可持續(xù)發(fā)展和地下水資源的開采外文翻譯(共10頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目：Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation 出 處：Environmental Geology 34 (2/3) May 1998 .Springer-Verlag 作 者： F. Villarroya . C. R. Aldwell Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation Abstract. In evaluating groundwater development bo

2、th the positive and negative effects must be considered; otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be achieved. Exami

3、nation of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse. In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by the regulation

4、s that enforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use of groundwater resources for the present

5、 and future generations.Key words Groundwater development , Aquifer overexploitationAre future groundwater resources at risk?To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water (surface and grou

6、ndwater) is one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 million km3, but only 2% is fresh water. The current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwater wit

7、hdrawals (percent by sectors) are: domestic, industry and agriculture (Shiklomanov 1991). Margat (1991) stressed the need to improve water evaluation studies and quantified the amount of groundwater pumpage use in various countries. His list places the first fifteen countries as follows (in km3 per

8、year): India 150, USA 101, China 74.6,USSR (former) 45, Pakistan 45, Iran 29, Mexico 23, Japan 13.1, Italy 12.1, Germany 9.5, Saudi Arabia 7.4, France 7, Spain 6.3, Turkey 5 and Madagascar 4.9.The main threat to groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundwater qual

9、ity protection is the key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to groundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA (1991) summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources. The curr

10、ent practices in all the EU countries lead to a non-sustainable use of groundwater systems. The dramatic Dublin Statement emphasizes the unsustainable use of groundwater: “Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at risk, unless

11、 water and land resources are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past”.Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable developmentWhat does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we are using wisely the resources needed for our li

12、fe-support system. The general conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable use of groundwater for drinking and other (industrial, ecological, etc.) functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and industrial

13、core regions of the EU.Sustainable development must satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies develop. Uncontrolled aquifer develo

14、pment easily leads to extensive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation.Aquifer exploitation and sustainable developmentMargat (1993) speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio (1993), “intensive aquifer e

15、xploitation is a source of wealth, which fosters regional development and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed”.Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, environmental changes (affects on wetlands

16、, salinity problems, etc), reduction of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positive. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells and Malthusian

17、 forecstsm under the heading of overexploitation” (Custodio 1993). On the other hand, intensive exploitation or overdraft are mainly points of view, referring to the consequences of intensive groundwater use, as perceived by environmentalists, the news media and the public in general, and place emph

18、asis on the adverse or detrimental aspects.Therefore, in order to evaluate groundwater exploitation, not only negative effects but also positive ones have to be considered: “otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached. Normally, practice shows us that beneficial aspects dominate over detrimental one

19、s in most practical situations” (Custodio 1993). According to this last author, the most serious cause of aquifer exploitation is ignorance of what is happening, and negligence in producing the data needed to evaluate the hydrogeological and economic situation correctly. Another harmful effect is th

20、e irresponsible overreaction of water authorities, especially when they are poorly informed or lack the scientific and technical skills to evaluate current problems correctly.The most important action is to solve problems as they appear and not waste time and energy in defining terms. Any exploitati

21、on of water resources that is not managed in an integrated way, taking into account the needs of the present and future generations, puts these resources at risk. Such development therefore is not sustainable.Regulatory issues related to aquifer overexploitation Aquifer overexploitationThe introduct

22、ion lists several recent conferences which have highlighted overexploitation of aquifers. Within the conference proceedings, there is no single agreed definition of overexploitation. Spanish Legislation (Royal Decree 849/1986) defines it in article 171.2 in the following terms: “An aquifer shall be

23、considered to be overexploited, or in danger thereof, if the reserves existing therein are being placed in immediate danger as a result of annual withdrawals that are in excess of, or very close to, the volume of the average annual recharge (renewable resource) or which give rise to serious deterior

24、ation in the quality of the water”.According to Dijon and Custodio (1992), exceeding the limits of a renewable resource is not necessarily overexploitation. Conversely, staying within the limits of the same does not necessarily imply that all undesirable effects are being avoided and the beneficial

25、effects enhanced.Llamas (1992) suggests either the elimination or a very restricted use of the term. In brief, he defines overexploitation “sensu stricto” as all extraction of groundwater which has effects (physical, chemical, economic, ecological or social) which are negative for human life, now or

26、 in the future. This type of overexploitation should be avoided for moral reasons. For exploitation based on the extraction of water greater than the average recharge of the aquifer he suggests the term “overexploitation sensu lato”.In the papers presented at the 23rd International Congress of IAH,

