高大上英國歷史7.6theBourgeoisRevolution6

1、 1 The Bourgeois RevolutionThe Bourgeois Revolution (16031688) 2 BackgroundIn the first half of the 17th century capitalism grew rapidly in EnglandThe national industry，cloth-making, had spread all over the countryThe capitalist handicraft workshop developed rapidly in a still feudalist society New

2、industries such as coal-mining，ship-building，glass-making，the production of paper，sugar，and gunpowder，also developed 3 Two Basic ConditionsA large number of employed workers and the consequent expansion of the domestic market；A large amount of capitalThe two conditions are to be accomplished by prim

3、itive accumulationEngland，the earliest and the most typical country of primitive accumulation，achieved these by the “Enclosure Movement” and foreign trade and colonial plunder 4 The ConflictThe conflict between the bourgeoisie and the crown became complete in the early years of the 1 7th centuryThe

4、bourgeoisie had gained economic supremacy, but everywhere it encountered feudal restrictions The foundations of feudal society had already fallen down，but the feudal nobility with the King as their head was still the ruling class The early 17th century was a period of the most acute class struggle b

5、etween the bourgeoisie and the feudalists with the King as their head 5 James I (16031625) The Stuarts had been Kings of Scotland since the 1 4th centuryWhen Elizabeth died childless，James VI of Scotland，descended from a sister of Henry VIII, was heir to the English throne.He thus became King of bot

6、h countries as James VI of Scotland and James I of England. He was determined not to allow the Church of England to become Presbyterian like the Church of Scotland 6 Charles I (16251653)Charles I had a very different personality compared to James. Charles was arrogant, conceited and a strong believe

7、r in the divine rights of kings. He had witnessed the damaged relationship between his father and Parliament, and considered that Parliament was entirely at fault. He found it difficult to believe that a king could be wrong. His conceit and arrogance were eventually to lead to his execution 7 The Ci

8、vil Wars In August 1642 the king declared war on Parliament. Financial aid came from the nobility. The kings supporters were the feudal landowners of the most backward districts of Englandthe North and the Westand also of Wales. They were called cavaliers (knights or courtiers). The cavaliers wore r

9、ich clothes and curled their haira prerogative of the nobility 8 The Civil Wars To fight the king, Parliament raised an army of its own, drawn from the population of the advanced districts of the South-East of England where London and other large towns were situated. The struggle against the king wa

10、s headed by the new nobility, that is, the owners of factories and the merchants, who found support among the peasantry and the artisans 9 The Civil Wars 10% 10% 儲蓄投資The Roundheads, led by the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell, were successful only in East Anglia. Oliver Cromwell was a country

11、gentleman and member of the Parliament。After three years of struggle, the Kings forces were destroyed at the battle of Naseby by Cromwells New Model Army. The King sought shelter with a Scottish army at Southwell in Nottinghamshire in May 1646. This marked the end of the First English Civil War The

12、men in the Parliamentary army dressed simply and were against curled hair. Those who supported Parliament were therefore called Roundheads. 10 The Civil Wars 10% 10% 儲蓄投資In May 1648 the Second Civil War broke out，as the result of secret negotiations between the King, the Presbyterian leaders in Parl

13、iament，and the ScotsThe Scots and the Presbyterians agreed to restore Charles as King. Facing this serious situation Cromwell again rallied together the Independents and Levellers and completely defeated the reactionaries in a few monthsThe Second Civil War was overCharles was tried by a High Court

14、of Justice，found guilty of having levied war against his kingdom and Parliament，condemned to death，and executed on January 30, 1649. Oliver Cromwell became the most powerful man in England. 11 The Civil Wars The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict

15、between Parliament and the King，but also as a conflict between the economic interests of the urban idle classes and the traditional economic interests of the Crown. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of feudal rule in Europe 12 The Commonw

16、ealth of England (16491660)The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector. The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of governme

17、nt during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum, not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Nations.The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the regicide of

18、Charles I on January 30, 1649, its existence was initially declared (An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649. 13 The Restoration (1660)Cromwell died in 1658. By that time dissatisfaction had become widespread among the soldiery. The new nobility and the

19、bourgeoisie, fearful of the movement spreading among the lower classes, secured the support of Cromwells generals, whose troops had occupied London. In 1660 Parliament offered to restore the monarchy if Charles would agree to concessions for religious toleration and a general amnesty. Charles was no

20、t as hard-headed as his father, and he agreed to the proposals. He returned to London on a wave of popular support to be crowned Charles II (1660-85) 14 The Glorious Revolution (1688)To a large extent, the Roman Catholic James II (1633-1701), King of Great Britain from 1685 until he fled to France i

21、n 1688, brought the Glorious Revolution down upon himself. When, in June 1688, he had a son, fears of the establishment of a Catholic dynasty in England led prominent Protestant statesmen to invite William of Orange, Jamess son-in-law, to assume the throne. 14 15 William landed with an army at Torbay in November 1688, promised to defend the liberty of England and the Protestant religion, and marched unopposed on London. James fled ignominiously to France. Parliament then met, denounced James, offered the throne to William and his wife Mary as join