不定式和動(dòng)名詞用法復(fù)習(xí)

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞講解Grammar（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。1、不定式的形式：主 動(dòng)被 動(dòng)一般式to writeto be written進(jìn)行式to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written否定式：not + (to) do1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The pa

2、tient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to ha

3、ve met his friend.2、不定式的句法功能：1）作主語：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.2）作表語：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caugh

4、t a cold.3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did not

5、hing last Sunday but repair his bike.動(dòng)詞不定式前有時(shí)可與疑問詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 4）作賓語補(bǔ)足語：在復(fù)合賓語中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：With a lot

6、 of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema. 有些動(dòng)詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.5）作定語：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：A）動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：He found a g

7、ood house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：Have you got anything to sent?Have you got anything to be sent?B）說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We h

8、ave made a plan to finish the work.C）被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.6）作狀語：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right: To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To

9、learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.B）表結(jié)果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：（表示出乎意料的結(jié)果）I visited him only to find him out.C）表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question

10、is simple for him to answer.7）作獨(dú)立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留to省略助動(dòng)詞。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.9）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1、動(dòng)名詞的形式： 語 態(tài) 式主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式doingbeing done完成式hav

11、ing donehaving been done否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。2）被動(dòng)式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀請(qǐng)就來到了晚會(huì)。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。4）完成被動(dòng)式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過。5）否定式：not + 動(dòng)名詞I regret

12、not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動(dòng)名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮巍is not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。2、動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：1）作主語：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)常用it作形式主語。Its no use quarr

13、elling. 爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。2）作表語：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。3）作賓語：They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，若跟有賓語補(bǔ)足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others

14、. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動(dòng)詞及短語只跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認(rèn)），deny（否認(rèn)）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險(xiǎn)）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from,

15、stop（from）,protectfrom,set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定語：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？5）作同位語：The cave, his hiding-place is secret.

16、那個(gè)山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收聽收音機(jī)新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。區(qū)別：一）從含義上不定式表示具體某一次的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)名詞表示比較抽象的一般行為、習(xí)慣。 I love swimming, but I don't love to swim in this dirty river. (我喜歡游泳，但我不喜歡在這條臟河里游泳。） 平衡原則：當(dāng)表語是動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，主語也要用動(dòng)名詞；當(dāng)表語是不定式時(shí)，主語也要用不定式。 To live is to struggleSeein

17、g is believing二). 不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語：動(dòng)名詞做主語多表抽象和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而不定式做主語多表具體動(dòng)作。-Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here這里禁止抽煙。 (抽象) -It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。 (具體) -Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰時(shí)刻開車令人厭煩。 (經(jīng)驗(yàn)) -It took me only five minutes to finish the job.（具體） 三）不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語以及區(qū)別(1)

18、不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語 在英語中，介詞賓語常用動(dòng)名詞， 不用不定式。而動(dòng)詞賓語，有時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞，有時(shí)用不定式，有時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞和不定式意義變化不大，有時(shí)意義卻相差甚遠(yuǎn)。下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式作（直接）賓語：hope, wish, want, ask, help, refuse, learn, demand, care, choose, arrange, expect, decide, agree, plan, promise, offer, manage, pretend, prepare, elect, fail, long, determine，desire等，如：They all agreed

19、 to start off early in order to catch the first bus. In spite of the difficulties, we managed to finish the work ahead of time. We expect to be back on Sunday. He chose(decieded) to stay where he was. I'm longing (desiring)to see you.下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞作（直接）賓語： appreciate, delay, admit, suggest, keep, pr

20、event, miss, risk, escape, imagine, enjoy, consider, avoid, finish, mind, fancy, practise, advise, pardon, excuse, give up ,keep on, put off, can't help, leave off, feel like, can't stand 等。如：- I can't fancy (imagine) his doing such a thing. - You can hardly avoid (get away from, escape)

21、meeting her if you both work in the same office. - I have admitted having done wrong. -I don't feel like eating a meal now.注意下列短語后也只能接動(dòng)名詞作（直接）賓語： set about get/be used to, look forward to, object to, devote oneself to （致力于）等。如： -We are looking forward to seeing you again. （2）、下列動(dòng)詞的直接賓語既可用不定式，又可用

22、動(dòng)名詞，意義上僅有具體與抽象之分，但許多情況下可互換：like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, attempt, afford, prefer, propose, intend , can't bear。如： We can't afford to pay for/ paying for the car. -After a short break she started to work/working hard.-He continued to live/living with his parents after his

23、 marriage.(3)、下列動(dòng)詞的（直接）賓語可用不定式，也可用動(dòng)名詞，在意義上有明顯的差別。它們是：remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop, go on 等。1. remember to do 記著要做； remember doing記得（過去）曾做過 2. forget to do忘記要做（未做）； forget doing忘記了（過去）曾經(jīng)做過（已做） 3. regret to do 對(duì)將要做的事表示后悔；regret doing對(duì)已做過的事表示后悔。4. try to do想法設(shè)法努力做； try doing 試一試試著做5. mean