27、it was stated that in many cases, overexploitation is synonymous with in efficient exploitation of an aquifer (Villarroya 1994; Villarroya and Rebollo 1993). During this congress numerous examples of “excessive exploitation” (Custodio 1991) from all over the world were presented, and a summary can b

28、e found in Dijon and Custodio (1992).How can a lack of water resources affect land-use planning?As already described, the overexploitation of an aquifer has a marked influence on the planning and uses of land. Water users associations will play a very important role in regulating the exploitation of

29、 natural resources in general, and especially of water resources. The participation of citizens through NGOs such as the water users associations has been shown to be very effective and, on many occasions, has alleviated serious problems concerning the exploitation of the water resources of a region

30、. The associations have also been shown to be effective as watchdogs to ensure that restrictions and regulations are being complied with. In this sense water authorities should treat them as allies and not opponents.In some situations groundwater has an strategic role at an international level. Some

31、 authors emphasize the important role groundwater can play in securing at least a temporally independent supply. Good examples of this type of supply are found in the near-eastern countries. Margat (1992), distinguished three types of situation:1. Countries with renewable resources (therefore indepe

32、ndent of others): Lebanon, Yemen , The Cisjordan and Magreb states.2. Countries without renewable resources which mine water; the Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria and Saudi Arabia. Sooner or later, they will become dependent on other states.3. Countries which depend heavily on others for water; Egy

33、pt, Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Israel and Jordan. Margat foresees a future of “exchanging water for oil” between these near-eastern countries, and the establishment of new relations forced by lack of water. Shamir (1993) goes even further and considers water to be an extremely important factor in peace neg

34、otiations. Thus, water is not only a valuable resource but can also be an instrument in leading to peace (or war?) between neighbouring countries.ConclusionsIn the short term, groundwater quality problems will be more serious than those of quantity. Between now and the end of the century the impleme

35、ntation of measures to prevent pollution of groundwater from diffuse and point sources will be the main issue.Besides the networks for quantity or quality control, a water users association can be effective in solving and watching over the correct working of proposed development plans.The definition

36、 of aquifer overexploitation is unclear and controversial. In the majority of cases it refers to the incorrect use of an aquifer, in others it is planned. To evaluate groundwater exploitation not only positive effects have to be considered, but also negatives ones; otherwise a biased appraisal may b

37、e reached.Spanish legislation lays down the steps to be taken once an aquifer is declared overexploited, giving special importance to the compulsory formation of a water users association and the preparation of a working plan for abstractions. At the same time the water authorities can de lineate pr

38、otection zones with restrictions on the use of an aquifer. The application of this approach is controversial and can be of great political importance.Only with solidarity, subsidiarity and involvement can sustained groundwater development be achieved. Their practical application demands a parallel e

39、ffort in education and information for the general public. Scientific associations like the IAH and the NGOs should be involved in this process.譯 文：可持續(xù)發(fā)展和地下水資源的開采摘要:在評價地下水開發(fā)時，無論是正面的還是負(fù)面的影響都必須加以考慮，否則得出的結(jié)論可能會具有片面性。只有相等地關(guān)注當(dāng)前和今后幾代人的共同需要，公平交換國家間的技術(shù)和廣大用戶的參與才能實現(xiàn)地下水的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。對含水層過度使用的調(diào)查表明，對其定義沒有達成一致意見。在大多數(shù)情況下，

40、他們關(guān)注過度使用的含水層問題，但在其他情況下，他們正計劃著過度使用地下含水層。在西班牙，進行墾殖需按照當(dāng)時的水處理法和水使用實施條例，并嚴(yán)格按照條例實施。經(jīng)驗表明，如果沒有用戶的配合，不可能取得良好的效果。對市民進行有關(guān)教育是迫切需要的，對于那些決策者來說，他們需對自己定下的地下水資源使用政策的正確與否向當(dāng)代和子孫后代負(fù)責(zé)。關(guān)鍵詞 含水層地下水開發(fā) 過度開發(fā)一、 未來的地下水資源的使用是否存在風(fēng)險？要回答未來的地下水資源是否受到威脅這個問題，有必要對地下水的存量和質(zhì)量這兩個方面進行研究。水（地表水和地下水），是地球上最普遍的物質(zhì)之一。全球水總體積約.00萬立方公里，但只有2是淡水。而且當(dāng)前以每

