高中英語句子成分和句子類型講解與配套練習(講課用)

1、 句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：       During the 1990s, American country music has become more and m

2、ore popular.（名詞）       We often speak English in class.（代詞）       One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）       To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）      

3、Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞）       The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）       When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）       It is necessary to master a foreign language

4、.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, beco

5、me, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：       Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）       Is it yours?（代詞）       The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）  

6、60;    The speech is exciting.（分詞）       Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）       His job is to teach English.（不定式）       His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）     

7、60; The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）       Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）       The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：       They went to see an exhibi

8、tion（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）       The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）       How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）       They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞

9、化形容詞）       He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）       I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）       I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）       賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）.例如：L

10、end me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補）.例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補足語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You m

11、ustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country;

12、America is a developed country.（分詞）  There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）  His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞） He is r

13、eading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?#160;Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the ro

14、om making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句） 狀語種類如下： How about meeting again at six?（時間狀語） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives o

15、n the third floor.（地點狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）  In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）  He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）  She work

16、s very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）  I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be car

17、eful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。例如：l. He often reads English in the morning.  Tom and Mike are American boys.  She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以

18、上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。例如：You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。例如：The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. （二）簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語：e. g. He is a student. 2

19、、主語+不及物動詞：e. g. We work. 3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e. g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e. g. My father bought me a car. 5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補）：e. g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。主語-系動詞-表語：在這一句型中，動詞是系動詞，劃線部分為表語。1. Mr. Brown is an engineer. (名詞作表語)2. Gradually he beca

20、me silent. (形容詞作表語)3. She remained standing for a hour. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)4. The question remained unsolved. (過去分詞作表語)5. The machine is out of order. (介詞短語作表語)6. The television was on. (副詞作表語)7. His plan is to keep the affair secret. (動詞不定式作表語)8. My job is repairing cars. (動名詞作表語)9. The question is what you

21、want to do. (從句作表語，即：表語從句)注意：在下面的句子中，形容詞作表語，在表語的后面常常接不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。Im happy to meet you. They are willing to help. We are determined to follow his example. 主語動詞：在這一句型中，動詞為不及物動詞及不及物的動詞詞組。在有的句子中，不及物動詞可以有狀語修飾。1. The sun is rising. 2. Ill try. 3. Did you sleep well？(well做狀語，修飾不及物動詞sleep)4. The engine broke down

22、. 注意：在此句型中，有少數(shù)不及物動詞表達被動含義，表達主語本身所具有的特性，不用被動語態(tài)。1. The book sells well. 2. The window wont shut. 3. The pen writes smoothly. 4. Cheese cuts easily. 主語動詞賓語：在此句型中，動詞為及物動詞，劃線部分為賓語。1. Do you know these people (them)？(名詞或代詞作賓語)2. I cant express myself in English. (反身代詞作賓語)3. He smiled a strange smile. (同源賓

23、語)4. We cant afford to pay such a price. (不定式作賓語)5. Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(動名詞作賓語)6. I hope that I have said nothing to pain you. (從句作賓語，即：賓語從句)注意：并不是所有的及物動詞都可以接上述各種情況作賓語，不同的動詞有不同的用法，所以，在學(xué)習動詞時，一定要掌握其用法。主語動詞賓語賓語：在此句型中，動詞可以稱作雙賓語動詞，在英語中，這樣的動詞并不多，在學(xué)習中遇到時，要牢記。后面的賓語為間接賓語和直接賓語，其中，間接賓語在前，一般表人

24、，直接賓語在后，一般表物。這類句型有三種情況。第一種情況，間接賓語可以改為由to引導(dǎo)的短語。1. He handed me a letter. He handed a letter to me. 2. She gave me her telephone number. She gave her telephone number to me. 第二種情況，間接賓語可以改為由for引導(dǎo)的短語。3. She sang us a folk song. She sang a folk for us. 4. She cooked us a delicious meal. She cooked a deli

25、cious meal for us. 第三種情況，直接賓語可以由賓語從句充當。5. Tell him Im out. 6. Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？主語動詞賓語賓語補足語：在此句型中的動詞，叫做可以跟復(fù)合賓語的動詞，在英語中，這樣的動詞也不多。后面的賓語補足語是說明賓語的情況的，賓語和賓語補足語一起被稱作復(fù)合賓語。這個句式是英語中比較復(fù)雜的一個句式，因為復(fù)合賓語的構(gòu)成內(nèi)容較多。下面句子中劃線部分為賓語補足語。1. He found his new job boring. (形容詞作賓補)2. The called their daugh

26、ter Mary. (名詞作賓補)3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介詞短語作賓補)4. We went to here house but found her out. (副詞作賓補)5. What do you advise me to do？(不定式作賓補)6. We thought him to be an honest man. (to be作賓補)7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式作賓補)8. He believed her to b

27、e telling the truth. (不定式的進行式作賓補)9. Did you notice him come in？(不帶to的不定式作賓補)10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補)11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. (過去分詞作賓補)注意：在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以出現(xiàn)用it作形式上的賓語，把真正的賓語放在賓語補足語的后面。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語常常是動詞不定式或賓語從句。1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it是形式賓語，his du

28、ty是賓語補足語，to mention this to her是真正的賓語。2. I think it best that you should stay with us. 分析：it是形式賓語，best是賓語補足語，that you should stay with us是真正的賓語。3. there be句型是一種特殊的句子，真正的主語在后面，含義為“有”謂語動詞和主語保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room. 有兩個或更多的主語時，動詞一般和最近的一個保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing

29、in the hall. 主語的后面有時有修飾語：There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done(此處也可以使用to do). 謂語動詞be可以有時態(tài)的變化:There will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him. 謂語也可以有不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語。There used to be a cinema here. There seems to be something the matter wit

30、h her. Is there going to be any activity tonight？there be句式變疑問句，把be提前；變反意疑問句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job？There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there？there be句型中也可以使用諸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物動詞：Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island. There came a kn

31、ock at the door. At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 用于非謂語的情況下，有時用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)there to be或動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)there being：You wouldnt want there to be another war. (不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework. (動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))There being nothing else to do，we went

32、 home. (獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))（三）并列句的分類并列句基本概念：并列復(fù)合句是由兩個或兩個以上并列而又獨立的簡單句構(gòu)成。兩個簡單句常由并列連接詞連在一起；但有時不用連接詞,只在兩個簡單句之間用一逗號或分號。1、表示連接兩個同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e. g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e. g. Hurry up, or youll miss the tra

33、in. 3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 主從復(fù)合句：1、概念：主從復(fù)合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個次要成分,不能獨立成為一個句子。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。2