動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、 完成時(shí) (一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1表示發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與up to now，so far，already，yet，now，recently，in the past few years，just等表示時(shí)間的詞連用。 (2013湖南高考)Have you heard about the recent election? Sure，it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days. 你聽說過近期的選舉嗎？ 當(dāng)然了，它是近來三天新聞中唯一的事情了。 2用于時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，表示將

2、來要完成的動(dòng)作或一個(gè)動(dòng)作先于另一個(gè)動(dòng)作。 (2011陜西高考)His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month. 他的第一本小說自從上個(gè)月出版之后就很受歡迎。 3在“It (This) is the best (worst，most interesting等)名詞從句”中，從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 (2011湖南高考)It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school. 這是我自從到這個(gè)

3、學(xué)校以來所參加過的最有教育意義的講座。 4在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third.time that從句”中，that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 This is the first time that we have faced such a problem. 這是我們第一次面對(duì)這樣的問題。 (二)過去完成時(shí) 1某些詞用于過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，意為“本來期望/認(rèn)為/打算”。這類動(dòng)詞主要有：expect，hope，plan，suppose，think，intend，mean，want等。 We had wanted to h

4、elp you，but we were too busy to get away. 我們本來想幫助你的，但忙得脫不開身。 2在“hardly (scarcely).when.，no sooner.than.”句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)，意思為“一就”。 Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions. 演講者一結(jié)束他的講話，觀眾就不停地向他提問。 3by，by the end，by the time，until，before，since后接表示過去某

5、一時(shí)間的短語或從句，主句用過去完成時(shí)。 (2011遼寧高考)By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated from college. 杰克從英國回到家時(shí)，他的兒子已經(jīng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。 (三)將來完成時(shí) 主要表示某一動(dòng)作到將來某個(gè)時(shí)間完成，上下文情景中常含有by短語，如by six oclock，by the weekend，by the end of next month等。 (2013西安二檢)By the time Mr Smith arrives at the supermarket，we will hav

6、e stayed there for one hour. 等到Mr Smith到達(dá)超市時(shí)，我們將已經(jīng)在那里待一個(gè)小時(shí)了。 四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (一)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由have/has beenv.ing形式”構(gòu)成，表示過去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去，常和for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。 (2012全國卷)The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am. 自從上午9點(diǎn)經(jīng)理就一直在告訴工人如何改善這一方案。 五、語態(tài) (一)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1英語中有很多動(dòng)詞，如

7、break，catch，clean，drive，lock，wear，open，sell，read，write，wash等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí)，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，主語通常是物；在這種情況下，常常和easily，well等副詞連用。 The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly. 他昨天買的這支鋼筆書寫流暢。 What about the books？這些書怎么樣？ Books of this kind sell well.這種書很暢銷。 2表示感受、感官的系動(dòng)詞如feel，sound，taste，look等，后面跟形容詞、名

8、詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，常常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由聽起來很合理。 3在need，want，require，deserve，bear等動(dòng)詞及形容詞worth的后面，動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。 The house his grandmother lives in needs repairing/to be repaired. 他祖母住的房子需要維修。 The picture book is well worth reading. 這本圖畫書非常值得一讀。 (二)主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的句式 1在“主語(人

9、/物)be形容詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式的主動(dòng)形式可表示被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 This problem is difficult to work out. 這道題很難計(jì)算出。 As you know，Chinese is difficult to learn，especially for a foreigner. 正如你所知，漢語難學(xué)，尤其是對(duì)一個(gè)外國人來說。 2be to rent/blame/let也屬于主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 Who is to b

10、lame for the mistake? 誰應(yīng)為這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤接受譴責(zé)？ As far as I know，the high building standing at the corner of the street is to let.就我所知，街道拐角的那棟高樓要出租。少數(shù)動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，如：少數(shù)動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，如：print, cook, fry, build, hang 等。如：等。如：The meat is cooking.want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。be w

11、orth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題1. Recently I _ writing my report on endangered animals, which is due to be handed in next Monday. (occupy)近來我一直忙于寫我的有關(guān)瀕危動(dòng)物的報(bào)告，這份報(bào)近來我一直忙于寫我的有關(guān)瀕危動(dòng)物的報(bào)告，這份報(bào)告定于下周一上交。告定于下周一上交。答案答案 have been occupying myself in/have been occupied in返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題2. Id r

12、ather you_，because I can not bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather. (go)我寧愿你乘火車去，因?yàn)槲覠o法忍受你的在這種糟糕我寧愿你乘火車去，因?yàn)槲覠o法忍受你的在這種糟糕的天氣還要坐飛機(jī)的想法。的天氣還要坐飛機(jī)的想法。答案答案 went by train返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題3The old temple_several times；now it looks brandnew.(restore)這個(gè)古廟經(jīng)歷了數(shù)次重建，如今看著一派簇新。這個(gè)古廟經(jīng)歷了數(shù)次重建，如今看著一

13、派簇新。答案答案 has been restored返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題4When I went there last year, a new bridge_ _across the river.(build)我去年去那兒時(shí)，河上正在修建一座新橋梁。我去年去那兒時(shí)，河上正在修建一座新橋梁。答案答案 was being built返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題5It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely_ _(preserve)只有生活在水中或水邊的動(dòng)植物尸體

14、最有可能被保存只有生活在水中或水邊的動(dòng)植物尸體最有可能被保存下來。下來。答案答案 to be preserved返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題6So far, _more praise and abuse than Internet.(receive)迄今為止，沒有一項(xiàng)發(fā)明像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)一樣同時(shí)受到如此迄今為止，沒有一項(xiàng)發(fā)明像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)一樣同時(shí)受到如此多的贊揚(yáng)和批評(píng)。多的贊揚(yáng)和批評(píng)。答案答案 no invention has received返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題7Hurry up, or the tickets _ _by the time we get there.(sell)快點(diǎn)，否則

15、等到我們到達(dá)那里的時(shí)候票已經(jīng)售完了?？禳c(diǎn)，否則等到我們到達(dá)那里的時(shí)候票已經(jīng)售完了。答案答案 will have been sold out返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題8By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the worlds population _in cities rather than in the country.(live)到到21世紀(jì)中葉，世界上大多數(shù)人將生活在城市而不是世紀(jì)中葉，世界上大多數(shù)人將生活在城市而不是農(nóng)村。農(nóng)村。答案答案 will be living返回目錄返回目錄備用習(xí)題備用習(xí)題9His conscience overcame him and he restored the books _from the shop.(take) 他的良心戰(zhàn)勝了自己，他的良心戰(zhàn)勝了自己