41、年3500立方公里的速度消減，約2100立方公里的水用于日常使用，而1400立方公里的廢水返回到河流中。地下水的使用百分比按部門分為是：居民用水（8%），工業(yè)用水（23%）和農(nóng)業(yè)用水（69%）。（1991年調(diào)查結(jié)果）。 Margat強調(diào)，要改善一些使用地下水泵的國家的水的使用數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。他調(diào)查的前15個國家每年的使用量如下：印度150立方公里，美國101立方公里，中國74.6立方公里，前蘇聯(lián)45立方公里，巴基斯坦45立方公里，伊朗29立方公里，墨西哥23立方公里,日本13.1立方公里，意大利12立方公里，德國9.5立方公里，沙特阿拉伯7.4立方公里，法國7立方公里，西班牙6.3立方公里，土耳其

42、5立方公里和馬達加斯加4.9立方公里。今天主要威脅地下水安全的是污染源擴散。因此，地下水水質(zhì)的保護是工業(yè)化國家的水資源政策的關(guān)鍵問題。許多對地下水風(fēng)險的來源分析表明，對地下水所討論的研討會，大多為歐盟國家舉辦。 RIVM和RIZA（1991）總結(jié)了相關(guān)問題和威脅地下水資源來源。當(dāng)前的做法是，所有歐盟國家的做法導(dǎo)致地下水系統(tǒng)不可持續(xù)的利用。更戲劇性的是，都柏林聲明強調(diào)不可持續(xù)利用的地下水，那么人類的健康和福利，食品安全，工業(yè)發(fā)展和它們所依賴的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都在風(fēng)險，除非水和土地資源的管理在本世紀(jì)的幾十年及以后的比他們已經(jīng)在過去的更有效地利用。二、地下水資源開發(fā)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展可持續(xù)發(fā)展意味著什么？事實上，

43、我們要考慮的僅僅是是否我們明智地使用了生活所需資源。歐盟國家環(huán)境研究院研討會討論的結(jié)論是，許多國家的飲用地下水和工業(yè)，生態(tài)等用水的可持續(xù)利用功能正受到威脅，尤其是在歐盟農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)的核心區(qū)域?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展必須能滿足他們目前的需要而又不損害子孫后代的利益。過度開發(fā)可能會在一段時間內(nèi)，更好地使用其他資源，或者其他技術(shù)的發(fā)展。不受控制的開發(fā)含水層容易導(dǎo)致更為廣泛的含水層開采，甚至導(dǎo)致過度開發(fā)的嚴(yán)重形式。三、含水層的開發(fā)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展Margat（1993）談到在對含水層的不足時，談到了Malthusian地區(qū)的探明和開發(fā)的。而Custodio研究意見表明（1993年），集約開發(fā)含水層是財富的來源，它促進區(qū)

44、域發(fā)展，并有助于保證水的供應(yīng)，直到其他來源的到來以支撐當(dāng)?shù)匦纬山?jīng)發(fā)達濟體。地下水的過度開發(fā)具有消極后果，例如增加水的成本，環(huán)境變化，一系列的環(huán)境問題（如濕地，土壤鹽度問題），鹽漬化和水質(zhì)量的損害其他水源減少的問題已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。最然而終的結(jié)果可能是積極的或是消極的。積極的成果，可能出現(xiàn)在區(qū)域水平上，但負(fù)面結(jié)果可能觸發(fā)像過度開發(fā)Malthusian地區(qū)而導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果那樣的警鐘。另一方面，深度開發(fā)或透支的主要觀點，指的是集約使用地下水，如提高環(huán)保認(rèn)知，新聞媒體和廣大公眾的關(guān)注，并提高對不利或有害的方面的重視。因此，為了評價地下水的開采，不僅要考慮負(fù)面影響，而且還必須考慮積極因素，否則可能得出有偏見的評價。一般來說，實踐經(jīng)驗告訴我們，最有利的方面起決定作用。根據(jù)作者的觀點，對含水層開采最嚴(yán)重的后果源于盲目的開發(fā)，并疏忽了進行生產(chǎn)需要的水文地質(zhì)條件和經(jīng)濟形勢的正確數(shù)據(jù)。另一種有害的后果是不負(fù)責(zé)任的向水力行政主管部門過度反應(yīng)消極因素，特別是當(dāng)他們不熟悉或缺乏必要的科學(xué)技術(shù)和技能以正確地評估當(dāng)前的問題之前就將問題反映給上級部門。最重要的行動是為了解決問題，所以也就沒有必要在下定義方面浪費時間和精力。任何水力資源不是以綜合的方式管理資源的開發(fā)的，同時只考慮到目前和未來幾代人的需要，會把水資源置于危險之中。那么，這種發(fā)展就是不可持續(xù)的發(fā)展，摒棄要。四、有關(guān)含水層過度開采的監(jiān)督管理問題引言