國際貿(mào)易外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯_《綠色貿(mào)易壁壘對中國對外貿(mào)易的影響》畢業(yè)論文_中英對照

1、Journal of Economic Surveys, 2006, 11: 24-25.Green Barriers Trade and its Influences on Chinas Foreign Trade Thomas J. SargentABSTRACT In recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restr

2、ict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the en

3、try of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as Green Barriers to trade. In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO

4、, Green Barriers to Trade is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market

5、and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of Green Trade BarriersFirstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for Green Barriers. With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, t

6、he development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the impor

7、tance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about the environmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure

8、 of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade. Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the Green Trade Barriers. As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if

9、 they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the devel

10、oping countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic indus

11、tries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tari

12、ff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with t

13、he related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1 Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitut

14、e a Green barrier to trade.2.2 Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developing cou

15、ntries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials

16、 that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the ex

17、cuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on Chinas

18、foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the Green barriers. In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) be

19、cause they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in

20、2002 due to Green barriers trade. Chinas export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Gree

21、n barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: Green barriers to trade has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a

22、fact that the Chinese export products are facing Green barriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the prefere

23、ntial treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view

24、 to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settl

25、ement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to sett

26、le this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally

27、solve the problem of Green barriers.References1 John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.2 Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.3 Gallagher, R., 2003, International

28、 Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.經(jīng)濟(jì)研究雜志, 2006, 11: 24-27.綠色貿(mào)易壁壘及其對中國對外貿(mào)易的影響薩金特萊斯大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院摘 要：近年來，綠色消費(fèi)在許多興旺國家中已成為一個主要的消費(fèi)趨勢，這些興旺國家開始采取嚴(yán)格的措施來限制一些國家的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入其國內(nèi)市場。這些國家主要是其產(chǎn)品低于興旺國家制定的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。關(guān)鍵詞：綠色壁壘；產(chǎn)品；貿(mào)易近年來，綠色消費(fèi)在許多興旺國家中已成為一個主要的消費(fèi)趨勢，這些興旺國家開始采取嚴(yán)格的措施來限制一些國家的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入其國內(nèi)市場。這

29、些國家主要是其產(chǎn)品低于興旺國家制定的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些規(guī)定對開展中國家的出口有許多不利的影響，這些規(guī)定一般被稱為“綠色貿(mào)易壁壘 。綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的有關(guān)規(guī)定與世界貿(mào)易組織的有關(guān)協(xié)議相一致。綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的定義是：以保護(hù)整個人類賴以生存的自然環(huán)境和保護(hù)人體健康為的名義，制定一系列的規(guī)那么條款，以到達(dá)興旺國家保護(hù)其國內(nèi)市場和國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的目的。一、 分析綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的形成原因首先，生態(tài)環(huán)境的惡化是綠色貿(mào)易壁壘形成的主要原因。隨著工業(yè)和技術(shù)的開展，社會經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速開展，人民生活水平得到顯著改善。但與此同時，經(jīng)濟(jì)的開展也以生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞為代價。環(huán)境問題已經(jīng)引起社會公眾的注意而且國際社會也已開始制定法律來保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境

30、。在1972年6月，聯(lián)合國發(fā)表的斯德哥爾摩宣言，強(qiáng)調(diào)了保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性。從那時起，越來越多的人開始關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題。環(huán)境的概念應(yīng)景影響人類生活的各個層面，在社會公眾的壓力下興旺國家開始制定嚴(yán)格的措施來保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境。這也就逐漸形成了國際貿(mào)易的綠色壁壘。其次，國與國之間在技術(shù)水平，環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和對外直接投資等方面的差異導(dǎo)致了綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的形成。正如我們所知，興旺國家在社會整體水平和科學(xué)技術(shù)水平上遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先開展中國家。即使他們作出非常嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其國內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品可以到達(dá)嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，而這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)那么可能對來自開展中國家的產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成障礙。事實(shí)上，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有可能成為對來自開展中國家產(chǎn)品歧視的一種手段

31、，并構(gòu)成國與國之間任意或不合理的歧視。第三，在一些興旺國家，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的抬頭，是形成綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的一個很重要的原因。在現(xiàn)代市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，競爭與以前相比是越來越劇烈了。國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)直接面臨來自其他國家產(chǎn)品的強(qiáng)有力的競爭，他們將敦促各國政府采取有效措施，以保護(hù)他們自己免受來自外國產(chǎn)品的沖擊。然而由于世界貿(mào)易組織的多邊談判，關(guān)稅已大大降低，使用非關(guān)稅措施也受到限制。因此，許多興旺國家采取的一些法律限制進(jìn)口，如綠色壁壘，以保護(hù)本國產(chǎn)業(yè)，從而引起綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的增加。二、 綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的主要形式根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織有關(guān)綠色貿(mào)易壁壘的有關(guān)規(guī)定，綠色貿(mào)易壁壘通常有如下幾種形式：（一） 綠色關(guān)稅一些興旺國家對其他國家強(qiáng)加進(jìn)口附加稅，這些國家主要是其產(chǎn)品可能會造成污染或損害環(huán)境的國家。如果這種措施被濫用，這將構(gòu)成綠色貿(mào)易壁壘。二 綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是指那些強(qiáng)制性的通過立法規(guī)定的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。興旺國家往往憑借其在經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)上的優(yōu)勢地位而制定更高要求的綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，沒有考慮對開展中國家的利益。如此高的綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)際上是對技術(shù)上沒有任何優(yōu)勢的開展中國家夠了綠色貿(mào)易壁壘。三 包裝要求某些興旺國家過于強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境保護(hù)而且要求用對環(huán)境沒有任何損害的材料來包裝物品。如果產(chǎn)品沒有按照興旺國家的要求進(jìn)行包裝，他們將不會被允許在興旺國家市場上出售。如果這種嚴(yán)格的要求是不必要的，它們將阻礙國際貿(mào)易的進(jìn)一步開展。四