動(dòng)力設(shè)備試車檢測工配合無負(fù)荷聯(lián)動(dòng)試車 設(shè)備單機(jī)試車檢測配合投料試車 4監(jiān)理工作控制要點(diǎn)4.1準(zhǔn)備階段監(jiān)理要點(diǎn)：4.2機(jī)泵的安裝：監(jiān)理重點(diǎn)：縱橫水平度及聯(lián)軸節(jié)對中；目標(biāo)值：機(jī)泵安裝應(yīng)按其說明書及施工規(guī)范的要求施工，縱向水平偏差不大于0.1/1000，橫向水平偏

26、差不大于0.2/1000；兩對輪軸線傾斜小于0.2/1000，軸心徑向位移符合GB50236-98。監(jiān)理方法：量測，用框式水平儀、百分表進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。4.3 立式設(shè)備的安裝：監(jiān)理重點(diǎn)：立式設(shè)備垂直度誤差檢查目標(biāo)值：當(dāng)筒體長度H20m時(shí)，垂直度誤差H/1000；當(dāng)筒體長度H20m時(shí)，垂直度誤差H/1000，且不得大于30mm。（H：設(shè)備的高度。）監(jiān)理方法：用經(jīng)緯儀或吊線墜的方法，分別從相互垂直的四個(gè)方向測量，測量時(shí)應(yīng)選擇早晨時(shí)間，以避免陽光照射引起的熱脹造成塔體變形產(chǎn)生的測量失真。4.4 臥式設(shè)備安裝：監(jiān)理重點(diǎn)：設(shè)備水平度偏差檢查。目標(biāo)值：軸向L/1000；徑向2D/1000。L：筒體長，D：筒體內(nèi)

27、徑。監(jiān)理方法：用水準(zhǔn)儀或水平管分別從軸向兩端點(diǎn)測量；徑向水平輪廓線測量。4.5 墊鐵安裝：監(jiān)理重點(diǎn)：墊鐵高度、塊數(shù)及墊鐵形式。目標(biāo)值：設(shè)備墊鐵放置高度要求控制在40-60毫米，墊鐵層數(shù)3-5層，斜墊鐵應(yīng)成對使用。4.6 設(shè)備內(nèi)件安裝：由設(shè)備廠家工程師指導(dǎo)安裝；4.7設(shè)備的防腐保溫：監(jiān)理重點(diǎn)： 設(shè)備的除銹和保溫層檢查。目標(biāo)值：按設(shè)計(jì)文件要求采用機(jī)械除銹達(dá)到St2.0級，除銹后的設(shè)備應(yīng)用棉紗布除去設(shè)備表面的浮銹及污物，做到當(dāng)天除銹當(dāng)天刷漆，漆膜厚度應(yīng)大于80m。設(shè)備保溫施工時(shí)，保溫棉縫隙要錯(cuò)開，保溫縫應(yīng)用保溫材料塞實(shí)，保溫棉用鍍鋅鐵絲扎結(jié)實(shí)，鐵絲間距300毫米為宜，保溫棉安裝合格后再加鐵皮防護(hù)，鐵

28、皮安裝接縫應(yīng)密實(shí)，嚴(yán)禁出現(xiàn)翹縫、凹凸不平等現(xiàn)象。監(jiān)理方法：旁站、目測、用金屬測厚儀測量漆膜厚度。5.0安全監(jiān)理：本次無鹵環(huán)氧樹脂裝置施工時(shí)間緊任務(wù)重，交叉作業(yè)多，裝置區(qū)設(shè)備密集，吊裝難度大，安全工作優(yōu)其突出，要求施工單位建立安全保證體系，施工前對施工人員進(jìn)行一次安全教育，并經(jīng)考試合格后方可上崗施工，專職安全員盯在現(xiàn)場為職工做好安全服務(wù)，所有施工人員都應(yīng)做到如下要求：5.1 進(jìn)入施工現(xiàn)場戴好安全帽，高空作業(yè)系好安全帶。努力搞好自我防護(hù)，做到“我要安全，我會(huì)安全”。堅(jiān)持以人為本，做好本職安全工作。5.2 框架上設(shè)備、管線、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)交叉作業(yè)多，要求施工單位設(shè)置安全網(wǎng)，射線探傷位置應(yīng)設(shè)置警戒繩。5.3 現(xiàn)場準(zhǔn)備好滅火器材。5.