24、to do打算想要做 ；mean doing意思是，意味著6. stop to do停止（某事）去干另一件事； stop doing停止（不再）做事 7. go on to do （干完一事后）接著干另一件事； go on doing繼續(xù)干（以前未完成的）某事(4)、動(dòng)詞want, need, require 作“需要”解時(shí)，接不定式或動(dòng)名詞意思都一樣，只是接動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)形式（表示被動(dòng)意義），接不定式要用被動(dòng)式。如： Your handwriting needs improving.(=to be improved).What you said wants proving(=to be pr

25、oved). These books are required reading(=to be read)Step6：典型例題講解例1:The Clarks haven't decided yet which hotel_. A. to stay B. iS to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying【解析】答案為C。此句的賓語為動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“疑問詞+不定式”。故排除B 項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)，stay是不及物動(dòng)詞，必須接介詞才能跟賓語，因此選C。類似結(jié)構(gòu)的例句如下：I don't know whom to rely on .例2:I don'

26、;t like_ bills but when I do get them I like_ them promptly. A to get, paying B. getting, to pay C. to get, to pay D. getting, paying【解析】答案為B。動(dòng)詞“l(fā)ike”后即可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語也可接不定式作賓語，但是“to like doing sth”表示一般性的行為，概念較為抽象化。如：He likes swimming;而“to like to cloth?！北硎揪唧w動(dòng)作或情況，如：I don't like to disturb you；此句的第一空應(yīng)選

27、擇“getting”，泛指收到帳單這一抽象行為，后一空選擇“to pay”，表示具體的一次付款舉動(dòng)，答案是B。此外，類似like的詞還有l(wèi)ove，hate，prefer。 例3: In international matches, prestige is s01mportant that the only thing that matters is to avoid A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten【解析】答案為B。動(dòng)詞“avoid”是及物動(dòng)詞，其后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，如：I crossed the

28、street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me 因此排除A、D 項(xiàng)；根據(jù)題意是“避免被（對(duì)手）打敗”，所以選擇動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，B項(xiàng)正確。 例5: He resented to wait. He expected the minister him at once. A. to be asked, to see B. being asked, to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked9 seeing【解析】答案為B。動(dòng)詞resent后只接動(dòng)名詞，如：I r

29、esent seeing this sort of thing;而expect后只能接動(dòng)詞不定式，You can't expect me to approve of it。故B項(xiàng)為正確答案。 例 6: He prefers . A. to write his letters rather than dictating them B. to write his letters rather than dictate them C. writing his letters rather than dictate them D. writing his letters rather than

30、 have dictated them【解析】答案為B。prefer后既可接動(dòng)詞不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞，前者表示具體的動(dòng)作或行為，后者表示抽象的概念。但注意以下搭配，或“prefer to do sthrather than do sth（寧愿做而不愿做.）”或“prefer doing sthto doing sthelse（喜歡勝過）”如：to prefer to die rather than surrender(寧死不屈)，to prefer doing to talking(喜歡做而不喜歡說)。故只有B項(xiàng)符合語法及搭配要求。例7: I never regretted the offer

31、 for it was not where my interest lay. A. not to accept B. not having accepted C. having not accepted D. not accepting【解析】答案為D。“to regret doing sth.”意為“后悔干（過）某事，事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生了”。常用動(dòng)名詞的一般形式表示動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的，如：He regretted missing the opportunity to visit that scholar;“to regret to do sth”則表示“現(xiàn)在必須做那件事”，一般來說

32、regret僅與一小部分動(dòng)詞(announce，learn，see，inform，say，tell)的不定式連用這些動(dòng)詞表示提供或獲取信息，如：I regret to tell you that my friend is ill。D項(xiàng)為動(dòng)名的否定式，符合題意。Step7: Consolidation exercise基礎(chǔ)題1. The flu is considered _ by viruses which are likely to reproduce in the cell s inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being ca

33、used C. to be caused D. to have caused 2. What is the best way Mike can think of _ Jane with her experiment? A. to help B. helping C.help D. to be helping 3. To be good for agricultural purpose, soil must have in it the minerals plants _ . A. to require B. require C. required D. requiring4. We left

34、the small town , there clearly _ no point in staying . A. was B. being C. to be D. is 5. Before I buy a car, I would like to have a mechanic, whom I truly trust , _. A. look it over B. looking it over C. to look it over D. looked it over6. The girl was afraid _ the yard because she was afraid _ by t

