上海高考英語(yǔ)各類體裁概要寫作技巧

1、.上海高考英語(yǔ)概要寫作技巧Rubrics for summary writing 2019-9-14 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 1. 此題總分為15分, 其中內(nèi)容10分, 語(yǔ)言5分。這部分還有待最終確認(rèn)，可能是5+52. 評(píng)分時(shí)應(yīng)注意的主要方面: 內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、信息呈現(xiàn)的連接性和準(zhǔn)確性。3. 詞數(shù)超過60，酌情扣分。各檔次給分要求: 內(nèi)容部分A. 能準(zhǔn)確、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。B. 能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個(gè)別主要信息。C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。D. 未能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過多細(xì)節(jié)信息。E. 幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意義的相關(guān)

2、信息。F. 完全未作答或作答與此題無(wú)關(guān)。語(yǔ)言部分A. 能用自己的語(yǔ)言連接、正確地表述。B. 能用自己的語(yǔ)言較連接、正確地表述，但有個(gè)別語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。C. 根本能用自己的語(yǔ)言連接、正確地表述，但連接性較差，且有少量不影響表意的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。D. 根本能用自己的語(yǔ)言表述，但連接性較差，且嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較多。E. 幾乎不能用自己的語(yǔ)言連接、正確地表述。F. 完全未作答或作答與此題無(wú)關(guān)。把握文體特點(diǎn)記敘文：what who when where why how議論文：opinion/ idea+ argument supporting ideas / reasons說明文：phenomenon/ problem

3、 + reason + solution cause and effect, introduction of an object how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant新聞：a focus on the first paragraph, and the first or last sentence of the other paragraphs樣題解讀 Dirt    Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of m

4、ost people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.    In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.

5、A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty.

6、 Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.    Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically sp

7、eaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths

8、 ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?    Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Rueb

9、ush, an American immunologist 免疫學(xué)家, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground. 299W解析：    Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to

10、 dirt.    In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French kin

11、g had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoi

12、d the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.   Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are

13、 practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitu

14、des to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist 免疫學(xué)家, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong i

15、mmune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.One possible version：    People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. 要點(diǎn) 1 For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. 要點(diǎn) 

16、2 However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. 要點(diǎn) 3 However/ Nevertheless, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. 要點(diǎn) 4觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)型議論文:  1. 文章

17、第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 換句話說：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要點(diǎn)1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. 

18、;概括非常精煉。2第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法兩國(guó)的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好的，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2 “For a long time in his

19、tory, 。.很好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。3. 第三段用Though引出人們對(duì)dirt觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變“since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.再結(jié)合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea可得出要點(diǎn)3“However, people began to change 。.4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，如今人們對(duì)于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，On the contrary引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為d

20、irt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)獲得了一些支持。范文中的要點(diǎn)4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to。.表達(dá)很恰切。文章概要，在寫完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)展連接，使上下句之間具有連接性。本篇文章整篇構(gòu)造是總分的構(gòu)造，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了However恰到好處。要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因此，還是用表轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞However/ Nevertheless。     第一段：fixed 確定的；不變的 

21、  第二段：means 手段，方法, block out 擋住, open up 翻開, upon 之后；立即   第三段：long-lived 長(zhǎng)期存在的, sell the idea 說服某人接收某個(gè)觀點(diǎn) 第四段：warn sb off 警告某人不要靠近, position 觀點(diǎn), gain some ground 獲得優(yōu)勢(shì)記敘文The Voice in the BoxWhen I was quite young, my family had one of the first telephones in the neighborhood. I rem

22、ember well the polished wooden case fastened to the wall on the lower stair landing. But my first personal experience with this genie-in-the-receiver came one day while my mother was visiting a neighbor. Amusing myself at the tool bench in the basement, I hurt my finger with a hammer. The pain was t

23、errible, but there didnt seem to be much use crying, because there was no one home to offer sympathy. I walked around the house, and finally arrived at the stairway. The telephone! Quickly I ran for the footstool and dragged it to the landing. Climbing up, I unhooked the receiver and held it to my e

24、ar. “Information Please, I said into the mouthpiece just above my head. A click or two, and a small, clear voice spoke into my ear, “Information. “I hurt my finger I cried into the phone. The tears came readily enough, now that I had an audience. “Isnt your mother home? came the question. “Nobodys h

25、ome but me, I sobbed. “Are you bleeding? “No, I replied. “I hit it with the hammer and it hurts. “Can you open your icebox? she asked. I said I could. “Then break off a little piece of ice, and hold it on your finger. That will stop the hurt. Be careful when you use the icepick 冰錐, she said. “And do

26、nt cry. Youll be all right. After that, I called Information Please for everything. I asked her for help with my geography, and she told me where Philadelphia was, and the Orinoco, the romantic river that I was going to explore when I grew up. She helped me with my arithmetic, and she told me that m

27、y pet chipmunkI had caught him in the park just the day beforewould eat fruit and nuts. 范文這是一篇記敘文，考生需要在文中找到人、時(shí)、地、事情的起因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果等主要信息。參考答案： One day I hurt my finger when alone at home. It occurred to me that I could use the telephone to call the operator. She gave me detailed instructions and comforted

28、me. I later turned to the magic device for help with almost everything. 才能目的： 【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【寫】能用自己的語(yǔ)言概括所讀材料another version：The author tells us a story about her experience of using the telephone to ask for help. One day, she got her finger hurt but there was no one at home to turn to. Then the te

29、lephone caught her eye, and she picked up the receiver and talked to the operator. Luckily, she was told how to deal with the injured finger. 說明文樣題Could fast food make it harder to stop and smell the roses? 放慢腳步 享受人生A new study from the University of Toronto suggests that fast food might make it har

30、der to stop and smell the roses. Researchers pointed out that Americans have gained more and more leisure time, yet they arent any happier. The problem could be that modern conveniences make us more impatient, and therefore less able to appreciate small moments of joy. To test the theory, the Univer

31、sity of Toronto researchers carried out a few different tests focused on fast foods, the typical American “symbols of the culture of impatience, and happiness. In one of the tests, researchers told 257 people to rate pictures based on whether they were suitable for ads. Participants saw a series of

32、pictures: One group saw fast food in regular packaging while the other group saw the same food set out on ceramic tableware 瓷器餐具. Afterward, some of the participants were shown photographs of “scenic natural beauty and then were asked to rate their happiness. Others rated their happiness without see

33、ing the pictures. The researchers found that people who saw the fast food before viewing the nature photos tended to rate their happiness lower. Yet those who simply rated their happiness without seeing the nature shots beforehand were actually a little happier if theyd seen fast food in advance. Re

34、searchers said that suggests fast food doesnt directly cause unhappiness but decreases the ability to enjoy things. Researchers cautioned, however, that much more research was needed to determine exactly how fast food and happiness are correlated 互相關(guān)聯(lián) and how strong the relationship really is. 

35、 參考答案： A study from the University of Toronto shows fast food will affect peoples ability to enjoy things, thus making them less happy. In one test, among the 257 participants, those who saw pictures of natural beauty after being shown fast food rated their happiness lower than those who didnt. But

36、researchers said more research was needed to confirm the findings. 才能目的： 【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【寫】能用自己的語(yǔ)言概括所讀材料議論文樣題：Four-day Workweek In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept le

37、ss pay in order to do so. If a law required companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths 80 percent of their normal pay, it would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The s

38、hortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional pay the company has t

39、o prepare for these people, because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone 容易出錯(cuò)的 employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new e