河北省武邑中學高考英語復習：閱讀語義推測題學案（含答案）

1、.語義推測題學案 猜詞語義是應用英語的重要才能，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳獙W會通過構詞、定義、同位、比照、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。【設問形式】 1The underlined word “ in the second third paragraph refers to means _. 2By saying “ in the first second paragraph, the author means that _. 3In paragraph ， “ can be replac

2、ed by “_ . 4The meaning of “ in paragraph is related to _. 5Which of the following has the closest meaning toparagraph?6The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.第一招利用上下文語境線索任何一篇文章中的句子在內容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進展符合邏輯的綜合分析而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關鍵，也是高考的熱點。例1 Charlottes

3、tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “Weve collected foreign coins for years-since our families went on holiday to Tenerife, she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.The underlined wore “pesetas in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _. A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. f

4、oreign coin分析：此題正確答案為D。由原文中的Euro歐元，歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣可推知該詞是一種在歐元發(fā)行前使用的錢幣。第二招利用定義和解釋性線索閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報導及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對該詞進展解釋說明性的短語或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有時也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現，或用破折號、括號來表示。1. 直接定義：假如生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。例2： In slang the term j

5、am constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 根據上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是 “困境。 定義句的謂語動詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。2. 同位語：構成同位關系的兩部分之間多用逗號連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、分號、引號和括號等。需要注意的是：同位語前還常有o

6、r, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, ie. 等副詞或短語出現。3. 定語從句：定語從句有時起著解釋和說明的作用，據此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。例3： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就說明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧羊人。第三招利用因果關系在句子或段落中，假設兩個事物、現象之間構成因果關系，我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推知生詞詞義。例4： T

7、om is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 根據原因狀語從句的內容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨斷專行的。因果關系的語境，通常由because, so ,therefore, so that, so / such that 等連詞表達。例5： He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and T

8、odd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.分析：collapsed“癱倒。經過一番困難脫險之后，他們呼吸短促，咳嗽不斷，最終“癱倒在草坪上。第四招利用反義詞或反義關系有的文章作者為了增強表達效果，會用一對反義詞提醒事物的不同點，形成鮮明的比照，這時只要把握

9、其中的一詞，就不難推出另一詞的含義，這種句子多見unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than等信息詞。例6： One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games whic

10、h we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite.分析：由前句中perfect information到后面imperfect information這一組比照關系的詞，我們可以推斷應為“比照、相反的意思。第五招利用同義線索和同等關系同義詞交換可以為我們推測詞義提供明顯的語境線索。一些常見的引出同義詞的標志性詞語有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。

11、例7： But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.The underlined word “l(fā)oath in this paragraph has the closest meaning to _. A. unwilling B. eager C. pleased D. hurt【答案及解析】A根

12、據后面的語境“我寧愿安靜地獨處，不愿意去聽這些閑言碎語，可見作者“不愿意與這些人說話。故loath是“不愿意之意。第六招利用例證性線索 某些冷僻的詞匯后會舉一個例子，使詞匯詳細易懂。such as, like, for example, for instance等連接性詞語往往用來列舉說明前面較難理解的名詞。例8： You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, of English learning.分析：通過后面的舉例：?英語世界?，?中小學外語教

13、學?，?英語學習?，說明periodicals為“期刊雜志。第七招根據構詞法 閱讀中常會遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，可利用構詞法知識來推測其意思。中學英語中常見的前綴和后綴有： super超, inter在之間, able能的, mini極少的，微型的，micro極微小的, re再，反復, sub分支的，底下, co共同, post后, pre前, trans超越；轉換, under在之下；低于；缺乏, hood狀態(tài)；性質；時期, ish如的；有點兒的; proof防的；不能穿透的, scope景, ship身份；資格；權利；性質, some易于的, wards向, mis誤；惡,

14、 un不；非, in不；非, im不； 非, dis不, non 不；非，less不；無, anti反；防, sino中國。例9： Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory anim

15、als, a research that someday could help prolong your life. The underlined word “prolong in the paragraph means _. A. save B. protect C. lengthen D. improve【答案及解析】C可根據構詞法來判斷詞義。prolong 是個派生詞，前綴pro是“支持，親之意，long是“長之意，故可判斷prolong是“延長壽命的意思。第八招注意熟詞生義英語中大量的詞匯具有多義性，其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標注的漢語意思，詳細的詞義需要在一定的上下文中表達出來。閱讀

16、理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。例10： New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the citys history.A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack分析：此題正確答案為D。failure是fail 變來的名詞，有“失??；失敗者；失敗的事的意思。本句power failure可翻譯為“停電。再如：crop failure“莊稼欠收；heart failure“心力衰竭。第九招根據常識或經歷猜測詞義在閱讀中碰到生詞時，我們有時可以運

17、用邏輯推理才能、自身的生活經歷及生活常識去推斷生詞的含義。當然也要結合語境。例11： Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.The underlined phrase “mopping up in the second paragraph means _.A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up分析：此題正確答案為B。由常識可知，雨林可

18、以“吸收空氣中CO2。所以mop up 意為“吸收、吸納，應選B。另外根據下文Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year 也可推知答案。第十招利用詞性轉化例11： The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.The underlined work “aging means _.A. counting the number of years someone livesB. the numbers of years someone livesC. becoming olderD. making someone looking older分析：此題正確答案為C。我們熟悉的是age作名詞用時是“年齡的意思，而此處是作動詞用，意思是“老化。第十一招通過同位關系構成同位關系的兩部分之間通常用連接詞連接，有時也使用破折號、冒號、逗號、括號或同位語。常用的信息詞有：o