35、he big dog _ at the gate. A. to enter. to be bitten.lay B. of entering of being bitten lay C.of entering to be bitten laying D. to enter of being bitten .lying7. - How many species do you believe will be threatened with extinction when the reservoir is completed? - I expect _ ten at least. A. there

36、to be B. there being C. there be D. there have been 8. Hearing the bad news that her mother was killed in the traffic accident , she couldnt help _ . A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry9. What he said at the meeting has proved _ effective and everyone thinks it is worth _ . A. to be . being listened

37、 to B. / being listened C. being . listening to D. / listening to 10. Dont worry. There are still five minutes _ and you can take your time. A. leaving B. to leave C. to go D. being left 11. - Paul always forgets things he has done. - Yes, you know what happened ? He forgot _ and looked for it every

38、where. A. to post the card B. to have posted the card C. having posted the card D. to have the card posted12. Who are you going to have _ the document for you ? - My secretary, of course. A. type B. typed C. to type D. typing13. Last night I had to walk home because it was too late _ any taxis. A. t

39、o be B. being C. to have been D. there to be 14. Whats the best way you think _ our spoken English ? A. of improving B. to improve C. of to improve D. improving 15. Its payday, and they are waiting _. A. for paying B. to be paid C. to be paying D. to have paid16. Im not going to ask the teacher why

40、he gave me that grade; I intend _ . A. to let rest the matter B. letting the matter rest C. to let the matter rest D. to let the matter to rest17. - Do you want to lake a speech on the topic? - I _. A. prefer to not B. prefer not C. perfer not to D. dont prefer to18. I regret _ you that your applica

41、tion has been rejected. A. informing B. be informed C. to be informed D. to inform 19. Do you consider it better _ ? A. not doing it again B. not do it again C. not having done it again D. not to do it again20. While it was very late when Jane began doing the job, he managed with his friends assista

42、nce, _before the office was locked. A. to be finished B. being finished C. finishing D. to finish*Keys:1. C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6. D 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.C 11.C 12. A 13.D 14. C 15. B 16.C17.C 18.D 19.D 20.D 提高題1. Its a wonder place for anyone _ in architecture, as you are. A. interesting B. to be interested

43、C. being interested D. interested 2. Before the invention of planes, _ in the sky like a bird was only a dream. A. men fly B. to fly C. for flying D. flight 3. He could do little except _ . A. writing B. write C. written D. to write 4. The bank is reported in the newspaper _ in broad daylight yester

44、day. A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed5. - Where should I send my application? - The Personal Office is the place _. A. to send it B. sent it to C. to send it to D. for sending it 6. Some terrorists narrowly escaped _ in the fierce battle. A. to be killed B. to k

45、ill C. have killed D. being killed 7. The young scientist could not sleep at night , his thoughts _ him to peace. A. gave B. to give C. giving D. had given8. I dont allow _ in my office and I dont allow my family _ at all. A. to smoke smoking B. smoking to smoke C. to smoke to smoke D. smoking smoki

46、ng 9. I didnt mean _ anything, but these apples looked so good that I couldnt resist _ one. A. to eat trying B. to eat . to trying C. eating to try D. eating to trying10. He felt lonely at first, but after a time he got _ alone and even got _ it . A. used to living . to like B. used to live to like

47、C. using to live liking D. to be used to living liking 11. _ my assignment , I was not allowed _ TV. A. Having not finished to watch B. Not having finished to watch C. Not finishing watching D. Not yet finished to watch12. They will have you _ if you dont pay your taxes. A. to be arrested B. arrest

48、C. arrested D. being arrested 13. Mrs. Brown is supposed _ for Spain last week. A. to have left B. to leave C. to be leaving D. to have been left14. With the guide _ the way, we set off on foot into the dark night. A. leading B. led C. leads D. to lead 15. Rome is the city _ . A. I rather most like

49、to visit B. Id most like to visit C. Im rather to visit most D. Id prefer most to visit16. Tom regrets _ idle when young. A. to have been B. himself being C. having been D. to be 17. Dont let me catch you _ again. A. do that B. to do that C. doing that D. done that 18. _ some more vinegar in the dis

50、h and it might taste a bit better. A. Trying to put B. To try to put C. Try putting D. Try to put 19. The strong wind caused the fire , which obviously had been set by someone on purpose, _ quickly across the field. A. spreading B. spread C. to spreading D. to spread20. At last we found ourselves in

51、 a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. A. sit B. having sat C. to sit D. sat *Keys:1. D 2 B 3. B 4 .C 5. C 6. D 7.C 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.A 14. A 15.B 16.C 17. C 18.C 19.D 20. D能力拓展APeople have been painting pictures for at least 30,000 years. The earliest pictures were painted by people who hunted animals. They used to paint pictures of the animals they wanted to catch and kill. Pictures of this kind have been found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. No one knows why they were painted there. Perhaps the painters thought that their p